Journal of Engineering

1

INVESTIGATION OF PARAMETERS AFFECTING LOST FOAM CASTING Article Sidebar

Qasim M. Doos, Ihsan K. A. Al-Naimi

Pages: 4241-4257 English

Abstract

This paper explores the lost foam casting process using expanded polystyrene foam patterns to create complex and detailed castings. The study evaluates the effects of various parameters, such as fluidity, pouring temperature, and foam pattern density, on the quality of the castings. Aluminum-silicon alloys were used due to their excellent mechanical properties and castability. Photomicrographs of the microstructures were taken to compare the castings with those produced by traditional sand casting methods. Mechanical tests, including tensile, hardness, and impact tests, were conducted to assess the performance of the castings. The results indicate that lost foam casting can produce high-quality castings with reduced machining operations and costs.

Keywords

Lost Foam Casting Expanded Polystyrene Fluidity Aluminum-Silicon Alloy Microstructure Mechanical Tests Tensile Strength Hardness Impact Resistance Foam Pattern Density

2

THE EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITION FOR CUMENE CRACKING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PREPARED HX - ZEOLITE CATALYST

Abdul Halim A.K. Mohammed, Samar K. Dhidan, Maha H. Al-Hassani

Pages: 4107-4121 English

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Abstract

This study investigates the effect of temperature and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on the cumene cracking reaction rate and selectivity using a prepared HX-zeolite catalyst. The catalyst was synthesized from Iraqi kaolin and compared with standard HY and HX zeolite catalysts. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory continuous flow unit with a fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. The results showed that cumene conversion increases with higher temperatures and lower LHSV values. At 823K and LHSV of 0.7 h-1, the conversions were 65.32%, 42.88%, and 59.42% for HY, HX, and prepared HX catalysts, respectively. The benzene yield also increased with temperature, with yields of 58.79%, 38.56%, and 54.56% for HY, HX, and prepared HX zeolite catalysts, respectively. The reaction was found to be first-order with activation energies of 78.58, 89.10, and 97.77 kJ/mol for HY, prepared HX, and HX zeolite catalysts, respectively.

Keywords

Cumene Cracking HX-Zeolite Catalyst Operating Conditions Temperature Liquid Hourly Space Velocity (LHSV) Reaction Rate Selectivity Activation Energy Kinetics

3

STUDY ON ABSORPTION OF OZONE IN WATER USING PERFORATED SIEVE TRAY COLUMN

Sarmad Foad Jaber

Pages: 4483-4446 English

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Abstract

This study investigates the absorption of ozone into water using a perforated sieve tray column. The process is carried out with two main assumptions: first, that ozone is the only active species that physically dissolves in water, and second, that there is no chemical reaction occurring. The perforated sieve tray column used in the study is 1 meter long and 33 cm in diameter. The effects of process variables such as water flow rate, air flow rate, and pH on the absorption rate were examined. Results indicate that the absorption rate increases with higher water flow rates and lower air flow rates within a pH range of 7-8. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing ozone absorption processes for water treatment applications.

Keywords

Ozone Absorption Perforated Sieve Tray Column Water Treatment Gas-Liquid Interface Process Variables Water Flow Rate Air Flow Rate pH Absorption Rate

4

EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE SPLICED GIRDER MODELS

Thamir K. Mahmoud, Ali H. Nasser

Pages: 4087-4106 English

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Abstract

This paper presents an experimental and analytical study on pre-stressed concrete spliced girder models. The research involved testing sixteen girders, half of which were spliced and the other half non-spliced, to compare their performance. The spliced girders consisted of three concrete segments connected by splices with hooked dowels at different locations. Both single-span and continuous girders were tested under concentrated and uniformly distributed loads. Deflections were measured at mid-spans, and strains were recorded at splice zones and mid-spans. Nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted to predict load-slip relationships and stress distributions. The results showed that spliced girders exhibited greater deflections and lower ultimate loads compared to non-spliced girders. The study highlights the importance of considering splicing effects in the design of pre-stressed concrete girders.

Keywords

Pre-Stressed Concrete Spliced Girder Models Experimental Analysis Analytical Analysis Deflection Strain Measurement Nonlinear Analysis Finite Element Analysis Load Capacity Serviceability Limit State

5

INTEGRATION OF MOBILE PHONES INTO LAN ENVIRONMENT

Ahmed M. Al-Khateeb, Fatima A. Al-Mansoori

Pages: 4122-4141 English

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Abstract

This paper explores the integration of mobile phones into Local Area Networks (LANs) to provide seamless access to network resources and services. The study evaluates various approaches, including Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Bluetooth, for connecting mobile phones to LANs. The aim is to achieve transparent access to LAN services and resources, enhancing user experience and productivity. The paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and security considerations of integrating mobile phones into LAN environments. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed solutions, highlighting the potential for improved connectivity and resource sharing in modern network infrastructures.

Keywords

Mobile Phones Local Area Network (LAN) Wireless LAN (WLAN) Bluetooth Network Access Resource Sharing Seamless Connectivity Security Network Performance

6

GENETIC ALGORITHMBASEDLOADFLOWSOLUTIONPROBLEMINELECTRICALPOWERSYSTEMS

Hassan A. Kubba, Samir Sami Mahmood

Pages: 4142-4162 English

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Abstract

This paper presents a proposed method based on real-coded genetic algorithms to solve the load flow solution problem in electrical power systems. Genetic algorithms are stochastic search algorithms inspired by natural selection and genetics, combining concepts such as survival of the fittest, selection, crossover, and mutation. The proposed method employs an elitist approach and blending models for the crossover operator. The efficiency and performance of the method are demonstrated using a five-busbar typical test system and the 362-bus Iraqi National Grid. The results indicate that genetic algorithms provide accurate solutions for small-scale power systems and are recommended for planning studies in large-scale systems. The method offers a robust alternative to conventional numerical methods, achieving high accuracy in load flow solutions.

Keywords

Genetic Algorithm Load Flow Solution Electrical Power Systems Real-Coded Genetic Algorithm Elitist Method Chromosome Crossover Mutation Multi-Objective Minimization Newton-Raphson Method Iraqi National Grid

7

ACTIVE NETWORK SECURITY BASED RSA ALGORITHM

Ahmed Freidoon Fadhil, Wisam Haitham Abbood

Pages: 4163-4175 English

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Abstract

This paper addresses the challenge of building secure networks in the face of evolving threats from both inside and outside the network. Active networks allow users to inject customized programs into network nodes, necessitating robust security measures. The proposed system leverages the RSA algorithm to enhance security by incorporating authentication and authorization mechanisms. The system utilizes active packet architecture, where packets carry information about each node they visit, ensuring secure and transparent communication. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the RSA algorithm in providing an additional layer of security for active networks.

Keywords

Active Network Security Authentication Authorization RSA Algorithm Encryption Network Architecture Public Key Cryptography Network Security

8

DETECTION OF STATIC AIR-GAP ECCENTRICITY IN THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) Article Sidebar

Qais S. Al-Sabbagh, Hayder E. Alwan

Pages: 4176-4192 English

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Abstract

This paper presents the effect of static air-gap eccentricity on the performance of a three-phase induction motor and employs an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach to detect this fault. The technique relies on the amplitude of positive and negative harmonics of the frequency. Two motors of 2.2 kW were used to gather actual fault data and desirable data at no-load, half-load, and full-load conditions. Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) based on stator current was utilized to detect eccentricity faults. A feed-forward neural network and error back-propagation training algorithms were employed for motor fault detection. The inputs to the ANN were the amplitudes of the positive and negative harmonics and the speed, while the output was the type of fault. The ANN was trained using data from experiments on healthy and faulty motors, enabling the diagnostic system to distinguish between "healthy" and "faulty" machines.

Keywords

Static Air-Gap Eccentricity Three Phase Induction Motor Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) Harmonics Fault Detection Preventive Maintenance

9

STUDYING OF HEATED WATER RELEASED FROM SOUTH-BAGHDAD ELECTRIC POWER STATION TO THE TIGRIS RIVER

Tariq J. Al-Mosewi, Mohammed Ali I. Al-Hashimi

Pages: 4193-4203 English

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Abstract

This paper investigates the impact of heated water released from the South-Baghdad Electric Power Station on the water quality of the Tigris River. The study examines various parameters such as temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), hydrogen ion (pH), and dissolved oxygen (DO). Additional parameters like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), oil+grease, and PO4 are also tested to describe the heated water components. These parameters are compared with the allowable limits of rivers according to Iraqi standards. The findings indicate that some parameters exceed the allowable limits, highlighting the need for improved management of heated water discharge to mitigate thermal pollution and protect aquatic life.

Keywords

Thermal Pollution Heated Water Discharge Water Quality Tigris River Temperature Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Electrical Conductivity (EC) Hydrogen Ion (pH) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Oil+Grease PO4

10

INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR AIR POLLUTION AROUND REFINERIES

Rafa H. Al-Suhaili, Muna Samir Al-Khafaji

Pages: 4204-4218 English

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Abstract

This paper presents a mathematical model for integrated air pollution modeling around oil refineries, named the Computerized System for Integrated Air Pollution Modelling Around Oil Refineries (CSIAPMAOR). The model is based on the Gaussian equation to estimate the concentration of pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, particulates) emitted from continuous air pollution sources. The system is designed using Visual Basic as the core, linked with auxiliary models such as ArcMap (GIS), Surfer software, Ms-Excel, and Ms-Access. The model offers flexibility to select rural, urban, or stability wind speed profiles and uses different dispersion coefficients equations for rural and urban conditions. The model can display results as concentrations versus center line-downwind distance or as three-dimensional maps. A case study using data from AL-Doura Oil Refinery demonstrated the model's performance, showing good agreement with observed values. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the influence of atmospheric stability, wind speed, emission rate, exit velocity, physical height, exit temperature, and rural-urban area on pollutant concentrations.

Keywords

Air Pollution Modelling Gaussian Model GIS and Environmental Modeling Dispersion Coefficients SO2 CO NO2 Particulates Visual Basic ArcMap (GIS) Surfer Software Sensitivity Analysis AL-Doura Oil Refinery

11

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BURR FORMATION IN DRILLING AND SLOT-END MILLING OPERATIONS Article Sidebar

S. A. Alrabii

Pages: 4219-4240 English

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the influence of the main cutting parameters on burr formation and its types in drilling and slot-end milling operations to machine low carbon and stainless steels using HSS cutting tools and cutting fluid. The study focused on the relationship between burr type and size and cutting parameters, investigating a wide range of cutting speeds, feed rates, and depths of cuts to explore the optimum cutting conditions. Burr heights were measured and analyzed at different machining conditions to determine the effect of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on burr formation. The data obtained for low carbon steel were compared with those for stainless steel, providing valuable insights into burr formation mechanisms.

Keywords

Burr Formation Drilling Operations Slot-End Milling Operations Low Carbon Steel Stainless Steel HSS Cutting Tools Cutting Fluids Cutting Speeds Feed Rates Depth of Cuts Burr Height

12

EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC METHODS TO DETECT CRACK AND DAMAGE OF MECHANICAL BEAM STRUCTURES USING FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS

Nabil H. H., Iqbal A. R.

Pages: 4258-4279 English

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Abstract

This paper investigates specific methods to detect cracks and damage in mechanical beam structures using free vibration analysis. Three types of beam structures—simply supported beam, portal frame, and crane frame—were studied using the finite element method. Damage was simulated by reducing the stiffness of elements and introducing cracked elements at various locations. The study analyzed the changes in natural frequencies and mode shapes to detect the presence of damage. Four damage identification methods based on dynamic characteristics were evaluated. The results showed that the curvature energy damage index method effectively detects, locates, and quantifies damage in single and multiple damage scenarios for the three structures.

Keywords

Crack Detection Damage Detection Free Vibration Analysis Mechanical Beam Structures Simply Supported Beam Portal Frame Crane Frame Finite Element Method Natural Frequencies Damage Index Method Matlab

13

BOUNDING SURFACE COUPLED FINITE ELEMENT CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS OF NORMALLY AND OVERCONSOLIDATED CLAYS

Omar Al-Farouk S. Al-Damluji, Ayad N. Al-Ebady

Pages: 4281-4304 English

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Abstract

This paper presents a numerical study using the radial mapping version of the bounding surface plasticity model to predict the response of cohesive soils, specifically normally and overconsolidated clays. The study employs an eight-noded isoparametric element and Biot’s theory for analyzing soil consolidation problems. Two classes of problems were analyzed: the first involved comparing model predictions with laboratory test results in compression and extension, while the second used the model to predict one- and two-dimensional finite element problems of soil consolidation. The comparisons with experiments demonstrated that the model can realistically describe soil response under different monotonic loading conditions at any overconsolidation ratio. The study also compared the bounding surface plasticity model with the classical modified Cam clay model, showing different rates and magnitudes of settlement and pore pressure behavior during the consolidation process.

Keywords

Clays Consolidation Bounding Surface Plasticity Model Constitutive Relations Numerical Modeling Finite Element Analysis Overconsolidation Ratio Settlement Pore Pressure Laboratory Tests

14

AXISYMMETRIC DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THIN OBLATE SHELLS

Ahmed A. Al-Rajihy, Ala M. Hussein Al-Jessany, Nawal H. Al-Raheimy

Pages: 4305-4320 English

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Abstract

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of the axisymmetric free vibrations of an isotropic thin oblate spheroid shell. The analysis employs the Rayleigh-Ritz method and non-shallow shell theory, considering the oblate spheroid as a continuous system constructed from two spherical shell elements matched at continuous boundaries. The results demonstrate that when the eccentricity reaches zero, an exact thin sphere solution emerges, and when the eccentricity equals one, an exact thin circular plate solution is obtained. For medium eccentricity values, the results lie between these two solutions. The study confirms the suitability of the Rayleigh-Ritz method for all eccentricities, while literature suggests it is suitable for eccentricities less than 0.6.

Keywords

Axisymmetric Dynamic Behaviour Thin Oblate Shells Isotropic Free Vibrations Rayleigh-Ritz Method Non-Shallow Shell Theory Eccentricity Continuous System Spherical Shell Elements

15

MODELING OF INDUCTION HEATING PROCESS OF A CONDUCTING FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

Akram F. Batti, Fadhil A. Abood, Adil H. Ahmad, Essam M. Abdul-Baki

Pages: 4321-4338 English

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Abstract

This research focuses on modeling the heating process of an induction furnace with a conducting ferromagnetic core. The study employs a sequential coupling of harmonic electromagnetic analysis and transient thermal analysis to provide a comprehensive numerical simulation of the device. The nonlinearity of the magnetic circuit is addressed using the concept of "Effective Relative Permeability," which simplifies the calculation of eddy current losses. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is utilized to solve the problem using ANSYS software. The developed coupling program efficiently handles the heat treatment process for axi-symmetrical non-linear workpieces. The results demonstrate good agreement with practical measurements, validating the model's accuracy. This approach offers a computer-aided design alternative to traditional trial-and-error methods, reducing design time and costs.

Keywords

Induction Heating Ferromagnetic Material Harmonic Electromagnetic Analysis Transient Thermal Analysis Finite Element Method (FEM) Effective Relative Permeability Eddy Current Losses ANSYS Software Heat Treatment Axi-Symmetrical Non-Linear Work Piece

16

WATER CONING IN ASMARY RESERVOIR-FAUQI FIELD

Talib A. Saleh, Shaker M. Khalaf

Pages: 4339-4346 English

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Abstract

This paper addresses the issue of water coning in the Asmary reservoir of the Fauqi field, which is an active water drive reservoir. Water coning occurs when water reaches the perforated zone of an oil well, leading to the simultaneous production of water and oil1. This phenomenon can cause several problems, including corrosion and reduced purity of petroleum products. The study proposes an empirical equation to calculate the critical production rate, which was derived from regression analysis of data collected from the Missan oil field1. The proposed equation provides better results compared to existing models, such as the Schools and Myer equations. The paper highlights the importance of optimizing production rates to mitigate water coning and improve oil recovery.

Keywords

Water Coning Oil Wells Perforated Zone Production Rate Oil-Water Interface Vertical Wells Density Difference Viscosity Water Drive Reservoir Oil Recovery

17

NEW CORRELATION FOR OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR AT AND BELOW BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE

Omar F. Hassn, Dhefaf J. Sadiq

Pages: 4347-4355 English

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Abstract

This paper introduces a new correlation for calculating the oil formation volume factor (FVF) at and below bubble point pressure. The study utilized over thirty PVT reports from various Iraqi fields, containing approximately four hundred experimental points. Unlike previous correlations, this new method incorporates pressure as an independent variable while omitting the solution gas-oil ratio. The proposed correlation was evaluated using statistical tests and cross plot techniques, demonstrating superior accuracy compared to existing correlations. The new correlation achieved an absolute average error of 1.876%, sum of squared residuals of 0.395327, variance of 0.0093, and standard deviation error of 0.096337288, making it a reliable tool for estimating oil properties in the absence of experimental data.

Keywords

Oil Formation Volume Factor (FVF) Bubble Point Pressure Correlation PVT Analysis Experimental Data Iraqi Oils Statistical Tests Cross Plot Technique Average Error Sum of Squared Residuals Variance Standard Deviation

18

TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER USING REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNIQUE

Nada S. Ahmedzeki, Sama M. Abdullah, Rasha H. Salman

Pages: 4356-4363 English

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Abstract

This paper explores the application of reverse osmosis (RO) technique for treating industrial waste water. The study focuses on the removal of ions such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, and nitrate from the waste water of the General Company of Vegetable Oil. The feed water was processed at different flow rates (0.4 and 0.8 liters per minute) and operating pressures (2-4 bar). The results showed significant improvement in water quality, with high rejection rates for all ions present in the feed water, ranging from 63.8% to 97.6%. The total dissolved solids (TDS) rejection was 87%, reducing the concentration from 1192 ppm to 154.94 ppm. The findings highlight the effectiveness of the RO technique in enhancing water quality for reuse, contributing to sustainable water management practices.

Keywords

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Industrial Waste Water Water Reuse Ions Removal Calcium Magnesium Sodium Sulfate Nitrate Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Electrical Conductivity (EC) Hydrogen Ion (pH) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Oil+Grease PO4

19

DEVELOPMENT OF A LAN SIMULATION TOOL BASED ON WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT

Hamid M. Ali, Nidhal Ezzat, Wisam F. Kadhim

Pages: 4364-4377 English

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Abstract

This paper proposes a computer network simulation program dedicated to wired LAN systems, capable of operating under Microsoft Windows NT platforms. The simulator provides an emulation environment suitable for testing protocols above the TCP layer supported by Windows NT1. It offers scalability by running the simulator under a distributed network system. The tool aims to address design questions related to the development and evaluation of new protocols and algorithms, enhancing operational requirements such as security, multicast transport, mobile networking, policy management, and quality of service support2.

Keywords

LAN Simulation Network Simulators Windows NT Platform Protocol Testing Emulation Environment Distributed Network System Wired LAN Systems Network Layers Quality of Service Scalability

20

EFFECT OF ZRO2 , WO3 ADDITIVES ON CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF PT/HY ZEOLITE COMPARED WITH PT/Γ-AL2O3 FOR IRAQI NAPHTHA TRANSFORMATION

Maha Al-Hassany

Pages: 4378-4392 English

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Abstract

This paper investigates the effect of ZrO2 and WO3 additives on the catalytic performance of Pt/HY zeolite compared to Pt/γ-Al2O3 for the transformation of Iraqi naphtha. The study was conducted at temperatures ranging from 240-370°C, with hydrogen to hydrocarbon mole ratios of 1-4, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), and atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the addition of ZrO2 and WO3 significantly enhanced the catalytic activity, particularly in hydrocracking and hydroisomerization reactions. The catalytic performance order was found to be Pt/Zr/W/HY > Pt/HY > Pt/γ-Al2O3. The enhanced activity was attributed to the presence of metal components (Zr, W) which increased the rate of paraffin isomerization and cracking. The study provides valuable insights into optimizing catalyst formulations for improved naphtha transformation processes.

Keywords

ZrO2 Additives WO3 Additives Pt/HY Zeolite Pt/γ-Al2O3 Naphtha Transformation Hydrocracking Hydroisomerization Catalytic Performance Reaction Temperature Liquid Hourly Space Velocity (LHSV) Hydrogen to Hydrocarbon Mole Ratio Atmospheric Pressure

21

THE EFFECT OF SELF-EQUILIBRATING STRESSES DUE TO MULTI-LINE SPOT WELDED STIFFENERS ON THE NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF PLATE

Faiz F. Mustafa, Kareem N. Salloomi, Sahar M. Saliman

Pages: 4393-4408 English

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Abstract

This paper investigates the impact of self-equilibrating stresses due to multi-line spot welded stiffeners on the natural frequencies of a thin rectangular stainless steel plate. A new general frequency equation, considering the effect of residual stresses due to multi-line spot welding along the length and width of the plate for different boundary conditions, was derived. The results indicate that free ends tend to increase the natural frequencies, while clamped edges decrease them. Additionally, the central position weld line significantly influences the natural frequencies. The study provides valuable insights into the vibration characteristics of stiffened plates, which are crucial for structural engineering applications.

Keywords

Spot Welding Residual Stresses Vibration Stiffened Plate Rectangular Plate Natural Frequencies Boundary Conditions Free Ends Clamped Edges Weld Line

22

SOME PROPERTIES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE CARBON FIBRES CEMENT COMPOSITES

[Author Name(s) Missing]

Pages: 4409-4416 English

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Abstract

This paper investigates the properties of high-performance concrete reinforced with chopped carbon fibers at varying volume fractions (1-5%). The study highlights the significant improvement in flexural strength and durability of the cement composites due to the addition of carbon fibers. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength and toughness, were evaluated to demonstrate the potential of carbon fiber-reinforced cement composites in structural applications. The results indicate that incorporating carbon fibers enhances the performance of cementitious materials, making them suitable for advanced construction projects.

Keywords

High Performance Concrete Carbon Fibres Cement Composites Flexural Strength Durability Reinforcement Fiber Volume Fraction Mechanical Properties

23

BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOOTING ON SOFT CLAY IMPROVED BY COMPACTED CEMENT DUST

Mosa J. Aziz Al-Mosawe, Bushra S. Albusoda, Azhar S. Yaseen

Pages: 4417-4428 English

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Abstract

This paper investigates the improvement of bearing capacity for shallow footings on soft clay using compacted cement dust. The study utilized kaolin with water content converging to the liquid limit to represent the weak soil under shallow footing prototypes. Cement dust, an undesirable industrial waste material from the cement industry, was used to enhance the bearing capacity of the soft soil. The improvement was achieved by creating a trench under the footing and filling it with compacted cement dust at its optimum moisture content at three different depths. Pressure-settlement curves were employed to predict the ultimate bearing capacity, and the improvement ratio was calculated by comparing the ultimate bearing capacity values of kaolin alone and kaolin improved with compacted cement dust. The results showed an average improvement ratio of 197%, indicating a significant enhancement in bearing capacity.

Keywords

Bearing Capacity Soft Clay Compacted Cement Dust Shallow Footing Kaolin Improvement Ratio Eccentric Loading Pressure-Settlement Curves Ultimate Bearing Capacity

24

ASSESSMENT OF PHENOL DERIVATIVES IN COOLING TOWER SYSTEM AS BIOCIDES

Sh. Hussain Muslet, Shaimaa A.A. Ahmed, Reshan Samar K. Dhaidan

Pages: 4429-4437 English

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Abstract

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of phenol derivatives as biocides in cooling tower systems. The study focuses on the relationship between the concentration of chlorine and bromine-containing compounds and their performance as biocides. Chlorophenol and bromophenol were identified as the most effective biocides, reducing viable counts and fungi by approximately 80% and 65%, respectively. However, these compounds were also found to cause pitting corrosion. The research aims to predict the optimal concentration of these biocides to balance effective biofouling control and minimize corrosion risks.

Keywords

Biocides Phenol Derivatives Cooling Tower Biofouling Chlorophenol Bromophenol Pitting Corrosion Viable Count Fungi

25

STUDY ON ABSORPTION OF OZONE IN WATER USING PERFORATED SIEVE TRAY COLUMN

Sarmad Foad Jaber

Pages: 4438-4446 English

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Abstract

This study investigates the absorption of ozone into water using a perforated sieve tray column. The process assumes that ozone is the only active species that physically dissolves in water without any chemical reactions. The column, measuring 1 meter in length and 33 cm in diameter, was used to evaluate the effects of process variables such as water flow rate, air flow rate, and pH on the absorption rate. Results indicate that the absorption rate increases with higher water flow rates and lower air flow rates within a pH range of 7-8. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing ozone absorption processes for water treatment applications.

Keywords

Ozone Absorption Perforated Sieve Tray Column Water Treatment Gas-Liquid Contact Process Variables Water Flow Rate Air Flow Rate pH Absorption Rate

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THE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE RATIO ON THE PROPERTIES OF NO FINE LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

Hind H. Hamad, Luma Abdul Ghani, Zghair

Pages: 4447-4462 English

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Abstract

This study investigates the effect of coarse aggregate/cement ratio (A/C) on the properties of no fine lightweight concrete. Three different A/C ratios (6, 9, and 12 by weight) were tested while maintaining a constant cement content of 125 kg/m³ and a water-cement ratio ranging from 0.39 to 0.55 by weight. Tests were conducted on hardened concrete to evaluate the impact on compressive strength, absorption percentage, density, porosity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and acoustic impedance. The results indicated that increasing the A/C ratio from 6 to 12 reduced compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and acoustic impedance, while increasing porosity and absorption percentage. Conversely, decreasing the A/C ratio improved these properties. The study provides valuable insights into optimizing the A/C ratio for enhanced performance of no fine lightweight concrete.

Keywords

No Fine Concrete Coarse Aggregate Ratio Compressive Strength Density Porosity Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Acoustic Impedance Cement Content Water-Cement Ratio

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