Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences

The adrenal gland is one the main endocrine gland, which is responsible for producing important hormones in relation to regulating functions of the nervous system, metabolism and balance of ions, and reproduction of the animals. The present study was designed to identify histological contents and structures of adrenal glands in the Iraqi wild squirrel. Electronic microscopic, routine and special stains were used to recognize the main cells and major histological structures. Twelfth healthy animals were dissected for this study following the animal ethics regulations of the college of veterinary, university of Al-Qadisiyah. The histological study identified that the adrenal gland has two main layers’ the medulla and cortex, also, the cortex has three layers including zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Cells of the cortex and medulla of the gland were negative with PAS stain, but Alcian blue was positive with cortex cells and negative with medulla. The features and distributions of cells of the cortex were in the zona glomerulosa was paved together cells and constituted a thin layer under the capsule, and zona fasciculata was extended as pillars in shape and a thicker layer of the cortex and zona reticularis, also medulla cells were clusters cells in shape and found in the centre of gland surrounded the central vein. Electronic transmission study was focused on the contents of cells, as a result, large secretory granules were detected as dark in colour and were very large amounts in zona glomerulosa, and zona reticularis, and a limited amount in zona fasciculata. Also, the medulla displayed many dense small secretory granules in the cytoplasm and limited moderately secretory granules. The cells of the layers’ cortex and medulla revealed that the nucleus was polyhedral in shape, but cells of zona fasciculata was single or diploid nuclei. Our finding concluded that special and routine stains clarified many structures of the adrenal gland, but electron transmission microscopic was the better technique to distinguish different types of granules in the adrenal gland of the squirrel.

The current exploration was done to study the histological characteristic features of the syrinx in the swan geese (Anser cygnoides). For that purpose, 10 (5 males and 5 females) birds were euthanized and specimen was collected for studying the location, length, and relationship were reported. Moreover, the syrinx was histological-studied by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Periodic acid–Schiff stain (PAS), combined Alcian blue (AB) and PAS, and Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff stain. The results unveiled that the voice box (syrinx) of the swan goose revealed that the syringeal wall thickness was (1903.78±2.957 and 1902.5±1.476μm), for males and females, respectively. The part of the tracheosyringeal rings were ciliate-lined of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with different-sized acini in high numbers (tubular mucous glands), and epithelia-lined-goblet cells. The mean thickness of the epithelium was (204.56±2.231 and 198.92±1.513μm) in males and females, respectively. The average thickness of the cartilage was (207.78±1.601 and 199.12±1.661μm) in males and females respectively. Simple branched mucous glands showed a positive reaction to the PAS stain. Also, positive reaction for alcian blue and combined alcian blue pas stains. The diameter of the syringeal mucous alveoli was 304.02±3.205 and 298.02±4.072μm in males and females respectively. This study reveals the characteristic pictures of the syrinx of the swan geese that could be useful for future studies that deal with different sciences, such as public health and industries of this bird.

The anatomy and histology of caecal tonsils among different birds’ species is vital to understanding the relationship between the physical structure and gut health. the current article intended to reviewing the morphological differences of cecum and caecal tonsils in five local domesticated birds An extensive search related to caeca and caecal tonsils anatomy and histology performed through researches and articles databases and internet indexes websites, then papers collected, analyzed and explained in this review Results revealed that caecum differ in shape, length, breadth, and symmetry among different birds’ species. also, the current review summarized the histological and cellular differences like the thickness of caecal wall, length and shape of tonsillar villi, lymphoid tissue organization, and cellular distribution.In conclusion: Understanding of the anatomy and histology of caecal tonsil in different birds’ species is crucial, due to the defense and protective role of caecal tonsils as apart of immune system and the morphological differences in birds may explain the immunological variation and the resistance of different bird types to some enteric infections. this works will provide a considerable assistance for biological and veterinary immunity researchers

Objective: The study was aimed to evaluate the use of 820 nm diode laser conjugating with methylene blue (MB) to improve open wound healing in rats.
Methods: Sixty adult male Wistar rats weighing (240±20gm), aged between (7-12) weeks were divided into four equal groups (n 15); G1/Control group which not receive any treatment. G2/Laser treatment group, were treated with 8J/cm²/day for 7 successive days. G3/ MB treatment group, were treated with topical application of MB dye 0.01% for 5 min/day for 7 successive days. G4/ MB + Laser treatment group were treated with MB and laser for 7 successive days, the session include a topical application of the MB as in G3 followed by laser treatment as in G2. After general anesthesia, two open circular full-thickness (0.8 cm in diameter) skin incision on the back of the animals were made. In treated groups one incision was treated and the 2nd were left as control in the same animal. Assessment of the wound healing was done grossly and microscopically.
Results: Macroscopically were seen significant P < 0.05 decreased of the size of wound in treated groups in compare with control at 7, and 14 days, while the readings become near each other at 21 days. The epithelization period in treated groups were 8-10 days and 8 days in control group. Microscopically G1 show no epithelialization, new collagen fiber, new blood vessels, numerous PMNCs, and large number of fibroblasts at 7th day PW. At 14th day exhibit thin epithelial layers connecting the two edges of wound, and more collagen fibers arranged horizontally in the dermis, while at 21st day, no inflammatory cells, more collagen fiber, and less cellular field appear. G2 at 7th day PW, show severe numbers of PMNCs, new collagen fibers, plentiful numbers of fibroblast, and severe numbers of new blood vessels. At 14th day PW, thick well differentiated epithelial layers were seen, upon new collagen fibers, less numbers of PMNCs, plentiful numbers of fibroblast and myofibroblasts. At 21st day, thick even epithelial layers were seen upon mature well-arranged collagen fibers, scanty blood vessels, and myofibroblasts. Buds of hair follicles were seen also. G3 at 7th day PW, show thin epithelial layers, plenty of PMNCs, and numerous new blood vessels with more new collagen fibers. At 14th day PW moderate thickening of epidermis were seen upon deep area of granulation tissue )more collagen and less cellular). At 21st day PW, thin epidermal layers were seen upon mature granulation tissue. G4 at 7th day PW show complete well re-epithelialization. Epidermal layers were seen riding on distinct basement membrane. The dermis seen have dense cellular pinkly granulation tissue, abundant PMNCs and fibroblast and a lot of number of new blood vessels. In deep dermis, scanty sebaceous glands, solitary hair follicles indifferent stages of development were seen. At 14th day PW normal conventional appearance of the epidermis were seen. The dermis consist of mature granulation tissue with a lot of numbers of fibroblast, myofibroblasts, and little PMNCs. At 21st day PW normal thickness of epidermis were seen resting on basement membrane has many inner invaginations toward the dermis. The dermis was full with mature granulation tissue with no inflammatory cells, no new blood vessels, the collagen fibers were dense thick and regular, more hair follicles and more sebaceous glands were seen.
Conclusions: In conclusion, laser treatment with 820 nm were seen improve the healing process and accelerate the proliferation, wound contraction, maturation and remodeling phases of wound healing. Conjugating methylene blue with laser give better enhancement.

Numerous microorganisms are present in the cow's reproductive system from an early age. Other pathogenic microorganisms can occasionally enter and become inhabit cows' genital tracts, which can cause reproductive disorders that impair fertility. Vaginal samples were collected from cows in different fields of animal in Baquba city and from Veterinary clinic in Kanaan district during the period of October 2021to January 2022. Eighty one (81) local adult post calving were examined. The collected swabs or (loopfull) were submitted to culture by Streaking on to blood agar and MacConkey agar then incubated at thirty seven Celsius for 24-48 hr.From 81cows, all isolates were examined, the highest bacterial strain was isolated Staphylococcus spp. 75/268 (28%), followed by Pseudomonas spp. 61 (22.7%), E.coli 49 (18.3%), Sphingomonas spp. 46 (17.1%), Kocurea spp. 23 (8.6%), and Granulicatella spp. 14 (5.2%). Lactobacillus planrerum had positive effect and caused bacterial growth inhibition of for Pseudomonas spp., Kocurea spp. and granulicatella spp. While, Lactobacillus acidophilus had positive effect and caused inhibition in bacteria growth of Staphylococcus spp., pseudomonas spp., kocurea spp., and Granulicatella spp. When CFS of LAB was combined with different types of conventional antibiotic discs had growth inhibition effects against many types of bacterial isolates.

Respiratory diseases represent one of the infectious diseases which caused serious effects in animals and important loss economic products as in case of camels. The current study included twenty clinical respiratory disorders in one Hump Camel (Camelus dromedaries) from eastern-south area in Iraq were it's the living environment of these animals. Respiratory symptoms varying from coughing, nasal discharge fatigue and raised their temperature, weakness, loss of appetite and lost weight. Post-mortem examination of camel carcasses in abattoir investigate stages of pneumonia and pleuropneumonia characterized as heavy-weight of their lungs were edematous, congested with rounded and flabby edges, pale-pink color to gray consolidation with emphysematous areas and petechial hemorrhage sometimes. On microscope acute pulmonary edema and congestion were predominant, bronchitis and bronchiolitis, emphysema and collapse with pleurisy. Predominant respiratory infection in camels may due to pathogenic agents from bacteria or viruses may even two agents in mixed infection together causes' serious respiratory distress.

Methomyl was severing toxic if ingested orally & mild- moderate toxic if the inhaled. It is effect on the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme by inhibition of this enzyme in humans & animals at high enough doses; in the later, lead to over stimulate of the nervous system. This our research aimed to study toxicopathological changes associated with methomyl toxicity in testes & epididymis of a rats. A total of twenty-four of a rats were, they were divided evenly into three groups after adaption of animals (n=8 rats) as the followings; C control negative group, G1 administered methomyl 0.1 ml/100 gm b.w (1/10 LD50) for 30 days and G2 administered methomyl 0.1 ml/100 gm b.w (1/20 LD50) for 30 days. All animals group sacrificed post 30 days and 1 cmm3 autopsies from testes and epididymis which kept in buffered neutral formalin(10%)for histological observation.Results revealed hypospermatogenesis with abscence of sperm in lumens of the seminiferous tubules, also mild - moderate inflammatory cells infiltration. The epididymus sections revealed reduced in the length of the epithelial lining; in addition to absent of microvillus and abnormal shaped of the sperm inside the lumen. Conclusion: From our data, there were toxicopathological lesions of methomyl of the testes and epididymus of rats when administered different LD50 doses (1\10 LD50, 1\20LD50), respectively

The purpose of staining is to enhance the visibility of parts of cells or tissues. Consequently, while analyzing uncoated static models or slices, the distinguishable components have different refractive indices. Similar refractive indices render parts indistinguishable. But after dying it with one or more dyes, the color of the dye will change and increase the distinction between the parts of different refractions; similarly, dyes that color parts of the same refraction with similar refractions with different colors or varying degrees of the color of the same dye will make the differences between the chemical or physical components of those parts more apparent, thereby making them appear more distinct. The purpose of the study was to shed light on how histological and histochemical stains are currently being treated.

Infectious bronchitis in poultry is one of the economically important diseases in the poultry industry. Study was aimed to diagnose Infectious bronchitis virus ( IBV ) in broiler chickens using the rapid kit test assay .The current study was completed to diagnose infection in (28) broiler chicken flocks in Thi-Qar province.During the period of October 2020 to May 2021 . Samples were collected – swabs were examination results from a total of (28) fields , (18) fields (64.28%) were positive using the rapid kit test. The results of the microscopic histological examination of the trachea section showed epithelial cell strife and hemorrhage, while in the lung sever exudation of inflammatory cells,in the kidneys were characterized by the presence of degeneration in the renal tubules.

This study was conducted to determine the incidence of Trichomoniasis in Columba livia , One hundred out of two hundred and fifty suspected pigeons were revealed clinical signs and lesion has been checked , the lesions included inflamed ulcerated white to yellow masses ulceration in the ulcerated oral cavities and/or gastrointestinal tracts of the affected pigeons. As well as showing a characteristic oscillatory movement of the parasite due to the movement of the front flagellum and the undulating membrane. Histological examination showed the presence of ulcers in the oral cavity, while in the tongue, histological examinations showed the presence of acanthus degeneration and severe infiltration of inflammatory cells, while in the gizzards, there was a separation between the skin of the stomach and the mucous membrane and atrophy of the simple tubular glands. In the liver, it showed hepatocyte dysfunction and hepatocyte necrosis in the focal region.

The study was aimed to evaluate the 660 nm (6J/cm2) laser treatment alone, povidone iodine alone, and the combination of both on healing of induced infected open wounds in mice. Forty adult male mice were utilized. Two open full-thickness (0.5cm in diameter) skin incision on the back of the animal were made. Infection was creating in the cranial incision with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (inoculation of 0.2 mL bacterial suspension containing 2x108 CFU/mL of P. aeruginosa after 24 hrs. from wounding). The caudal incision not inoculated, and left without treatment as control in the same animal. Animals were randomly divided into four groups (n 10). G1; Control group; not treated with povidone iodine or diode laser. G2; treated with single dose 6J/cm2 diode laser / day for 7 successive days post infection (PI). G3; treated only with topical application of 10% povidone iodine for 5 min/day for 7 successive days PI. G4; treated with a topical application of povidone iodine plus diode laser for 7 successive days PI. Direct measurement of wound dimensions at 7th and 14th days PI was done and specimens of healed skin for histopathological examination was taken. Cranial wounds in G1 exhibit more pus at the 7th day PI, and at 14th day the size of wound become more wider, large quantity of pus under scab was seen, and the healing did not occur, also the infection was seen involving the distal wound in some animals. The cranial wounds of G2 at 7th day PI display inexistent of infection, the size of wound decreased more than 50% and become small, dry, with no scab. Histologically complete normal skin layers dermis and epidermis was seen. At 14th day PI, the wound become barely visible. In this time also, histologically complete epithelialization of both cranial and caudal incisions was developed. Cranial wounds of G3 at the 7th day PI display vanish infection, while wound still covered with scab, and little reduction in size in compare with control in same animal, and control group at 7th day. On the 14th day PI, complete epithelialization, and more reduction in size were seen. Histologically, regenerated epidermal layers with severe inflammatory infiltration were seen at 7th day, and normal skin structure seen at 14th day. Cranial wounds of G4 at the 7th day PI show inexistent of infection, presence of scab with more reduction in size in compare with day 0, and little reduction in size in compare with wounds of control in same animal. On 14th day PI the treated wounds show more reduction in size, no scab cover the incisions and complete epithelialization of both incisions reach hard to distinguished from the normal skin. Histologically demonstrate formation of an epithelized epidermis bridging between the wound edges, and newly formed hair follicle were seen at 7th day, and completely normal skin layers and cells were seen at 14th day. The 660 nm, 6J/cm2 LLLT used in this experiment effectively inexistent of the wound bacterial infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice, and enhancement of open wound healing. The 10% povidone iodine eradicates the infection, with negligible delay in wound healing in compare with laser group. The povidone iodine and laser interact additively or synergistically in enhancement of wound healing, and against wound infection in this experiment

Nanocarriers serve a crucial function in improving the delivery of insoluble and poorly penetrating drugs. Inorganic, lipidic, peptide-based, or virus-like nanocarriers and polymeric nanoparticles are categories of nanoscale materials. In this article, we emphasized on polymeric nanosystems, with micelles as the primary focus. These compounds improve the solubilization, stability, and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Natural or synthetic polymers are utilized to construct polymeric nano-systems. Polymeric Micelles are often composed of amphiphilic di- or tri-block copolymers that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. They have the ability to self-aggregate. Below a critical micellar concentration, also known as CMC, these polymers persist in solution as free molecules; however, as they exceed CMC, they start to self-assemble into micelles with a hydrophilic shell enclosing a lipophilic core. Shape, size, thermodynamic and kinetic stability, surface qualities, and the capacity to internalize cells are all areas in which they excel. Pluronic F127 is an impressive polymeric micelle used to enhance the delivery of poorly soluble drugs. It enhances the solubility, stability, bioavailability, target selectivity, and bioactivities of a number of phytochemicals, such as berberine, resveratrol, and curcumin, in aqueous settings. Pluronic F-127 is a biocompatible micelle that has shown promise as a drug delivery tool for the research and development of delivery systems for poorly water-soluble therapeutics.

The study was aim to evaluate the effects of topical application of 20% turmeric extract ointment and 8J/cm2, 660nm λ diode laser therapy in treatment of open wounds in mice model.
Thirty adult male mice, approximately weighing (50g), and aged (60-70 days) were utilized and randomly divided into two equal groups. Mice were anesthetized by IM injection mixture of Ketamine and Xylazine (80 mg/kg BW of Ketamine and 10 mg/kg BW of Xylazine). Animals were prepared for aseptic surgery, and then made two parallel vertical circular full thickness (0.5 cm) skin incisions on the back of each animal. G1 (control group) left without treatment. G2 (turmeric extract ointment + diode laser treatment group), in which the cranial wounds were treated with a topical application of 200 mg / cm² of 20% turmeric extract ointment in addition to 8J/cm2, 660nm λ diode laser treatment once daily for 7 successive days post wounding (PW), and the caudal wound was left without treatment as a control in the same animal. Wounds were evaluated both grossly and histopathological. For histopathological assessment, specimens were taken after 7, 14 and 21 days PW. Grossly at 7, and 14 days, the size of the treated wounds in the treated group were significantly P < 0.05 smaller than that of the control group and control wounds of the same animal, whereas the readings converged at 21 days. Microscopically; G1 on day 7 exhibited thin early re-epithelialization of epidermal layers, the dermis had developed new blood vessels, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and the dermo-epidermal interface had vacuolations. At 14 days, the epidermis developed stratum corneum hyperkeratosis, thin irregularly arranged re-epithelialized layers. Acantholysis, inflammatory cells, blood vessels, accumulation of fibroblasts and thick evenly collagen fibers in the dermis. G2 at 7 days PW displayed hyper cellular well-regenerated epithelial layers, and accumulation of collagen fibers, inflammatory cells, and fibroblasts in the dermis. At 14 days PW, thick well-differentiated epidermal layers resting on clear basement membrane were seen. In the dermis there were dense mature collagen fibers, numerous hair follicles and sebaceous glands. At 21 days PW, the regenerated epidermis was laying on the foundation membrane, giving it its typical look. The dermis layer also had a large number of hair follicles that are at various stages of development along with collagen fibers, and fibroblasts. Used of 20% turmeric extract ointment with diode laser had a synergistic effect on the healing of open skin wounds

The study was designed to investigate the effects of topical application of turmeric extract ointment in treatment of open wounds. Thirty male adult mice weighing approximately (50 gm), and aged between (60-70 days) were utilized and randomly divided into two equal groups (n15), G1(control), and G2 (turmeric) groups. Two open parallel (vertical or horizontal) circular full-thickness (0.5 cm in diameter) skin incision on the back of the animals were made by using punch machine. One incision was treated and the other was left as control in the same animal. Wounds of G1 were left without treatment. Left wounds of G2 were treated with a topical application of 20% turmeric extract ointment, in a dose of 200mg/cm2 once a day for 7 successive days. Assessment of the wound healing was done grossly and microscopically. Specimens were taken for the two groups after 7, 14 and 21 days PW for histopathological evaluation of the healing process. Macroscopic results were shown significant P < 0.05 decreased of the size of wound in treated group in compare with control group and control wounds of the same animal at 7, and 14 days, while the readings become near each other at 21 days. Microscopic results of G1 show, thin early re-epithelialization of epidermal layers, hyperkeratosis, and presence of acantholysis due to inflammation. In the dermis there was newly formed blood vessels and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and vacuolization at the dermoepidermal junction at 7 day. At 14 days there was thin irregularly arranged re-epithelialized epidermis layers, with hyperkeratosis of stratum corneum, and a gap or acantholysis between epidermis and dermis later. The infiltrations of inflammatory cells and congested blood vessels were evident in the dermis. Also there was accumulation of the fibroblasts, and evenly arranged of thick collagen fibers in the dermis beneath the wound site. Microscopically G2;at 7 day PW, exhibit completely regenerated thick epidermis, severe infiltration of PMNCs and numerous multi-oriented new blood vessels, along with additional new collagen fibers. At 14 days PW well thickening of epidermis were seen upon deep area of granulation tissue. The field showed less cellular and more collagen, palely of hair follicles, swollen sebaceous glands, and the duct of sweat glands can be notified. Whereas at 21 days PW, well organized four layers of epidermis including a thick layer of keratin were seen in the skin wounds. The superficial dermis (SD) and the deep dermis (DD) are less cellular, contain more mature collagen fibers, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat gland. The treatments of open skin wounds with turmeric extract ointment 20%, were seen improve the healing process and accelerate the proliferation, wound contraction, maturation and remodeling phases of wound healing.

Statistics were collected from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in the Diwaniyah Governorate Center and some clinics in the suburbs, where the statistical results of 90 examinations were conducted on the serum of women with toxoplasmosis in Diwaniyah Governorate. Where 45 samples were examined with the latex test, and the percentage of positive samples was 84%, while the ELISA-IgG test was 75%, as 20 samples were examined with this test … As for the ELISA-IgM test, the highest infection rate was 88% for the 25 samples that were examined. While the current test results using the latex test showed a high rate of infection in ages between 15-25 years, where the infection rate was 90% of the total samples examined. The lowest percentage was 70% in the age groups of 35-45 years. And by using the IgG ELISA test – the infection rate was high in ages between 5-25 years, where the infection rate was 85% of the total samples examined. And the lowest rate was 60% in the age groups of35-45 years.The results of the test using the IgM ELISA test – a high incidence rate for ages between 25-35 years, where the infection rate was 83% of the total samples examined . And the lowest rate was 60% in the age groups of 35-45 years.The study included the prevalence of Toxoplasma infection between women in Al-Diwaniyah governorate. The data of obstetrics and gynecology hospital records by latex test. The test results showed a 90% infection rate in the sub-districts, while in the center the infection was 78%.

The manure of cattle is containing more than 60 different ARGs with varying resistome different from heard to another. ARGs are associated with bacteria and their prophages and phages, and can be found extracellular on transposable elements and plasmids. Antibiotic resistance Genes in one species of bacteria can be horizontally transferred to another species by one of three defined mechanisms such as conjugation, transformation and transduction. The rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in this method is becoming medically confrontation to deal with. Animal livestock wastes consider as hotspot for dissemination of ARGs to natural environment. Therefore, treatment of ARGs in environmental elements including livestock waste can decrease abundance and diversity of these genes and protect human protecting human and animal health. However, there no single treatment method has ability to completely inactivation of resistant bacteria or gene in the animal wastes. In this review, we evaluate some technologies that used to inactivate of ARGs in livestock wastes.

A total of 40 albino rats, all about a month old and weighing between 200 and 220 grams, were randomly split into four groups for the experiment. In the first group, the rats received a daily dose of 40 mg of CuSO4/kg BW via stomach tube for two months. The second group was administered 40 mg/kg BW CuSO4 through a stomach tube and 100 mg/kg BW intraperitoneal once-daily injections of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) for two months. The third group received intraperitoneal injections of alpha-lipoic acid at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW once daily for two months, whereas the fourth group, which served as the control group, received intraperitoneal injections of 0.2 ml of normal saline once daily for two months. After two months, all of the animals were sacrificed, and the testes and epididymis were removed for histological analysis. Based on the results of the first group, the amount of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatozoa, and Leydig cells in the testicles of male albino rats exposed to CuSo4 was statistically lower (p  0.05 ). Rats exposed to CuSO4 with lipoic acid (2nd group) had significantly higher levels of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatozoa, and Leydig cells compared to the 1st group, in which CuSO4 alone significantly (p  0.05 ) decreased these parameters compared with the control group. In rats treated with just lipoic acid, however, the increase in spermatogonial cells, spermatocytes, spermatozoa, and Leydig cells was not statistically significant compared to the control group (4th group). Whereas these microscopic pathological changes showed severe toxicological lesion in both testes and epididymis of rats in the 1st group (CuSo4 group) if compared to a control group and other experimental groups. These lesions due to the toxic effects of CuSo4 on the male reproductive toxicity. ALA's preventive and ameliorative impact against the toxicity of CuSo4 resulted in the second group (CuSo4 plus ALA) exhibiting much more favorable and healing changes than the first group