Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

A key problem for horticulture is compaction of the soil during the work, the aim of this article is to assess the state of water infiltration, under different water conditions at different depths of sandy soil. This experimental test showed that the decrease of the infiltration according to the increase the mass of the machine and the tractors number pass. In this case, the soil is more compressible and the infiltration of water in the plot studied decreases during the passage of tractors. However, the number of passes (2 successive passes) reduces the infiltration rate between 70% and 75% compared to the infiltration of tilled soils. Also, the results showed that the infiltration rate was directly linked to the depth, the number of passes, time and indirectly to the work of the soil and the weight of the machine. The findings indicate that tilled soils have the capacity to absorb water at a quicker pace than non-tilled soils. As a result, a significant evaluation of soil infiltration (R2=0.92) showed the observable reduction in infiltration following a number of passes and as a function of depth.

This study aimed to use trypsin enzyme hydrolysates of protein concentrates prepared from the waste of common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Trypsin enzyme has been used in the hydrolysis of acid and base protein concentrates for various times, including 60, 120, and 180 minutes. The solubility and emulsification property of the produced hydrolysates was studied. The EAI and ESI at pH 2 and 12 gave the highest values for solubility, , while the lowest values at pH 4. Hydrolysates were used to prepare culture media as an alternative to the MRS medium. Peptospecial and Beef extract were replaced in the commercial media with hydrolysates, and two types of culture media were prepared, one containing yeast extract and the other without it. The enzymatic reaction time had a significant effect on the number of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis colonies, and yeast extract had a significant effect on the number of colonies of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. In contrast, the enzymatic reaction time had not affected the number of colonies of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium infantis. This study is recommended to study the response of other types of lactic acid bacteria and the suitability of the culture media prepared in this study to their growth requirements

A significant impediment to reducing worldwide enteric CH4 emissions is the problem of adapting mitigation measures to grazing ruminants; this area requires additional investigation. This study aimed to investigate the impact and explore the relationship between raising and lowering levels of 3-NOP in bovine diets in order to impede methanogenesis. The sole CH4 contributor is the end-user process of ruminant fermentation and faeces, especially those of beef and dairy cattle. The amount of carbon dioxide emission from the human body during its lifetime constitutes a small part of the carbon balance in the atmosphere. Their dose-level potential must be assessed whenever feed additives become available in ruminant diets. Feed additives are managed in trace amounts to impact on rumen metabolism. Designed and produced around 2012, 3-Nitrooxypropanol is a synthetic, non-toxic chemical molecule that inhibits the CH4 pathway. Its molecular structure is like that of the methyl coenzyme M. The zootechnical supplement 3-NOP lowers the amount of enteric methane CH4 that cattle release during milk production and reproduction while raising the milk fat concentration. In conclusion, the 3-NOP is established to be a practical CH4 mitigator at elevated and intermediate dosages, recommending that it may have application as an enteric CH4 mitigator.

The study aimed to extract the lipase enzyme from different sources, estimate its enzymatic activity, choose the best sources in terms of enzymatic activity, partially purify, and characterize it. The enzyme was extracted from plant sources (pumpkin seeds, melon seeds, and orange peels). The enzyme extract was precipitated with ammonium sulfate at a saturation level of 80%. The dialysis and lyophilization processes were performed for the partially purified enzyme. The optimum temperature for the partially purified enzyme was 40°C and the optimum pH was 7. The enzyme activity of the plant sources was 2.598, 0.723, and 1.333 units g-1, respectively. Animal sources (chicken pancreas and intestinal tract of carp fish). The enzymatic activity of the animal sources was 4.122 and 6.532 units g-1, respectively. The highest activity was in the intestinal tract of carp fish. The protein concentration was 4.212 mg mL-1, the total activity was 1658.88 units, the number of purification times was 1.638 times, and the enzyme yield was 80.18% using tributyrin as a substrate. It can also be noted that the enzyme produced from the intestinal tract of common carp, which was rich in it, can be used in various industrial fields.

Drought determination is essential for many environmental and agricultural applications. To further understand drought, this study presented the spatio-temporal variations of drought based on the Landsat 8 index as a vegetation condition index (VCI)., vegetation health index (VHI), Thermal condition index (TCI), Water Supply Vegetation Index (WSVI) and normalized vegetation indices (NDVI) in the Canaan forest (mana-made forest) area within the administrative boundaries of the Canaan district of Diyala Governorate for the years 2016, 2019 and 2023.The results showed a clear difference between the years of study in terms of the spatial distribution of drought degrees (very severe, severe, moderate, light and non-dry). The NDVI maps also showed that there is a clear decrease in the density and areas of vegetation cover in the study area due to drought, which requires taking the necessary precautions to reduce the negative effects of drought with the help of remote sensing techniques because they shorten time and cost. According to NDVI, the vegetation cover occupied an area of 7.438 km2 for the year 2016, while the area of 5.735 km2 was for 2023. The Extreme Drought class occupied an area of 44.180 km2 in 2016, while it was 44.250 km2 in 2023 according to the VCI. In general, the year 2023 was drier than the rest of the study years.

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of different concentrations of boron 0, 100, and 200 mg L-1 and silica sol nutritional solutions 0, 3, and 6 mL L-1 on Khadrawi date palm trees in the presence of salt conditions. The results demonstrated that the spray treatment with boron at 200 mg L-1 and the spray treatment with silica sol nutrient solution at a level of 6 ml L-1 exhibited significant superiority. These treatments resulted in the highest values for various parameters including the concentration of mineral elements such as potassium, silicon, and boron, the ratio of potassium to sodium, the membrane stability index, the increase in activity of the peroxidase enzyme in leaves, the increase in the percentage of set, maturity, shoot weight, and total fruit yield. In contrast, the comparison treatment obtained the lowest values for these parameters. The treatments (boron at 200 mg L-1 and silica sol 6 mL L-1) decreased significantly, recording the lowest values in the concentration of sodium, chlorine, amino acids, proline, and ionic leakage of potassium ions in the leaves, while the comparison treatment recorded the highest values for the same traits. The interference between the two study factors significantly affected most of the studied traits.

This study was carried out to study the effect of Urtica Dioica, Prosopis Farcta and humic acid and their interactions on the growth and productivity of fig trees. The trees were treated with three levels of foliar spray with each of Urtica Dioica at 0, 150 and 300 mg L-1 and the Prosopis Farcta at 0, 150 and 300 mg L-1, and humic acid 0, 200 and 300 mg L-1. Treatments were applied twice. The first foliar spray was applied on May 1st, 2022, and the second one on June 1st, 2022. One tree was used for each experimental unit in a factorial experiment with three replications. The research came to the following results: foliar spray with Urtica Dioica, especially at 300 mg L-1 led to a significant increase in all studied characters (leaf area, leaves carbohydrate, TSS, fruit weight and total yield) except total chlorophyll content and total acidity. Foliar spraying of Prosopis Farcta at 300 mg L-1 led to a significant increase in all studied characters (total chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaves carbohydrate, TSS, fruit weight and total yield) except total acidity.Foliar spraying of humic acid at 300 mg L-1 led to a significant increase in some studied characters (leaf area, leaves carbohydrate, TSS, fruit weight). There was a significant rise in the binary and triple interactions of the study treatments on all the traits examined, particularly at high study factor levels (300 mg L-1 Urtica Dioica, 300 mg L-1 Prosopis Farcta and 300 mg L-1 Humic acid).

In view of modern trends towards protecting the environment of food packaging materials, along with preserving food quality and safety, especially about the use of industrial packaging materials, especially non-degradable plastic materials, and the health and environmental damage resulting from their widespread use. Therefore, the current article included highlighting the preparation of anti-microbial Edible Films from natural biological sources, as many types of bacteria, algae and yeasts can produce biopolymers with properties suitable for food packaging, at the same time they are automatically degradable in the environment. The attention of specialists turned towards Edible Films, a natural, biological alternative that is edible and safe for health, at the same time does not cause environmental pollution. This technique has been applied to different types of fresh and processed foods. There are many natural biological sources for preparing edible films, such as proteins (such as milk proteins, wheat gluten, corn zein, etc.), polysaccharides (starch, pectin, cellulose and its derivatives, chitosan, carrageenan, etc.), lipids such as (waxes and glycerides), or a mixture of these compounds. The manufacture of these membranes provides many desirable properties in food, such as maintaining the moisture of the food, preventing the loss of volatile aromatic flavor compounds, reducing the migration of fats, and prolonging the storage life of the food by inhibiting microbial growth and incorporating substances into the membrane solution such as antimicrobials or antioxidants, and food additives, thus improving the appearance, sensory and nutritional properties of the food product.

The experiment was carried out to study the irrigation systems, planting density and potassium silicate spraying on the growth and quality of tomato. The experiments included three factors, the type of drip irrigation systems (S) as: single line irrigation (S1) and Double line irrigation (S2). The planting densities (D): D1 (40 cm) (density: 12 plants); D2 (50 cm) (density: 10 plants) and D3 (60 cm) (density: 8 plants). The third factor was potassium silicate spraying (K): as: K0 (control); K1 (treated of plant with 1 mL L-1) and K2 (treated with 2 mL L-1). Using a factorial experiment within a split-plot design, main plots were allocated to irrigation systems (S1 and S2). The results showed that, the single irrigation system (S1) produced a significant superiority in acidity 0.560 %; vitamin C 34.958 mg; TSS 3.846 and lycopene 2.264 mg, compared with double line (S2) which showed superiority in β-carotene pigment 2.448 mg. Planting density at a distance of 60 cm produced the highest values in TSS 3.73; fruit hardness 3.590 kg cm2 -1 , β-carotene 2.41mg, while planting at 40 cm showed superiority in lycopene pigment 2.034 mg. Treatment with potassium silicate at a concentration of 1 mL L-1 (K1) was found to produce the highest lycopene and β-carotene, while a concentration of 2 mL L-1 had superiority in acidity and vitamin C. From the results, using the single irrigation system had superiority in producing tomato with high qualities, while planting tomato at a distance of 40 cm had superiority in most qualities characteristics

There are quite significant differences in the management of palm oil businesses in West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan Provinces. In fact, West Kalimantan has a very large area of oil palm land, but its production output is smaller compared to Central Kalimantan province. Based on these facts, this research aims to determine the policy strategy for sustainable palm oil management, which includes economic, social, environmental and legal aspects to be implemented in the provinces of West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. This research applies the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with a pairwise comparison matrix approach to calculate the weight of each index and create sustainable palm oil based on primary data collection through questionnaires. The research results show that in developing sustainable oil palm plantations, environmental aspects can be considered first, with a primary focus on oil palm land conservation. Conservation of oil palm land is an important part because it is a form of protection, restoration, improvement and maintenance of land functions in accordance with land capabilities and use. The results obtained from calculations carried out using the AHP model show that there are 3 policy alternatives, namely Agribusiness Public Partnership, Agribusiness Private Partnership, and Agribusiness Public - Private Partnership. This can provide benefits for economic growth through increasing agricultural productivity. Agribusiness Public-Private Partnerships have a very important role as a benchmark for sustainable palm oil plantation policies in Central and West Kalimantan.

This study evaluated the effect of foliar spraying with boron (0, 50, and 100 mg L-1) and ascorbic acid (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) on the growth and yield of chili pepper plants grown in a plastic house. The treatment spraying boron at a rate of 100 mg L-1 had significantly better results in terms of relative chlorophyll content in leaves, main stem diameter, plant height, branch count, leaf count, fruit count, fruit weight, and plant yield (48.23 Spad, 21.02 mm, 70.02 cm, 4.500 branches, 156.81 leaves, 74.88 fruits, 19.00 g, and 1492.5 g plant-1 respectively). A concentration of 200 mg L-1 ascorbic acid sprayed on plants produced the best results in terms of plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, number of fruits, weight of fruits, and plant yield (21.88 mm, 72.79 cm, 4.878 plant branches, 166.59 leaves, 77.74 fruits, 21.97 g, 1745.7 g plants-1 respectively). The study found that the main stem diameter, plant height, branches number, leaves number, fruits number, fruit weight, and plant yield were all best increased by an interaction treatment consisting of spraying boron at 100 mg L-1 and ascorbic acid at 200 mg L-1. compared with the control group, the values reached 22.47, 74.38 cm, 5,000 branches, 170.76 leaves, 90.46 fruits, 26.38 g, and 2430.4 g plant-1 respectively..

Currently, the global community is observing the increasing significance of Asian countries in international trade, and 48 Asian nations, India's wheat sector, has experienced a significant reorganization in generating revenue and employment prospects. The research aimed to analyze the comparative advantage and trade specialization in the wheat sector enjoyed by India compared to other member countries of BIMSTEC using the OEC database from 2013 to 2022. The Balassa and Lafay index highlights India's relative competitiveness and extent of trade specialization. To compare the pair-wise comparison between the member countries, Games-Howell Post-Hoc estimation was employed since the normality and homogeneity of data hardly provide any scope to apply one-way ANOVA. Finally, the study concluded that India enjoyed a high degree of competitiveness in the wheat market as compared to other BIMSTEC members during the study period. Consequently, the results indicate that India is enjoying a robust advantage in the global wheat trade market, in general, and in the BIMSTEC region, in particular. Based on the result, this study prescribed that since BIMSTEC will implement trade facilitation in 2030, the identification of specific products like wheat may be incorporated into the list for greater regional trade integration.

The field experiment was carried out with clay loam soil to monitor the dry soil bulk density (BD), moisture content (dry base) (MC), and cone index (CI) till the depth of 0-60 cm under two farming systems, namely the controlled traffic farming system (CTF) and the random traffic farming system (RTF) from 1/02 - 30/04/2023. During the trial period, the RTF system soil's BD increased from 1.45 g cm-3 to 1.48 g cm-3 with an increase of 2%, while the increase in the CTF system soil's BD was 0.7 % (from 1.36 g cm-3 to 1.37 g cm-3), the MC also increased from 27.7 % to 28.08 % (1.37 %) in the RTF soil and from 36.16 % to 37.64 % (4.09 %) in the CTF system soil. While the CI increased from 2438 kPa to 2499 kPa with an increase of 2.26 % for the RTF system soil, however, it became 2018 kPa after it was 2096 kPa for the CTF soil with a decrease of 3.72 %. The results showed that switching from the RTF to the CTF system reduced the soil' BD by 6.85 %, reduced the soil CI by 16.55 % and increased the soil MC by 32.31 %. Finally, the graphic curves reflected the stability and consistency of the CTF system soil's physical behavior with increasing depth compared to the RTF system soil's physical behavior which fluctuated and disturbed for the same studied depth and under the same climatic conditions and traditional farming practices.

To study the biological preparation of iron nano fertilizers from lemon fruit extract and their effect on some quantitative traits of carrot (Daucus carota L.) plant. Experiments were conducted, a laboratory part and a field part, with two addition factors, foliar fertilization and soil fertilization, using two sources of iron. The first source was nano-iron at a concentration of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg L-1, and the second source was chelated iron at a concentration of 1.5 g L-1 and control treatment. The results showed the superiority of foliar fertilization in most of the studied traits such as iron concentration, root length, root diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, carotene and total dissolved solids (144.30 ppm, 17.10 cm, 2.1 cm, 137.98 g, 16.03 g, 1.62 mg g fresh weight-1 and 8.79 %, respectively). Nano-iron spraying was superior than to chelated iron in the concentration of iron (Fe), root length, root diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, and total dissolved solids (1059.22 ppm, 20.82 cm, 2.29 cm, 168.97 g, 18.37 g, and 9.91 %, respectively). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the size and purity of the nanoparticles, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to verify the composition. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) was in the form of α-Fe2O3 hematite with a size of 32.8 nm and Ỵ-Fe2O3 maghematite with a size of 44.6 nm. We conclude that the use of green synthesis method for nano-fertilizers has proven effective and efficient from an economic and environmental point of view.