Journal of Engineering

1

Chaos theory and the Generation Of the Architectural form

Payman Fouad Rahman, Asmaa Niazy Taher

Pages: 800-824 English

Abstract

The article explores the application of chaos theory in the generation of architectural forms. It discusses how chaos theory, with its concepts of dynamics, complexity, and flexibility, can be used to create new architectural forms. The research aims to build a theoretical framework for formal generation using chaos theory and employs computer programming to generate new forms. The study concludes that chaos theory can significantly contribute to the creation of innovative architectural designs

Keywords

Chaos Theory Architectural Form Formal Generation Dynamics Complexity Flexibility Computer Programming Fractal Dimension

2

The Space in the Age of Information

Hoda Abdul Sabah Al-Alwan, Noura Naim Aboud

Pages: 825-844 English

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The article examines the impact of the Information Revolution, Technology Revolution, and Media Revolution on contemporary architecture and urban spaces. It discusses how these revolutions have transformed people's thoughts, behaviors, and traditions, leading to significant changes in the physical and intellectual structure of urban spaces. The research explores the concept of "Virtual Space," which lies between physical and mental spaces, and how digital tools have enabled new forms of imagination and design in architecture. The article aims to explain the concept of space in the context of today's technological advancements and the emergence of intelligent spaces

Keywords

Information Revolution Technology Revolution Media Revolution Urban Structure Urban Space Virtual Space Digital Tools Intelligent Space

3

The Holy Quran Encourages Research in Architectural History

[Author Name 1], [Author Name 1]

Pages: 845-865 English

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Abstract

This article explores how the Holy Quran encourages research and reflection in various fields, including architectural history. Through several verses, the Quran emphasizes the importance of understanding the past, learning from previous civilizations, and appreciating the built environment. The research highlights how these Quranic principles inspire Muslims to study and preserve architectural heritage as part of their broader quest for knowledge and understanding. By examining the historical and cultural contexts of Islamic architecture, the article underscores the role of the Quran in promoting intellectual curiosity and the appreciation of human creativity and divine inspiration in architectural achievements

Keywords

Holy Quran Architectural History Reflection Past Civilizations Knowledge Architecture Islamic Studies Cultural Heritage

4

Effect of Initial Pressure Upon Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane-Air Mixtures

Mohammed Nasser Hamid

Pages: 867-876 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the effect of initial pressure on the laminar burning velocity of methane-air mixtures. The study employs a constant volume method with a thermocouples technique to measure the laminar flame speed across a wide range of equivalence ratios. The results indicate a significant relationship between initial pressure and laminar burning velocity, with higher pressures leading to increased burning velocities. The findings are validated by comparing them with previous studies, demonstrating the accuracy and precision of the measurements and calculations used. This research contributes to a better understanding of combustion dynamics and can aid in the development of more efficient internal combustion engines.

Keywords

Laminar Burning Velocity Methane-Air Mixtures Initial Pressure Combustion Flame Propagation Constant Volume Method Thermocouples Technique Density Ratio Method

5

Study of Important Variables of Aerodynamics for Subsonic Aircraft Using Advanced Aircraft Analysis Software

Asaad T. Al-Omran, Sattar J. Habeeb, Israa Yheaa Daood

Pages: 877-893 English

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Abstract

This study investigates the important variables of aerodynamics for subsonic aircraft using Advanced Aircraft Analysis Software (AAA). The research focuses on analyzing lift, drag, and moment coefficients along the lift surfaces such as wings and horizontal tails. The study compares different flight missions, including cruise, take-off, climb, dive, descent, and landing, to understand their impact on aerodynamic performance. Results indicate that factors such as flight level, aircraft speed, and aspect ratio significantly affect the lift coefficient. The findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of aerodynamic behavior and can aid in optimizing aircraft design for improved performance.

Keywords

Aerodynamics Subsonic Aircraft Advanced Aircraft Analysis Software (AAA) Lift Coefficient Drag Coefficient Moment Coefficient Flight Level Aircraft Speed Aspect Ratio Cruise Mission Take-off Climb Dive Descent Landing

6

Reliability-Based Design Procedure of Axially Loaded Piles

Mohammed Yousif Fattah

Pages: 4462-4477 English

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Abstract

This article presents a reliability-based design procedure for estimating the bearing capacity of axially loaded piles. The procedure extends the point estimate method by calculating the expected values of the standard deviation of the capacity and demand functions. The probability of failure, reliability, central factor of safety, and reliability index are determined accordingly. The method is applied to two cases: piles driven in sand and piles driven in clay. The findings emphasize the importance of realistic assumptions and the use of engineering experience in predicting and designing geotechnical structures. This approach aims to improve the accuracy and reliability of geotechnical predictions and designs.

Keywords

Reliability-Based Design Axially Loaded Piles Bearing Capacity Geotechnical Engineering Soil Properties Ultimate Capacity Point Estimate Method Probability of Failure Reliability Index Factor of Safety

7

Study the Performance of Sulfamic Acid and Citric Acid in Removal the Scale Deposited on the Dura Refinery Heat Exchange Piping System

Najwa S. Majeed

Pages: 4478-4487 English

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Abstract

This article presents an experimental study on the performance of sulfamic acid and citric acid in removing scale deposited on the heat exchange piping system at the Dura refinery. The experiments utilized sulfamic acid and citric acid inhibited by hexamine as cleaning solutions, tested at various times, temperatures, and concentrations. A dynamic flow system was designed for this purpose, using scaled copper alloy pipes from the main hot water lines of the heat exchanger. The study evaluated the effects of time, temperature, and acid concentration on scale removal and compared the performance of the two acids. The findings provide insights into effective methods for maintaining heat exchange systems in industrial settings.

Keywords

Sulfamic Acid Citric Acid Scale Removal Dura Refinery Heat Exchange Piping System Cleaning Solutions Dynamic Flow System Copper Alloy Pipes Corrosion Inhibitor Hexamine

8

APPLYING ADAPTIVE FUZZY NEURAL ALGORITHM FOR INTRUSION DETECTION

Ahmed Ali Hassan, Fatima Zainab Al-Saadi

Pages: 4488-4509 English

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Abstract

This article explores the application of an adaptive fuzzy neural algorithm in the field of intrusion detection for enhancing network security. The adaptive fuzzy neural algorithm combines the strengths of fuzzy logic and neural networks to develop an effective and intelligent intrusion detection system. The study discusses the design, implementation, and testing of the algorithm, highlighting its ability to detect and respond to various types of cyber threats and anomalies within a network. The results demonstrate the algorithm's high accuracy, adaptability, and robustness in identifying intrusions and ensuring the security of network systems. This research contributes to the advancement of intelligent cybersecurity measures and the protection of digital infrastructures.

Keywords

Intrusion Detection Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Algorithm Artificial Intelligence Cybersecurity Network Security Fuzzy Logic Neural Networks Machine Learning Anomaly Detection

9

ECG CLASSIFICATION USING SLANTLET TRANSFORM AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Hassan J. Ali, Zainab A. Qasim, Rawa M. Abbas

Pages: 4510-4526 English

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Abstract

This article presents a novel approach to classifying electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using the Slantlet Transform (SLT) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The study focuses on the extraction of important features from ECG signals using SLT, which is an advanced signal processing technique. These features are then used to train an ANN for accurate classification of various cardiac conditions, including arrhythmias. The proposed method demonstrates high accuracy and efficiency in detecting abnormal heart rhythms, contributing to improved cardiac health monitoring. The results highlight the effectiveness of combining SLT and ANN for enhancing the performance of ECG classification systems.

Keywords

ECG Classification Slantlet Transform Artificial Neural Network Electrocardiogram Feature Extraction Machine Learning Signal Processing Cardiac Health Arrhythmia Detection

10

MEASUREMENT THE FLUORESCENCE PARAMETERS OF THE OLIVE OIL AND COMPARING IT WITH SOME LASER DYE MATERIALS

Anwaar A. AL – Dergazly, Omar N. Mohammed

Pages: 4527-5434 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the fluorescence properties of olive oil and compares them with those of some laser dye materials. The study measures emission spectrum diagrams at various absorption peaks (414, 536, 632, and 670 nm) to determine key fluorescence parameters such as quantum yield, oscillator strength, Einstein coefficients for spontaneous emission, radiative and fluorescence lifetime, and absorption and cross sections. The results show that olive oil exhibits fluorescence at 669 nm across the entire absorption spectrum when excited by a 532 nm semiconductor laser. The findings suggest that olive oil could be a potential candidate for use as an active dye laser material due to its favorable fluorescence properties.

Keywords

Olive Oil Fluorescence Parameters Laser Dye Materials Emission Spectrum Absorption Peaks Fluorescence Quantum Yield Oscillator Strength Einstein Coefficients Radiative and Fluorescence Lifetime Absorption and Cross Sections

11

EFFECT OF EXISTING FLANGE OPENINGS AND COLD JOINTS ON STRENGTH OF RC T-BEAMS

Ali H. Aziz, Awadh E. Ajeel

Pages: 4535-4546 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the impact of existing flange openings and cold joints on the shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams. The study examines how these structural modifications, often necessary for accommodating essential services like water supply and electrical conduits, affect the beams' performance. Experimental results indicate that flange openings can reduce shear capacity by 22% to 32% for beams with one opening and 17% to 39% for beams with two openings. Cold joints also lead to a reduction in shear capacity by approximately 27%. The findings highlight the importance of considering these factors in construction practices to ensure structural integrity and prevent excessive deflection and cracking.

Keywords

Flange Openings Cold Joints Reinforced Concrete (RC) T-Beams Shear Capacity Stress Concentration Structural Integrity Construction Practices Crack Formation Deflection

12

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR OXIDATION OF PHENOL BY FENTONS REAGENT

Sama Mohammed Abdullah

Pages: 4547-4556 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution using Fenton's reagent in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure. The study examines the degradation of phenol (50-100 ppm) in an acidic medium (pH=2.7-5.8) under mild temperature conditions (28-48°C). The research explores the effects of stoichiometric excess percentage of H2O2 (0-100%) and the Fe(II) to phenol concentration ratio (0-0.63). The results demonstrate that Fenton's reaction is an efficient method for phenol degradation, with the amount of catalyst and temperature significantly impacting the degradation process. A simple kinetic model for the reaction is also established.

Keywords

Phenol Oxidation Fenton's Reagent Batch Reactor Hydroxyl Radical Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) Chemical Degradation Environmental Remediation Kinetic Model

13

COMBINED ADJUSTED STEP SIZE LMS ALGORITHM AND ACTIVE TAP DETECTION TECHNIQUE FOR ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELLATION

Ahmed Ali, Sarah Mohammed

Pages: 4557-4456 English

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Abstract

This article presents a novel approach to adaptive noise cancellation by combining an adjusted step size Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm with an active tap detection technique. The proposed method aims to improve the performance of adaptive noise cancellation systems by enhancing the convergence rate and reducing steady-state error. The adjusted step size LMS algorithm dynamically modifies the step size based on the error signal, while the active tap detection technique identifies and updates the most significant filter taps. The combined approach is evaluated through simulations and real-world experiments, demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving superior noise reduction and faster convergence compared to traditional LMS algorithms.

Keywords

Adaptive Noise Cancellation LMS Algorithm Step Size Adjustment Active Tap Detection Signal Processing Noise Reduction Adaptive Filtering Convergence Rate

14

CALCULATION OF SOIL WATER DIFFUSIVITY USING A MODEL FOR SOIL MOISTURE PROFILE UNDER DIFFERENT SALINITY CONDITIONS

Mahdi I. Aoda, Taghreed F. Younan

Pages: 4569-4579 English

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Abstract

This article presents a study on the calculation of soil water diffusivity using a modified van Genuchten model for soil moisture profiles under different salinity conditions. The research evaluates the diffusivity for three soil textures and examines how salinity affects water movement in soils. The results indicate that soil water diffusivity increases with soil moisture content but decreases with finer soil textures and higher salinity levels. The findings contribute to a better understanding of soil water transport processes, which is crucial for agricultural and urban hydrology applications.

Keywords

Soil Water Diffusivity Soil Moisture Profile Salinity Conditions van Genuchten Model Hydraulic Conductivity Water Retention Characteristics Soil Water Transport Agricultural Applications Urban Hydrology

15

DEMULSIFICATION OF CUTTING FLUID BEFORE DISPOSAL TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Prof. Dr. Abbas Hamid Sulaymon, Laith Hamzah Thuaban

Pages: 4580-4592 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the treatment of spent cutting fluid to reduce its environmental impact before disposal. The research focuses on two methods for breaking the emulsion: using sulfuric acid and heat, and using coagulants such as calcium chloride and ferric chloride. The study found that sulfuric acid was the dominant factor in breaking the emulsion, achieving up to 85% efficiency, while ferric chloride provided the best results for minimizing residual oil concentration in the water layer. The findings highlight the importance of effective demulsification techniques in minimizing the environmental impact of waste cutting fluids.

Keywords

Demulsification Cutting Fluid Environmental Impact Waste Management Sulfuric Acid Ferric Chloride Emulsion Breaking Residual Oil Concentration

16

ADDING PERFECT FORWARD SECRECY TO KERBEROS

Wameedh Nazar Flayyih

Pages: 4593-4605 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the lack of perfect forward secrecy (PFS) in the Kerberos authentication system and proposes extensions to incorporate this feature. The study highlights the vulnerability of Kerberos to dictionary attacks and the need for enhanced security measures. By integrating public key cryptography and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, the proposed extensions aim to achieve conditional perfect forward secrecy in the Client-Authentication Server exchange and perfect forward secrecy in the Client-Server exchange, albeit with increased overhead and delay. The modifications require minimal changes to the original Kerberos protocol, enhancing its security without compromising its functionality.

Keywords

Perfect Forward Secrecy Kerberos Public Key Cryptography Authentication Diffie-Hellman Security

17

STUDY OF CO AND NOx EMISSIONS OF S.I.E FUELED WITH SUPPLEMENTED HYDROGEN TO GASOLINE

Miqdam T. Chaichan

Pages: 4606-4617 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from a single-cylinder, 4-stroke spark-ignition (S.I.) engine fueled with a mixture of hydrogen and gasoline. The study examines the effects of variable compression ratios, spark timing, and equivalence ratios on the emissions1. The results indicate that NOx concentrations are higher on the lean side near the stoichiometric equivalence ratio and decrease as the mixture becomes richer. Conversely, CO concentrations are lower on the lean side and increase on the rich side1. The study also finds that retarding spark timing significantly reduces NOx emissions without affecting CO emissions. Additionally, increasing the hydrogen content in the mixture reduces CO emissions but increases NOx emissions1.

Keywords

CO Emissions NOx Emissions S.I. Engine Hydrogen Supplementation Gasoline Compression Ratio Spark Timing Equivalence Ratio Emission Control

18

RESIDUAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION FOR A SINGLE PASS WELD IN PIPE

Adnan N. Jameel, Nabeel K. Abid, Osama F. Abd Al Latteef

Pages: 4618-4630 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the residual stress distribution in a single pass weld on a thin pipe. The study employs both analytical and numerical methods to analyze the stress fields generated due to welding. The analytical approach estimates the residual stress magnitude based on weld shrinkage behavior, while the numerical analysis uses a non-linear transient heat transfer model followed by a thermal-elastic-plastic stress analysis using the finite element method (FEM) in ANSYS 8.0. The results highlight the significant impact of temperature gradients and material properties on residual stress distribution. The findings contribute to a better understanding of stress fields in welded structures and can aid in improving welding practices to enhance structural integrity.

Keywords

Residual Stress Single Pass Weld Pipe Thermo-elasto-plasticity Weld Shrinkage Finite Element Analysis (FEA) ANSYS Heat Transfer Stress Fields

19

Short Term Deflection of Ordinary, Partially Prestressed and GFRP Bars Reinforced Concrete Beams

Nazar K. Ali Oukaili, Iqbal Fadhil Peera Al-Hawwassi

Pages: 4631-4652 English

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Abstract

This article investigates the behavior of structural concrete beams under short-term loading conditions. The study employs a computer program originally developed by Oukaili to evaluate curvature and deflection for flexural structural concrete members. The program considers actual stress-strain relationships of concrete and steel, ensuring equilibrium and compatibility of strain in concrete and reinforcement. The proposed model uses step-by-step analysis for small loading increments, allowing determination of the history of strain and stress in concrete with prestressing steel, non-prestressing reinforcement, or both. Newmark's numerical integration is used to evaluate deflection based on curvature values. The stress-strain model proposed by Korpenko et al. (1986) is compared with experimental data and other analytical models, showing good agreement. The analytical results for load-deflection diagrams are also compared with available experimental data for ordinary reinforced concrete beams, partially prestressed concrete beams, and beams reinforced with GFRP bars.

Keywords

Short Term Deflection Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Beams Partially Prestressed Concrete Beams GFRP Bars Flexural Members Stress-Strain Relationships Load-Deflection Diagram Numerical Integration Newmark's Method

20

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THREE DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT FLOW OF NEWTONIAN LIQUID IN STIRRED TANKS MIXERS

Ihsan Y. Hussian, Nizar Jawad Hadi

Pages: 4635-4621 English

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Abstract

This article presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of the flow pattern of Newtonian fluid in a stirred tank equipped with a flat blade impeller. A three-dimensional model for the mixing process was simulated, considering the effects of rotation speed and impeller diameter. The continuity, momentum, and turbulent equations were solved using the ANSYS package software with FLOTRAN/CFD based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). Experimental visualization methods, including acid-base reaction and particle distribution techniques, were employed to validate the theoretical model. The results showed that rotation speed directly affected the mixing zones, with a reduction in speed decreasing the mixing zones by approximately half. Additionally, increasing the impeller diameter concentrated the mixing zones directly above and below the impeller. The findings demonstrated good agreement between theoretical and experimental results, highlighting the impact of rotation speed and impeller diameter on the mixing process.

Keywords

Newtonian Liquid Turbulent Flow Stirred Tanks Mixers Flat Blade Impeller Rotation Speed Impeller Diameter Continuity Equations Momentum Equations Turbulent Equations ANSYS Software Finite Element Method (FEM) Acid-Base Reaction Visualization Particle Distribution Visualization

21

CORRECTION PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL SPECIFIC SURFACE

Maysm Th. Al-Hadidy

Pages: 4673-4694 English

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Abstract

This article presents a correction procedure for determining the specific surface of soils, which is crucial for geotechnical applications, especially for soils with high gypsum or salt content. The procedure involves collecting grain size distribution curves for various soil samples and calculating the specific surface by summing the surface area of subintervals in the distribution curve. These values are then compared to those calculated using the equivalent diameter for each soil. A fitting process is conducted to derive the best equation representing these points, and new values for the specific surface are obtained by applying this equation. The corrected values show a high degree of agreement with the original values, demonstrating the effectiveness of the correction procedure.

Keywords

Soil Specific Surface Grain Size Distribution Correction Factor Geotechnical Engineering Gypseous Soils Salty Soils Equivalent Diameter Surface Area Calculation

22

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THIN BEAMS RESTING ON NONLINEAR ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS

Adel A. Al-Azzawi, Lecturer at Al-Nahrain University

Pages: 4695-4706 English

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Abstract

This article presents a numerical analysis of thin beams resting on nonlinear elastic foundations using the finite difference method. The study focuses on solving the basic differential equation for elastic deformation of thin beams supported on nonlinear elastic foundations. A tangent approach is employed to determine the modulus of subgrade reaction, and an iterative method is used to solve the nonlinear problem until convergence is achieved. The analysis considers the continuous elastic, nonlinear foundation to be active only when the beam is pressing against the foundation. Two examples of simply supported beams are presented to illustrate the application of the method. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the finite difference method in analyzing the elastic deformation of thin beams on nonlinear elastic foundations.

Keywords

Thin Beams Nonlinear Elastic Foundations Finite Difference Method Modulus of Subgrade Reaction Load-Deflection Diagram Plate Loading Test Simply Supported Beams Nonlinear Analysis Tangent Modulus

23

CALCULATION OF VOLUMETERIC AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR PURE HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR MIXTURES USING CUBIC EQUATIONS OF STATE

Sameera M. Hamad-Allah, Munqith N. Reshag

Pages: 4707-4725 English

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Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive study on the prediction of volumetric and thermodynamic properties of pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures using cubic equations of state. The research employs the Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations to calculate properties such as bubble point and dew point pressures, as well as heat capacity. Different values of the binary interaction parameter are tested to evaluate their impact on the predictions. The study also proposes four mixing rules to determine temperature derivatives for mixtures. Comparisons with experimental data indicate that both equations of state provide accurate predictions, with marked improvements achieved by using non-zero binary interaction parameters. Among the proposed mixing rules, Kay’s rule is found to be the most effective for determining temperature derivatives.

Keywords

Volumetric Properties Thermodynamic Properties Pure Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Mixtures Cubic Equations of State Peng-Robinson Equation Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation Binary Interaction Parameter Mixing Rules Heat Capacity Bubble Point Pressure Dew Point Pressure Temperature Derivatives

24

BOUNDARY ELEMENTS MODELLING FOR SMALL/LARGE STRAIN ANALYSIS OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS

Imad A. Hussain, Muhsin J. Jweeg, Muhsin N. Hamza

Pages: 4726-4747 English

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Abstract

This article explores the application of the Boundary Elements Method (BEM) for analyzing elastomeric materials under both small and large strain conditions. For small deformations, the elastomer is assumed to be a linear elastic, isotropic, incompressible solid. For large deformations, the 1st Piola-Kirchhoff stresses are decomposed into linear and nonlinear parts, resulting in equations composed of boundary integral and nonlinear domain integrals. Nonlinear analyses are performed using an incremental procedure with an iterative algorithm. Numerical examples are solved and compared with results from ANSYS 10.0, demonstrating that BEM is an effective numerical technique for solving incompressible elastomeric materials. The formulations used for large strain analysis provided satisfactory results, aligning well with those obtained from ANSYS.

Keywords

Boundary Elements Method (BEM) Elastomeric Materials Small Strain Analysis Large Strain Analysis Hyperelastic Materials Incompressible Materials Linear Elasticity Nonlinear Analysis Incremental Procedure Iterative Algorithm ANSYS Software

25

THE APPLICATION OF A STEP BY STEP TECHNIQUE FOR THE PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF THERMAL POWER PLANT SURFACE CONDENSERS

Dr. Ali Hussain Tarrad, Laith Mouayyad Majeed

Pages: 7444-7474 English

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Abstract

This article presents a step-by-step technique for predicting the performance of surface condensers in thermal power plants. The study focuses on the effects of water side fouling resistance, the presence of air in steam flow, and inlet water temperature on condenser performance. A quasi two-dimensional model is used to simulate these effects, and the results are compared with field data from the Southern Baghdad thermal power station. The proposed model demonstrates good agreement with the field data, showing high accuracy in predicting cooling water temperature and condensate exit temperature for both summer and winter seasons. The findings highlight the importance of considering various operating conditions to optimize condenser performance.

Keywords

Performance Prediction Thermal Power Plant Surface Condensers Water Side Fouling Resistance Air in Steam Flow Inlet Water Temperature Quasi Two-Dimensional Model Cooling Water Resistance Field Data Comparison

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