Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research

This experiment illustrated the efficacy of tried and trusted techniques such as oxidation or disproportionation of sulphides and olefins; and extraction of sulphur from industrial sources. However, the visualization aspect of the research concerning usingthe line graph is presented to analysesand compare different therapeutic options. Therefore, the effectiveness degree for each option is observed. Two main areas have been studied: application of an activated carbon, bacteria bioremediation by the methodof photosynthetic green sulphur, as well as chemical precipitation and chemical recovery of sulphurfor gas during the anaerobic treatment. The inspection of the outcomes demonstrated that biochemical treatment methods for sulphideremoval and degassing operations for sulphurrecovery are not as efficient as these methods. The current research presents a view of how the feedback can be used for refining the practices in the industry and olefins conversion as well as outlines the possibility of using the same means for the development of more efficient, sustainable and the overall improved environmental management practices.

Hydroxyapatite is stable, has biological activity and is biocompatible;it is also one of the bioactive materials that are commonly utilized in biomedical fields. The objective of this research was to create HAp from the chicken eggshell's waste by utilizing the calcination method. The powder was heated in a furnace to different temperatures of 900 to 1050 °C, and the difference between the temperature and the other was 50 °C for 2 hours at a heating rate of 10 °C/min, then the powder was slowly cooled. After the process of calcination is over. The results demonstrated the creation of a portion of HAp via the presence of peaks that corresponded to a strong band (OH) at 3643 cm-1, 3435 cm-1 (OH-) that refers to the hydroxyl group, and phosphate groups (PO43) appeared at 960 cm-1 in the Fouriertransform infrared spectrum.. In calcined samplehydroxyapatite found at an angle of 32° with an angle of 29.3 in the waste sample in X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the formation of pores and smooth surface appeared, and the EDX analysis showed the existence theoxygen and calcium only, this indicates that the decarbonation reaction occurred, and at 1000°C the results shown that,the existence of phosphorus, oxygen, and calcium and this refers the formation of hydroxyapatite. In general,the results observed thatthe calcination process is not enough to prepare pure hydroxyapatite from chicken eggshells.

The research dealt with studying the physical, chemical and engineering characteristics of a soil site northwest of the city of Tikrit with the aim of identifying the characteristics of the soil of the region due to its importance in various construction designs. The moisture content of samples from the study area showed a relative decrease, ranging between (0.04%-1.49%). While the results of the specific gravity values ranged between (1.83% -2.73%), the results of the particle size analysis showed that the soil of the region is heterogeneous consisting of coarse (gravel and sand) and fine (silt and clay) grains. The percentage of gravel ranged between (0% -40.37%), while the percentage of sand ranged between (39.82% -90.84%) and the percentage of silt ranged between (7.93% -33.92%). The percentage of clay is very small, ranging between (0.33% -2.94%). Models of the study area showed a failure to examine plasticity limits. The direct shear examination also showed that the soil has a friction angle ranging between (41⸰-45⸰) and cohesion values ranging between (0-1). The results of the compaction analysis also showed different percentages in which the maximum dry density values ranged between (1.65-2 g/cm3). While the ideal moisture content values ranged between (10% -18%),chemical analysis tests showed percentages of dissolved salts ranging between (3.22%-41.62%), while the percentage of gypsum ranged between (2.18%-38.74%). As for the organic materials, its percentage ranged between (0.013%-3.25%), while the pH ranged between (7.99-7.85). The percentage of chlorides ranged between (1.37%-0.19%).

Using natural materials for engineering purposes is less expensive compared to industrial materials, and taking advantage of the limestone found in abundance in Ninavah Governorate for the purpose of stone riprap.The research aims to evaluate the suitability of limestone rocks for Fatha Formation in the Al-Mishraq area, Ninavah Governorate, northern Iraq, for stone riprappurposes. Eight stations of limestone rocks were chosen in the study area. Geotechnical tests showed that the porosity values ranged between (5.401-16.362%), the dry density values It ranged between (2.177-2.601) g/cm3, mechanical abrasion values ranged from (37.7-53.8%), chemical abrasion values ranged from (2.1-9.8%), true specific gravity values ranged from (2.585-2.749), and absorption percentage values It ranged between (2.078-7.515%).By comparing the results of geotechnical tests with the standard specifications related to stones riprap, we found that the limestone rocks in the study area are suitable for use as riprapstonesin stations (1, 2and 8) and are not suitable in the rest of the stations according to the standardspecification (F.D.O.T., 2000),(Florida Department of Transportation).Moreover,itis suitable for use as riprapstones in stations (1, 2, 7and 8) and is not valid in the rest of the stations according to the Iraqi specification numbered 1387 (National Center for Laboratories and Construction Research, 1989). In addition, it is suitable for the same purpose in the stations (1, 2, 3, 4and 6) and are not valid in the rest of the stations according to the standard specification (ASTM-D, 523, 2004) (AmericanSociety for Testing and Material).The difference in suitability is due to the difference in requirements of the standard specifications.

In recent years, climate change is affecting more intensively in the form of water scarcity, desertification, and frequent droughts. In addition, Iraq is experiencing rapid population growth and urbanisation. This increases the needs of socio-economic development. One of the main ways out of the energy crisis in Iraq is solar energy. In this regard, it is of interest to investigate the potential and new technologies of this direction for Iraq.Material and methods. The source materials are the data obtained from Global Solar Atlas. In this study, analysis and synthesis were used as methods, namely analysis of solar resources in Iraq, analysis of current new technologies in solar energy and synthesis of the results into promising options for the development of this area of energy.Direct normal irradiation and Horizontal irradiation during the day and year are determined for Iraq in general and by areas in particular. The results are shown on a map and in the form of a histogram. The current technologies in solar energy have also been analysed with a perspective of their application in Iraq. Different designs of semiconductor materials have been analysed in terms of efficiency. Anbar, Sulaymaniyah, Dahuk, Najaf and Erbil showed the bestperformance under direct normal irradiation for the areas of Iraq. Accordingly, these areas have good potential for the construction of high capacity solar power plant.The analysis of modern technologies in solar energy with the prospect of their application in Iraq and the analysis of different designs of semiconductor materials in terms of efficiency showed the possibility of applying the latest technologies with high efficiency. However, Poli-Si and especially Mono-Si are not quite suitable for climatic conditions due to high sensitivity to high temperatures. Heating of the surface layer to 60-70°C, which is common in summer in hot regions including Iraq, results in a loss of 20 per cent of rated performance.

The main objective of this research isto evaluate a solar panel air conditioning system by using PVsyst simulation software. The software makes analysis, takes into consideration the system details, site parameters,and allows for performance evaluation in May 2023. In order to obtain optimalorientation toward the sun, solar panels were installed on the roof,and a path structure was proposed. This study involves designingand testing of a three-panel solar panel air-conditioning system with 144 Bifacial HJT Mono Half Cell type at 440 W capacity that took place in May 2023. The power produced by these panels as found using PVsyst software. Using this software, wecan also experiment with different variables such as changing panel height from .5m to 1.5m or even 2m, and floor reflectance from .4 m to .6 m; .8 m; .95 m respectively. Additionally, we explored out howtwo axis tracking systems performs compared to a one axis tracking system in terms of energy production levels as well as solar panel efficiencies. The results were analyzed for changes in energy yield and PV conversion efficiency. In order to improve solar cooling technology, this summary presents findings and analyses that provide a basis for policies and actions. It was proved that increasing the height of the panels leads to an increase in energy produced at a height of 2 m. The results indicate that an increase in reflection coefficient resulted into an increase in energy of 0.95. The outcomes revealed that tracking system use results into production of more energy by between 20% and 40% as compared to fixed systems with no sun tracking mechanism. Furthermore, when changing a tracking system from one axis to two axes, there is an increment in power output by about ten percent.

Researchers are working on developing sandwich beams and improve their mechanical properties because they are so important and widely used in many industries. This work provides a review of sandwich beams employed in structures in various aspects, including improving mechanical properties, fracture behaviour and energy absorption. Also, it looks at the bending, buckling, and vibration issues with sandwich beams. The main results of these researches are listed and compared.

Phase change material (PCM) is an example of thermal mass, which has many advantages in store the heat for peak time through a conversion process. This material is in demand for energy saving in conditioning applications and electrical appliances. The PCMs can be used to save thermal energy for heating or cooling, in many applications depending on the design and characteristics of the system and limitations of transformation change. They are generally used forspace heating in residential buildings on a short-term or seasonal basis. For boosting their heat capacity, such materials could be enhanced through adding nanoparticles (NPs). Nanomaterials, including metal-or carbon-based NPs, have shown to be the mosteffective additions for thermal energy storage units. In charge and discharge modes, they enhance the properties of PCMs in both sensible as well as latent heat. In general, the following NPs are being considered: SiO2, Ag, graphene, CuO, and Al2O3. Where, the content was between 0.5-15%. The content should be less than 5% for paraffin PCM and can be higher for salts and other classifications of PCMs.

The Earth's surface is experiencing swift changes in (LUALC) due to diverse socioeconomic activity and natural events. The primary aim of this research isto acquire a quantitative comprehension of the alterations in (LUALC) in Karbala from 2000 to 2023. The study utilized the supervised classification-maximum likelihood approach in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify (LUALC) changes in Karbala. Multispectral satellite data from Landsat 5 and 9 were employed for 2000 and 2023, respectively. Themaps were categorized into four primary (LUALC) classifications: water, vegetation, building, and soil. The results explained an increase in the area of building and vegetation by 7.67% equivalent to 388.7668km2and 7.81% equivalent to 395.9646km2, respectively, and a decrease in the area of water and soil, by -5.81% equivalent to -294.6234km2and -9.67% equivalent to -490.188km2, respectively. The accuracy evaluation was conducted, revealing that the photos classified for the years 2000 and 2023 had overall accuracies of 90.90% and 93.33%,respectively. Finally, the Kappa coefficient values for the two photos were 0.8779 and 0.9095, respectively. Therefore, these statistics Demonstrate that the precision of (LUALC) classifications is convenient

This research aims to find a computer program through which the reasons for changeorders that occur in projects are determined as a modern and effective method for application.It is also aimedtobe used in future projects with the aim of reducing the cost and time of project completion and achieving financial savings in addition to maintaining the quality of the project. As this program, which was designed by using C# (C sharp) programming language and operating in the (Visual Basic) environment, is based on real data collected through 21 projects related to health and road projects in different cities and regions of Salah al-Din Governorate. After conducting the statistical analysis, these results were included in the program and classified according to the importance factor of each item. After designing the program and preparing a questionnaire to evaluate the program by 15 engineers working in the health and road sectors, one of the important conclusions reached was that the practical benefit of the program in future projects was very good, at a rate of 80% based on these engineers' assessments and that the program helps in eliminating or reducing change orders was excellent, at a rate of 73.3%. Based on user feedback, it can be concluded that the overall evaluation of the program was very good.