Journal of Engineering

This newly modified wind turbine ventilator can achieve highly efficient ventilation. The new modification on the conventional wind turbine ventilator system may be achieved by adding a Savonius wind turbine above the conventional turbine to make it work more efficiently and help it spin faster. Three models of the Savonius wind turbine with 2, 3, and 4 blades' semicircular arcs are proposed to be placed above the conventional turbine of the wind ventilator to build a hybrid ventilation turbine. A prototype of the room model has been constructed and the hybrid turbine is placed on the head of the room roof. Performance tests for the hybrid turbine with different numbers of blades and different values of wind speeds have been conducted. The experimental test results show that the performance of the improved ventilation turbine with three blades is the best. It is found that the maximum rotation speed of the improved turbine is 107 rpm, while the airflow rate is 0.0103 m³/s and the air change rate per hour is 32.67 hr⁻¹, at a wind speed of 3 m/s. The proposed design has achieved an increase in the turbine rotational speed, an increase in the extraction rate of the indoor air, and the air-changes per hour.

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to enhance efficiency and maximize the output power of PV module, regardless the variation of temperature, irradiation, and the electrical characteristics of the load. A new MPPT system has been presented in this research, consisting of a synchronous DC-DC step-down Buck converter controlled by an Arduino microcontroller based unit. The MPPT process with Perturb and Observe method is performed with a DC-DC converter circuit to overcome the problem of voltage mismatch between the PV modules and the loads. The proposing system has high efficiency, lower cost and can be easily modified to handle more energy sources. The test results indicate that the use of the proposed MPPT control with the designed synchronous Buck converter increases the PV output power; hence increases the overall solar system efficiency. The synchronous Buck converter test results used in this design showed high converter efficiency up to 95% of the power produced from the solar module, leading to reduce power loss caused by the power transfer process from PV module to the loads.

This paper attempted to study the effect of cutting parameters (spindle speed and feed rate) on delamination phenomena during the drilling glass-polyester composites. Drilling process was done by CNC machine with 10 mm diameter of high-speed steel (HSS) drill bit. Taguchi technique with L16 orthogonal layout was used to analyze the effective parameters on delamination factor. The optimal experiment was no. 13 with spindle speed 1273 rpm and feed 0.05 mm/rev with minimum delamination factor 1.28.

Investigation of the adsorption of Chromium (VI) on Fe3O4 is carried out using batch scale experiments according to statistical design using a software program minitab17 (Box-Behnken design). Experiments were carried out as per Box-Behnken design with four input parameters such as pH (2-8), initial concentration (50–150mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.05–0.3 g) and time of adsorption (10–60min). The better conditions were showed at pH: 2; contact time: 60 min; chromium concentration: 50 mg/L and magnetite dosage: 0.3 g for maximum Chromium (VI) removal of (98.95%) with an error of 1.08%. The three models (Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin) were fitted to experimental data, Langmuir isotherm has better described the adsorption process. Whereas, the kinetics results of the adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second-order.

Quadrotors are emerging as an attractive platform for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) research due to their simplicity, maintenance ease, ability to hover, and vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) capability. This work presents a detailed mathematical nonlinear dynamic model of the quadrotor formulated using the Newton-Euler method. Although the quadrotor is a 6 DOF under-actuated system, the derived rotational subsystem is fully actuated, while the translational subsystem is under-actuated. The derivation of the mathematical model was followed by the development of the controller to control the altitude, attitude, heading, and position of the quadrotor in space, based on the linear Proportional-Derivative-Integral (PID) controller. The gains of the controllers were tuned using optimization techniques to improve the system's dynamic response. The standard Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) was applied to tune the PID parameters and then compared to Cultural Exchange Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (CEICA) tuning, showing improvement in the proposed algorithm. The objective function results were enhanced by 23.91% in the CEICA compared with ICA.

Electrical distribution system loads are permanently not fixed and alter in value and nature with time. Therefore, accurate consumer load data and models are required for performing system planning, system operation, and analysis studies. Moreover, realistic consumer load data are vital for load management, services, and billing purposes. In this work, a realistic aggregate electric load model is developed and proposed for a sample operative substation in Baghdad distribution network. The model involves aggregation of hundreds of thousands of individual components devices such as motors, appliances, and lighting fixtures. Sana’a substation in Al-kadhimiya area supplies mainly residential grade loads. Measurement-based techniques are to be used in estimating the substation load model parameters. The proposed model accounts for the effect of the feeders, the LV- transformers and the compensation devices present in the system. The model validation is evident from calculated results comparison to realistic measured data.

Compaction curves are widely used in civil engineering especially for road constructions, embankments, etc. Obtaining the precise amount of Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) that gives the Maximum Dry Unit weight (γdmax) is very important, where the desired soil strength can be achieved in addition to economic aspects. This paper uses three peak functions to obtain the OMC and γdmax through curve fitting for the values obtained from Standard Proctor Test. Another surface fitting was also used to model the Ohio’s compaction curves that represent the very large variation of compacted soil types. The easiness of obtaining OMC and γdmax from the results of curve fitting encourages users to utilize this procedure, in addition to its accuracy.

One of the important units in Sharq Dijla Water Treatment Plant (WTP) first and second extensions are the alum solution preparation and dosing unit. The existing operation of this unit is accomplished manually starting from unloading the powder alum in the preparation basin and ending by controlling the alum dosage addition through the dosing pumps to the flash mix chambers. Because of the modern trend of monitoring and controlling the automatic operation of WTPs due to the great benefits that could be gained from optimum equipment operation, reducing the operating costs and human errors. This study deals with how to transform the conventional operation to an automatic monitoring and controlling system depending on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and online sensors for alum preparation and dosing unit in Sharq Dijla WTP. PLC system will receive, analyze transmitting data, compare them with preset points then automatically orders the operational equipment (such as pumps, valves, and mixers) in a way that guarantees the safe and appropriate operation of the unit. As a result of Process and Instrumentation Diagrams (PID) that were prepared in this study, these units can be fully operated and managed by using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system.

Generally, different propositions show that culture changes because of many factors, and acculturation has emerged out of important operations which lead to cultural change as a result of contact between different societies or cultures. Since the cultural environment with its varying effects plays a major role in the formulation of architectural products, the research defined its research problem as follows: There is need for knowledge to specify the results of acculturation at the level of plans of house architecture belong to Iraqi elites in Baghdad city during the late Ottoman rule in Iraq (1830-1917). The research depends on the comparative procedure to define the acculturation results, so the plans character of the house of Iraqi origin will compare with the plans character for Iraq’s houses before the Ottoman rule in Iraq, and with the plans character of Turkish houses in Anodal during the Ottoman rule. The final conclusion shows that the result of acculturation between the two cultures during the late Ottoman rule at the level of the plans of the Iraqi elite houses represented by the energetic maintenance of the characteristics of the local plan. However, this maintenance began to decline (the start of medium-sized maintenance) beginning at the end of the period studied.

The research focuses on how to reach a mechanism that assists experts, engineers, and others in the architectural & engineering project to verify the co-existence of values and sustainability constituents in it. Research problem shows a clear lack, locally, in the interest to establish a value system and a list that cares about comprehending building components whether considering sustainable building criteria. Hypothesis shows that in order to head towards the applicable sustainable approach of buildings, then a local assessment system should be established to evaluate buildings during its life cycle, and from which buildings would be categorized as sustainable or not. Research aims at establishing main and general concepts that form the basis for more accurate assessment elements and details that have weights and credits to reach assessment scores that enables recognizing if the building or the project considers environmental sustainability requirements, in addition to submitting special recommendations that provide the capability of establishing an integrated usable assessment system used by experts and others. The research adopts the following methodology in order to obtain and reaches this list: a comprehensive and thorough study for the main international assessment systems; a study for certain research and papers involved in the assessment topic; inspecting practices of sustainability-related consultancy professional work. All this to determine the constituents of rating and evaluation of the engineering project items and components. Moreover, research adopts a methodology that considers local recognition in terms of social and climatic environment and geographical factors. Research reaches the formation of a general framework that is compromised from general and secondary indicators for the local assessment system, and these indicators could be expanded to include the building entire life cycle.