Journal of African Studies

Timbuktu is one of the most famous and oldest Islamic
cities in sub-Saharan Africa. It was the most important
commercial city in these areas. Muslims built buildings
and religious facilities there that testify to the extent
of the genius of Muslim architecture in formulating
various building and construction materials in the various
environments that Islam entered. In addition to many
mosques and modern chapels in Timbuktu, it includes the
ancient city is a group of archaeological religious buildings
that expressed the Islamic architectural style in general,
and the style of the cities of Western Sudan in particular.
These mosques reached as much fame as the mosques of
Cairo, Kairouan, and Fez in Morocco. According to the
Islamic urban perspective, the mosques were the central
building block in the emergence of cities, and this was
the case in Timbuktu, where these mosques arose early,
and then urbanization began to revolve around them, and
extend to various parts of the city. These mosques bear
witness to the ingenuity of the construction workers in
Timbuktu, in adapting traditional building techniques to
new technologies. "Modern" in restoration and renovation
in order to prolong the life of these buildings, which have
become vulnerable to loss and collapse due to bad weather
conditions and the obsolescence of building materials
today. The three major mosques in the city are still in use
today, and also benefit greatly from annual maintenance
practices and attention. The Sankore Mosque, the Djingiri
Pir Mosque in particular, and, on an irregular basis, the Sidi
Yahia Tadlesi Mosque are also being taken care of.

Studying the subject of the Central African
territories (Mashonaland - Matabeleland - Central
African Protectorate) in the British strategy 1815-
1953 is considered an important research requirement
for the history of an important period in the history
of this region, in an attempt to understand colonial
policy and the exploitation of the British occupier, and
ways of economic exploitation of it. As well as the
exploitation of Africans by indigenous people in order
to work for them, especially monitoring and corporate
practices to raise their economic level. Especially
since the Europeans claimed to use the principle of
sharing between the Europeans and the Africans, the
original owners of the countries in this region, but this
principle was not used in any aspect of life in the three
territories of the union, and was limited to settlers
throughout the country.

After the organization's unprecedented success
in supervising the process of withdrawal of foreign
forces (Cuba-South Africa) from Angola, the
organization expanded its work by supervising the
upcoming peace process in Angola and ending the
conflict that has been going on for decades due to
the conditions of the Cold War and the American-
Soviet conflict over spheres of influence in the
world. After obtaining international, regional and
local support under the BESIS Agreement in 1991,
the organization formed its second operation in
Angola under it. Despite the efforts, international
support and hopes placed on the mission, the
operation did not bear fruit due to the UNITA
movement’s failure to comply with
the mission’s directives and Security Council
resolutions.

A research paper entitled: The Effects of the French
Occupation on Islamic Culture in West Africa “Niger
as a Model”
The paper includes three sections:
The first section is a brief discussion of the
French occupation of West Africa in general, its
manifestations, motives, and developments.
The second topic discusses the French occupation
of Niger in particular, its developments and the
historical circumstances surrounding that.
As for the third section, we tried to monitor the
effects of the French occupation on Islamic culture
in West Africa in general and Niger in particular. The
study is concerned with the manifestations of the
influence of the French occupation on Islamic culture
in this region from various aspects.

This study focuses on discussing some aspects of the
reality of Nigerian Muslim woman in religious matters.
The truth is that talking about her reality deals with the
impact of Islam on her and the extent of her response to its
teachings and her presence in spreading it within different
contexts. Since the assessment of her reality depends on
the state of the country in which she lives, the development
of its cultural, social, economic, political, educational and
religious conditions in protecting her rights and promoting
her equality, this study presents the presence of Muslim
women in history. It also aims to show the challenges that
Nigerian Muslim women face and lastly suggest solutions
that can improve their position in Nigerian society.
However, the society should provide her with opportunities
so that she can add value to the society with her experiences
that are compatible with meeting the needs of her reality
and her community in religious matters.
This study includes three sections: The first section is
dedicated to studying and tracing the historical roots of the
reality of Muslim women and their influence on religious
affairs in Islamic history. The second section discusses
the presence of Nigerian Muslim woman in religious
matters. As for the third and final section, it sheds light on
the challenges that Nigerian Muslim woman suffers from
in managing religious affairs and the proposed solutions
to overcome them. Then the conclusion includes the key
findings and recommendations. We also appended this
study with a list of sources and references that we relied on
in preparing this work.

Perhaps the role of the trade envoy between
ancient Egypt and Babylon in the Kassite era was
important and influential on the nature of the existing
relations between the two countries. It may contribute
significantly to mapping trade knowledge between
the two countries in addition to other related aspects,
which prompted the researcher to shed light on an
important historical period of civilization. The ancient
Egyptian as well as the ancient Iraqi, and knowing the
nature of trade and diplomatic relations between the
two countries, specifically in the Kassite era.

Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was born on September 26,
1936 , in the village ‘Mbhongweni’ in ‘Pondoland’, which is
located near the city of ‘Transkei’ in the Eastern Cape Province.
She was considered to be ‘mother of the nation’.
As a child, Winnie has witnessed many events which have
had impacts on her personality as an adult.
She earned a degree in ‘social work’ in 1956. Decades later,
she was awarded a bachelor’s degree in international relations.
Winnie married Nilson Mandela in 1958. Due to this marriage,
Winnie faced many difficulties and challenges and was unable
to live a normal family life. These difficulties havealso affected
her political work later. Thus, on August 5, 1961, Mandela was
arrested and jailed, and Winnie was left alone with their two
daughters for 27 years . During the long years Nelson Mandela
spent in prison (27 years), Winnie was struggling alone. She did
not stop fighting and struggling to defend her husband while he
was in prison, and she launched campaigns at home and abroad
for his freedom. Winnie was even forced to become a soldier
through the decades of intimidation and harassment she faced
from the apartheid regime.
On April 2, 2018, Winnie died at Netcare Milpark Hospital in
Johannesburgat the age of 81, after a long illness.
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was regarded as one of the
ambiguous personalities in the republic of South Africa. Her
life was full of contradictions and events related to the apartheid
regime. Thepersecution she suffered at that time had a significant
influence on her character.

Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was born on September 26,
1936 , in the village ‘Mbhongweni’ in ‘Pondoland’, which is
located near the city of ‘Transkei’ in the Eastern Cape Province.
She was considered to be ‘mother of the nation’.
As a child, Winnie has witnessed many events which have
had impacts on her personality as an adult.
She earned a degree in ‘social work’ in 1956. Decades later,
she was awarded a bachelor’s degree in international relations.
Winnie married Nilson Mandela in 1958. Due to this marriage,
Winnie faced many difficulties and challenges and was unable
to live a normal family life. These difficulties havealso affected
her political work later. Thus, on August 5, 1961, Mandela was
arrested and jailed, and Winnie was left alone with their two
daughters for 27 years . During the long years Nelson Mandela
spent in prison (27 years), Winnie was struggling alone. She did
not stop fighting and struggling to defend her husband while he
was in prison, and she launched campaigns at home and abroad
for his freedom. Winnie was even forced to become a soldier
through the decades of intimidation and harassment she faced
from the apartheid regime.
On April 2, 2018, Winnie died at Netcare Milpark Hospital in
Johannesburgat the age of 81, after a long illness.
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was regarded as one of the
ambiguous personalities in the republic of South Africa. Her
life was full of contradictions and events related to the apartheid
regime. Thepersecution she suffered at that time had a significant
influence on her character.