Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Al-Buhturi’s poetry (204-280 AH) represents a model that has its own peculiarity in ancient Arabic poetry, where critics unanimously agreed on the strength of this model and its representation of Arabic poetry that followed in the footsteps of the inherited poem in the Abbasid era in terms of contents and inherited rhetorical formation, as it corresponded to the model of Abu Tammam, who chose The craftsmanship, and the departure from the column of Arabic poetry, and the poem of Al-Siniyah is the head of Al-Buhturi’s poetry. It was read from different sides and every study was justified. This study comes to read Sina al-Buhturi from another point of view, which is "the killing of the cultural father". If the study sees that the poetic paintings that came in the poem were represented in talking about the self and its relationship with the other, as this represented the introduction of the poem and then what came from the description of the symbol of Persian civilization “Ewan Khosrau”, as it was a description based on exposure to Arab civilization and its poverty represented in “The AL, atlal of Saada," as mentioned by al-Buhturi. Perhaps the case of "killing the cultural father” falls in the same minds of many of the sons of civilizations, especially those who are aware of the image of self and altruism, and al-Buhturi is a model of these.. This is what the study reached in terms of results, represented in: Al-Buhturi's rejection of what the Arab civilization was like, and his admiration for what the Persian civilization was like through the remaining monuments left, including "Iwan Khosrau".

The eighteenth decade of the last century witnessed the launch of a number of pioneering institutions for teaching Arabic as a foreign language and preparing its teachers, in addition to holding of a number of pioneering symposia. And since that date there has been an increase in the institutions of this field, its conferences, seminars, periodicals, theses and articles, As well as the increasing number of specialists and experts. However, if we review the research achievement so far, we will find that there are research areas that have received care and others that still require the efforts of researchers. Among these areas, what is considered as the duty of time, and some of them can be delayed, but there are no studies that specify what exactly we need to study. Therefore, this research aims to build a list of the main and sub-priority areas of research in the field of teaching Arabic through getting answers from the experts to a main question: What are the priorities of research in the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language? The research used two tools: the personal interview and a standardized questionnaire entitled "List of Research Priorities in the Field of Teaching Arabic as a foreign language". There were seventy-one experts in the field who hold a PhD who have expressed their opinions about the required research priorities; among the most important findings of the research are two lists: a list of the main research fields consisting of fourteen fields, and a list of sub-research areas consisting of eighty-two fields. It is expected that these two lists will benefit the Arabic language departments, graduate studies programs, universities in general, and researchers in particular, in choosing their research topics in the field of teaching Arabic as a foreign language

The current study aimed to reveal the level of creative speaking skills among middle school students. To achieve this goal, research materials and tools were prepared, which consisted of: a list of creative speaking skills suitable for second grade intermediate students, testing creative speaking skills, then ensuring the stability and validity of these tools, then selecting a research sample from second grade intermediate students in Abha city schools, then Applying the study tool, then statistical analysis, interpreting the results, and presenting recommendations and proposals. The results showed: The level of creative speaking skills among second-grade intermediate students came to an average degree.

According to its title, the study attempts to identify the degree of secondary school teachers in the city of Abha using Augmented Reality (AR) technology in education from their point of view, their attitudes towards it, and its relationship to some variables. Which was randomly selected, and the questionnaire was taken as a tool for data collection. Further, by adopting the aforementioned tools and methodology, the study concluded that the degree of using AR technology in education among secondary school teachers achieved a high score of (3.82) from their point of view. The study also showed that female teachers' attitudes toward using AR technology in education were positive and to a high degree, with arithmetic mean of (4.32). age, training courses), and, on the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences in the degree of using augmented reality technology in education among secondary school teachers in relation to the variables (Years of Experience and Specialization). Based on the most important results, the study recommended the need to train female teachers to produce, design, and use augmented reality content in the educational process and to work scientifically to overcome the obstacles they face in using AR technology in their teaching.

Given the importance of translation and its issuance in all societies, it seems to be receiving great attention. The increasing tendency to translate the literature of Arab women in Iran is an important point that drew our attention to study the factors that affected it. Follow-up of the process of translating the Arab feminist novel in Iran shows the support and exercise of its ideological, political, cultural, educational and intellectual authority. These were the main reasons for the move of the main actors in translation. Translators, publishers, and audiences have used their ability to bring Arab women's novels to the Iranian book market. Therefore, the main reason for the promotion and development of the translation process is the simultaneous presence of its direct agents together. Trained translators, often in response to the demand of the community and the reader, contributed to a radical transformation of the translation process in this field. This happened with the support of the publishers, support that is described in translation studies as "detachable". It seems that the effectiveness and achievement of the desired result of this process requires the passage of time in addition to the initial and continuous work like any other cultural process.

Magical realism is one of the modern schools that have recently appeared in Latin American literature on a large scale because of its interesting and strange style. This made new novelists on the Arab scene follow similar approach in writing their novels. Shahd Al-Rawi, a young Iraqi writer was among these writers and novelists who chose the current magical realism in writing her first novel, "The Baghdad Clock", embodying its elements of magic, illusion, fantasy, myth, symbol, duality, and the writer's silence and non-Non biases towards the supernatural events in the novel. Summarizing, Magical realism means merging the real world with the unreal or the imaginary, this point of view started this article, studying and analyzing these elements and show how to use them and their role in narrating the events of this novel according to the content analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the writer was good at merging the real and the unreal worlds together so that the reader accepts them and believes them and is not surprised when confronted with the supernatural events in the novel. As it became clear to us during the study of the novel that one of the most important themes on which the novelist focused was the suffering of the Iraqi people during the years of war and siege indirectly and its extensive use of magical realism elements.

In this paper we provide a synthetic reading of the reality of what we might call Arabic linguistics. We focus on the characteristics of the psycholinguistic lesson with its generative and cognitive parts. This lesson has yielded cognitive and methodological results that-in our estimation-have enabled it to serve as a link from which Arab social and human sciences cross into the cognitive paradigm as a universal scientific project. We're dealing with some prominent instances in which research is intersected between cognitive linguistics and humanities such as the conceptual metaphor theory. We adopt the Lakoff model of using the principles of this theory to read historical facts and discourses that have had profound social, political and economic impacts on the human community. In view of this, we refer to Arab instances of investing the cognitive linguistic lesson in the approach to human phenomena.

The current study aimed to find out the nature of the relationship between nomophobia and psychological loneliness among a sample of Aleppo University students. It also aimed to investigate the differences in each of nomophobia and psychological loneliness according to the gender variable.and the study sample consisted of (100) males, (57) males and (43) females. From most of the faculties of the University of Aleppo, the average age is between (18-30) years. The Researcher used two scales: the Nomo phobia scale, and the psychological loneliness scale. The results of the study revealed the existence of a relationship between Nomo phobia and psychological loneliness among undergraduate students, and there were no statistically significant differences on the Nomo phobia scale is due to the gender variable, and there are no statistically significant differences on the psychological loneliness .scale due to the gender variable

A field study aimed at identifying the degree of satisfaction of secondary school principals with regard to the role of universities and their obstacles in developing their administrative skills. It adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The research community consisted of (249) male and female principals in the schools of Baghdad (Al-Rusafa and Karkh), and the research sample was chosen by the simple random stratified method at a percentage of (40%) of the research community, and the number of the sample was (100) male and female principals. A questionnaire consisting of (40) items distributed between two domains was developed. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The researcher used the (SPSS) program to analyze the data obtained from the application of the questionnaire in the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022. And I reached the following results: The degree of satisfaction of school principals with the role of universities in developing their administrative skills was at an acceptable level, which is an insufficient result to play a broad role in universities in the field of education, and that the general level of obstacles was good, and this indicates the severity of the obstacles that prevent the ability of universities To develop the skills

The research problem is summed up in the reality in which we live, as it is full of the phenomena of extremism and extremism, and it is not hidden from everyone what Muslims have gone through in recent years because of that, and what is more dangerous than that is the attribution of these matters to the true Islamic religion and Islam is innocent of that. All that we have seen and see of these negative manifestations and others is caused by ignorance of the blessed Sharia of Islam, which as soon as a person clings to it takes him by the hand to the gardens of advancement, prosperity, glory, peace and security, but the opposite occurs because of the abandonment of the teachings of Sharia or the wrong application of it. Therefore, the research aims to demonstrate the importance of the legal purposes in the life of the nation at all times, and to understand these purposes that make the Muslim on a firm footing from the gifts of Islamic law calling for all beauty, perfection and goodness, and rejecting all corruption, bad and evil, and that one of the most important purposes of the noble law is to preserve the entity of this structure The honorable Lord, and the maintenance of everything related to him, to achieve the desired honor from him to be active in life spiritually, intellectually and physically, spreading goodness and peace in all its meanings, and reconstructing the earth and making homelands. The research plan consisted of three topics, in the first it showed the concept of legal purposes in its general framework, and in the second it explained the legal purposes in making peace and greetings, and the third was in explaining the legal purposes in rejecting extremism and hostility. The research showed that one of the necessary purposes in our true religion is to make peace and spread security in its essence and all its means leading to it, as well as reject extremism, extremism, and hatred, and that activating these purposes creates a clean, safe, and dignified society that is happy with coexistence, growing, prospering, advancing and developing, and striving to consolidate these concepts and then Its application is the way to survival and prosperity, and on the contrary, societies are to annihilation and decline, we seek refuge in God Almighty from that, and these concepts are not disputed by the scholars, as they are an activation of the noble and clear texts, and they are in accordance with the spirit of the true Islamic religion, and according to the principles of achieving the objectives, rulings are derived in a manner that achieves the main purpose of creation in Realizing their succession on earth in an atmosphere of peace and security that should be achieved in all humanitarian fields.

Ancient civilizations cared about death rituals, especially the civilizations that owned a
legacy replete with intellectual and doctrinal values, such as the Iraqi and Roman
civilizations, which are trying as much as possible to find solutions in understanding death,
and in how to deal with the bodies of the dead, and the way they show their grief and
contribute to what they lost, so they invented rituals and behaviors certain means of honoring
the body by purifying it (washing and perfuming it), covering it by shrouding it, and
protecting it from the hands of tinkerers, and from the evil spirits that they believed in their
ability to harm the souls of the dead, As well about presenting them (the Iraqi and Roman
civilizations) imaginary metaphysical interpretations emanating from religious mythology,
which seems somewhat similar in their funeral rites and rituals and in their perceptions of the
world after death, in which the dead lie underground, to a world known to them as the lower
world or underworld.

Males and females differences in language use are a subject which should be given more
attention. Hence the present research highlights the gendered differences in language use in
academic settings. Consequently, this study attempts to investigate the differences in language use
between males and females students in Fine Arts Institutes of Wassit Governorate. It attempts to
achieve the following aims: 1) finding out the differences in language use between males and
females students in terms of formal and informal language, nonverbal cues and interruption; 2)
pinpointing the differences in language use between males and females students in terms of
politeness and the topic of discussion. To achieve the aims of this research and test the validity of its
hypotheses, certain procedures have been followed: 1. selecting a sample of males and female
students from Fine Arts Institutes in Wassit governorate. 2. Designing questionnaire that includes
questions related to the use of polite language in communication, particularly when discussing
personal relationships or sensitive topics. The results of this research have revealed that there are
some differences in the language use of males and females students. More precisely, females tend to
use politeness, formal language and nonverbal cues in conversations more than males. They have
also revealed that males tend to use interruptions and topics of conversations which related to males
issues whereas females use less interruptions in conversations and choose topics which related to
females issues.

Desertification is one of the phenomena that threaten the ecological system، otherwise economic and social.
This study aims to assess and control desertification in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate through the use of remote
sensing techniques and geographic information systems.Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Crust Index (CI) were
used، which were applied from both (OII) and Landsat (ETM) satellite images during the years 2013 and 2020
. The results showed that the total area of vegetation cover in 2013 was 2902 square kilometers . With a
percentage of 32.30% of the total area، which made it classified in that year within the medium desertification?
However، this percentage did not remain the same، but decreased significantly in 2020. The vegetation cover
was only 17.43%. That is، the area of vegetation decline reached (373) km، which made it classified as high
desertification.The study also showed; the sand area in 2013 was classified within the low sand drift in most of
the study districts. With the exception of the district of Hamza، in which sand erosion is classified as high،
meaning high desertification. Be the sand erosion more and more expansive in 2020، Where we find that most
areas of the governorate have recorded moderate desertification، as is the case in Al-Diwaniyah and Afak
districts، while Al-Shamiya district recorded high desertification.

This study aims to examine the psychological and physical violence in Jeff Lindsay’s
Darkly Dreaming Dexter. This study analyzed the psychological and social influences on
serial killers by using two theories; Milgram’s “Obedience Experiment”, the experiment
proved that the majority of people will obey the instructions that came from higher
authority without thinking about moral values. The second theory is Sigmund Freud\\'s
beliefs about violence and right he thought that violence is a natural thing and there is a
strong relationship between violence and right. The research samples are the serial killers
and their victims and how theories put forward affect those characters. The main results of
this study are the deep analysis of serial killer characters and an understanding of the main
point of the motivations for these violent actions. In Darkly Dreaming Dexter, Jeff Lindsay
employs the traditional style of psychological horror to give a realistic image of serial
killers.

Haruki Murakami (1949) is a Japanese novelist who uses fiction to portray modern
man's condition. Sexual identity, loneliness, and nostalgia are common themes in his
works. Men without Women (2014) is a collection of short stories in which Murakami
reverses gender roles to show men's desperate seek for companionship in their lives.
According to Hans Robert Jauss (1921-1997), a German literary theorist, there is no
identical interpretation of any literary text. Yet, a dialogic correspondence between the text
and the reader allows the reader's voice to breathe different life into the text. Therefore this
study aims to illustrate the identity crisis in a conservative society such as Japan.
Murakami's raw style shows the impact of social pressure and isolation of Masculinity in
postmodern societies.

Due to the intense and detrimental effects that war has not just traumatized military personnel who
have served in the military of their home nation, particularly throughout wars, as well as on a whole
warring society, the theme of trauma has become increasingly prevalent in the American scene over
the past forty years. This has prompted many relevant playwrights to record and depict the negative
out comes of war and its disastrous effects not only on the militants after coming back home but
also on the civilian population. Playwrights have explored the terrible effects of war, the challenges
that survivors confront after the war, and the origins of trauma in their plays in order to highlight the
trauma's causes and develop treatments for the hazardous mental disorder of war trauma. The two
American post-modern plays Welcome Home Jenny Stutter by Julie Myatt and Dying City by
Christopher Shinn will be examined and their major characters' psyches will be analyzed. The
research concludes that there are certain symptoms that appear on the main characters in the plays
such as alienation, insomnia, fear, depression, insecurity, and flashback.

History in the plays of African-American playwright Susan Lori Parks (b. 1963) is affirmed, reenacted, and
rewritten to represent the black identity. It is seen as a necessary requisite for understanding the past, living the
present with all its repercussions, and safeguarding the future of black generations. In her “Possession”, she
claims that the white history of literature must be put in question because they have documented history from
their own white perspective only, neglecting the fact that the blacks have their own role in that history. She
tries her best to make her plays as literary mediations in order to rewrite the unrecorded and the unremembered
history of African American people. Her purpose behind staging historical events is to show the bias and
prejudice of the white history. Parks’s The America Play (produced 1994) is a complex, multidimensional play
about history as it has no apparent linear plot to follow. This makes Parks a postmodernist writer. Her aim
behind staging historical events is to make them occur in reality. The aim of this study is to show how Parks, as
a black African-American playwright, has been successful in showing her own rich heritage through digging up
the history of the blacks in order to call for their freedom and give them the voice that has been absent for
centuries. This paper focusses on Susan Lori Parks’s The America Play as one of her history plays. It consists
of an abstract, an introduction, and one section that tackles the history of the blacks in the play, and it ends with
a conclusion that shows what the study has reached at.

Dramatic setting in any work of art assumes its significance, especially in drama and all other forms
of narrative, telling of the occurrence of an action in relation to themes and characters. The
importance of setting lies in the fact that it is always to accompany actions: no setting means no
action. Setting is the sole dramatic ingredient among all others which cannot be overlooked by any
dramatist or a story teller. For any action or any event—realistic, absurd and otherwise—there must
be representations of a place and time—setting—so that full understanding can be attained by the
reader or the listener or the audience when exposed to a dramatic experience. This research paper
consists of a study dealing with the realistic and absurd dramatic setting in an attempt to make a
comparison between them both. It sheds light on significant examples taken from the dramas
pertaining to both genres to highlight the significance of each kind of setting set in the dramas
concerned, and at the same time it sheds light on the dramatic resources, implications and
connotations which each genre’s setting may make available to the dramatists in question.

This study aimed to identify the religious and ethical characteristics of entrepreneurs from the
perspective of Islam. Entrepreneurship means creating a business with all the risks in the hope of
success. Entrepreneurship is important because it can improve living standards and create wealth for
entrepreneurs and related businesses. The method of conducting the research is that the verses of the
Holy Qur’an and the hadiths of the Prophet were collected first, based on the objectives of the
research and its questions. The similarities and differences were classified, and the concepts were
identified and classified. The main results of the study showed that belief in God and belief in the
hereafter are among the most important religious characteristics of merchants from the perspective
of Islam. This feature makes a person trust God, accept the dangers of God's hope, and not be
disappointed by the possibility of failure, and belief in life after death creates a divine intention for
others. Based on the results of the research, the most important personality traits of entrepreneurs
are hard work, commitment, honesty, specialized knowledge, opportunism, insight, and time
management.

Among the linguistic phenomena that came in the Qur’anic expression, which most linguists considered a
departure from the usual manners of saying and patterns of speech, The presence of the plurals of the few are
distinguished, explained, or described by the plurals of the many. Linguists and commentators were hesitant to
judge it, except in a few places. Some of them took it out of grammatical analogy and linguistic rules, and
some of them referred it to interpretation and assessment. To be in line with their rules and linguistic laws, and
it is not hidden that what is in this of turning a blind eye to the meaning that is appropriate to the eloquent
Qur’anic intent, or appropriate to the envisaged legal ruling, and that the Qur’anic text. The safest and most
accurate expression of the most accurate meaning, as it has a blind eye to the privacy of each building in a
sense; And the significance of the composition and the context, in which it ignores the adverbs of the case and
the position and their impact on all levels of the language, and what is mentioned in it. It is dispensed with
plural without reference to the reason for this use and the circumstances of the saying, and the conclusion came
from the research. That the use of the plural of the few with the plural of the many in it leads to a broadening of
the connotation and the inclusion of the will of the meaning of the two constructions together with a concise
phrase and with the presumption that the distinguishing of each building or interpreter or its description came
upon the other building, and based on the circumstances of the situation, the position and the social
significance that comes to mind and is imagined from the situation. The perspective of it is from the innermost
parts of man and his feelings in certain circumstances, as well as the psychological or emotional significance in
the Qur’anic discourse, as it is a linguistic text from the transmitter of a scholar who knows a deep and
comprehensive knowledge of the insides and the psyche of the addressee and his emotions of connotations. The
use of the plurals of the few with the plurals of the many in the Qur'anic context is an interpretation, distinction,
or description. It does not justify its use in any place of speech in generalization. it is subject to intent and
indication; To strike a rhetorical joke in certain places of speech systems.

The paper presents a reading for the linguistic efforts of Dr. Adel Fakhoury (1939-2017) in
his books and researches that he worked on for almost forty years . Although he is a
specialist in philosophy and mathematical logic, Fakhoury has important disregarded
linguistic writings and researches. The researcher presents linguistic visions where
philosophy, logic and linguistics merge altogether. It can be argued that these writings are
at the core of language philosophy investigation which aims to approach language from a
philosophical and logical point of view . The author attempted to trace most of the
linguistic streams that approached language, especially those that dealt with semantic,
pragmatic, and semiotic dimensions of the language, since these theories were a a meeting
point for many linguistic, logical, or philosophical streams of knowledge. These are the
issues that the research will try to focus on, and explain Fakhoury opinions.

Undoubtedly, the existence of spiritual values in a society will lead to its growth and perfection, and
the absence of such values and the replacement of negative traits in their place will be in opposition
to the reformist movement of the prophets and will lead human societies to decline and decline. If
spiritual values are ignored, not only material security, but also the possibility of spiritual behavior
is lost and human perfection is endangered. This descriptive-analytical article seeks to examine
these values. It is also intended to acquaint the audience with some of the thoughts of this great
poet. It is worth mentioning that Sharif Razi in his poetry reflects these figures significantly and has
been used practically in his life. The expression of these teachings shows that the poet himself has
adhered to these values in practice and has called everyone. He has portrayed belief in Quran, belief
in the intercession and salvation of the Imams, and the idea of death in his poetry. This article also
shows that he has reflected many of the wise themes of that Imam, especially the immortality of this
world and the immortality of the Hereafter in his poetry.

The focus was on studying the commercial function of the city of Ramadi, its stages of
development, and the relationship of the city's commercial activity to the city center.
Represented by the area confined between 17th of July Street and Al Wahda Street, Where
the study dealt with the analysis of the natural and human characteristics affecting the
growth and expansion of the city of Ramadi during its historical existence and the
continuation of life in it. The study was also devoted to following up and analyzing the
historical stages of the development of land uses, with a focus on commercial land uses
and the commercial function. The study focused on analyzing the geographical elements
that make up the city center of Ramadi. Note that the city center of Ramadi includes the
old area of the city represented by the two districts of Al-Qatana and Al-Aziziya in which
the central business district, the central business district and the commercial heart of the
city are located. The study concluded that the historical factor of the city's development
through its morphological stages had a significant impact on the nature of the region and
its geographical characteristics it.