Journal of Engineering

This paper is devoted to investigate the effect of internal curing technique on the
properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). In this study, SCC is produced by using silica
fume (SF) as partial replacement by weight of cement with percentage of (5%), sand is partially
replaced by volume with saturated fine lightweight aggregate (LWA) which is thermostone
chips as internal curing material in three percentages of (5%, 10% and 15%) for SCC, two
external curing conditions water and air. The experimental work was divided into three parts: in
the first part, the workability tests of fresh SCC were conducted. The second part included
conducting compressive strength test and modulus of rupture test at ages of (7, 28 and 90). The
third part included the shrinkage test, at ages (7, 14, 21, 28) days. The results show that
internally cured SCC has the best workability, and the best properties of hardened concrete
which include (compressive strength and modulus of rupture) then the externally cured SCC
with both water and air as compared with reference concretes. Also, the hardened properties of
internally cured SCC with replacement percentage of (10%) by thermostone chips is the best as
compared with that of percentages (5% and 15%) for both external curing conditions. In general,
the results of shrinkage test, showed reduction in shrinkage of internally cured SCC as compared
with reference concrete.

The process of soil classification in Iraq for industrial purposes is important topics that need
to be extensive and specialized studies. In order for the advancement of reality service and
industrial in our dear country, that a lot of scientific research touched upon the soil classification
in the agricultural, commercial and other fields. No source and research can be found that
touched upon the classification of land for industrial purposes directly. In this research
specialized programs have been used such as geographic information system software The
geographical information system permits the study of local distribution of phenomena, activities
and the aims that can be determined in the local surrounding like points, lines and areas, where
the geographical information system treats the data related to these points, lines and areas to
make the data ready to be returned for analysis or asking about certain information by using it.

The performance of asphalt concrete pavement has affected by many factors, the
temperature is the most important environmental one which has a large effect on the
structural behavior of flexible pavement materials. The main cause of premature failure of
pavement is the rutting, Due to the viscoelastic nature of the asphalt cement, rutting is
more pronounced in hot climate areas because the viscosity of the asphalt binder which is
inversely related to rutting is significantly reduced with the increase in temperature
resulting in a more rut susceptible paving mixtures. The objective of this study is to
determine the effect of temperatures variations on the permanent deformation parameters
(permanent strain (p), intercept (a), slope (b), Alpha and Mu) as well as resilient strain
(r) and resilient modulus (Mr). To achieve this objective, one aggregate gradation with
12.5mm nominal maximum size, two grades of asphalt cements (40-50 and 60-70) brought
form Al- Daurah refinery, limestone dust filler has been used to prepare the asphalt
concrete mixtures. 30 Marshall specimens were prepared to determine the optimum asphalt
cement content. Thereafter, 30 cylindrical asphalt concrete specimens (102mm in diameter
and 203 mm in height) are prepared in optimum asphalt cement and optimum ±0.5 percent.
The prepared specimens were used in uniaxial repeated load test to evaluate the permanent
deformation parameters of asphalt concrete mixes under the following testing temperature
(5, 15, 25, 40 and 60c). The test result analyses appeared that Mr is decrease 51 percent
when temperature increased from 5 c to 25 c and then decrease 22 percent with further
increase in temperature from 25 c to 60 c. Also, the Alpha value decreases by a factor of
1.25 and 1.13 when temperature increases from 5 c to 25 c and 25 c to 60 c, respectively.
Finally, statistical models were developed to predict the Alpha and Mu parameters of
permanent deformation.

Regulations are one of the instruments that governments used to achieve objectives of their
policies. Sustainable projects often face compliance problems when working to meet the
applicable regulations. The challenge for governments is to develop and apply enforcement
mechanisms that achieve the best possible outcomes by achieving the highest possible levels of
compliance. The aim of this paper is to identify the most effective mechanisms that can be used
to develop a framework for the regulations enforcement for the applications of sustainable
housing projects. Accordingly, this paper reviews the common classification of building
regulations and enforcement steering mechanisms, in addition to the related international tools of
sustainable housing development. The researchers developed a questionnaire included proposals
for legislation within five main themes: materials, energy efficiency, water efficiency, health and
safety as well as management of residential complexes during the occupation and maintenance
phase. Findings represented the highly importance and top preference of incentive mechanism
for enhancing sustainable housing regulations. Furthermore, in the theme of health and safety is
within the authority of the institution that set these regulations to be imposed on providers and
developers of housing. While the results of both energy efficiency and management of housing
complexes indicate that legislation be obligated through centralized Act and not as an
institutional, so any institution must impose these legislations on housing developers.

Poly urea formaldehyde –Bentonite (PUF-Bentonite) composite was tested as new adsorbent
for removal of mefenamic acid (MA) from simulated wastewater in batch adsorption
procedure. Developed a method for preparing poly urea formaldehyde gel in basic media by
using condensation polymerization. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of
water pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial MA concentration .Effect of
sharing surface with other analgesic pharmaceuticals at different pH also studied. The
adsorption of MA was found to be strongly dependent to pH. The Freundlich isotherm model
showed a good fit to the equilibrium adsorption data. From Dubinin–Radushkevich model the
mean free energy (E) was calculated and the value of 5 KJ/mole indicated that the main
mechanism governing the adsorption of MA on PUF-Bentonite composite was physical in
nature. The kinetics of adsorption tested for first order, pseudo second order models and
Elovich’s equation, results showed the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model.

This work is concerned with designing two types of controllers, a PID and a Fuzzy PID, to be used
for flying and stabilizing a quadcopter. The designed controllers have been tuned, tested, and
compared using two performance indices which are the Integral Square Error (ISE) and the Integral
Absolute Error (IAE), and also some response characteristics like the rise time, overshoot, settling
time, and the steady state error. To try and test the controllers, a quadcopter mathematical model has
been developed. The model concentrated on the rotational dynamics of the quadcopter, i.e. the roll,
pitch, and yaw variables. The work has been simulated with “MATLAB”. To make testing the
simulated model and the controllers more realistic, the testing signals have been applied by a user
through a joystick interfaced to the computer. The results obtained indicated a general superiority in
performance for the Fuzzy PID controller over the PID controller used in this work. This conclusion
is based by the following figures: lesser ISA for the roll, pitch, and yaw
consequently, lesser IAE for the roll, pitch, and yaw consequently,
lesser rise time and settling time for the roll and pitch consequently, and
lesser settling time for the yaw. Moreover, the FPID gave zero overshoot versus , ,
and in the PID case for the roll, pitch, and yaw consequently. Both controllers gave zero steady
state error with close rise times for the yaw. This superiority of the FPID controller is gained as the
fuzzy part of it continuously and online adapts the parameters of the PID part.

The simulation of groundwater movement has been carried out by using MODFLOW model
in order to show the impact of change of water surface elevation of the Tigris river on layers of
the aquifer system for Nuclear Research Center at Al-Tuwaitha area, in addition to evaluate the
ability of the proposed pumping well to collect groundwater and change the direction of flow at
steady-state. The results of the study indicated that there is a good match between the values of
groundwater levels that calculated in the model and measured in the field, where mean error is
0.09 m.
The study also showed that the increasing of water surface elevation of the Tigris river led to
increase in the hydraulic head of observed wells, while the use proposed pumping well reduced
the hydraulic head and intercepted the movement of groundwater flow. The flow direction is
toward the Tigris river, and the velocity of flow is clear in the third layer identified medium sand
which is 0.0015 m/day. The using of the proposed pumping well has changed the direction of
groundwater, especially in the area around the well.

Aluminum alloys widely use in production of the automobile and the aerospace because
they have low density, attractive mechanical properties with respect to their weight, better
corrosion and wear resistance, low thermal coefficient of expansion comparison with traditional
metals and alloys. Recently, researchers have shifted from single material to composite materials
to reduce weight and cost, improve quality, and high performance in structural materials.
Friction stir processing (FSP) has been successfully researched for manufacturing of metal
matrix composites (MMCs) and functional graded materials (FGMs), find out new possibilities
to chemically change the surfaces. It is shown that the technique of FSP is very promising to
modify the microstructure of strengthened metal matrix composite materials. There has the
benefit of decline in distortion and flaw of material when FSP uses instead of other
manufacturing processes. The aim of the present work is to give a review of technology of (FSP)
as a method to produce the aluminium matrix composite, and conclusions of this review will be
demonstrated.