Journal of Engineering

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a commonly used industry term for computer based system allowing system operators to obtain real-time data related to the status of an electric power system over wide geographic area.the designed SCADA system consists of
Five modules and it is designed to work with two layers: Client layer and Data server layer each in a separated PC. The APplication Program (APP) module is one of the SCADA modules that works as an interface between the I/O cards and the other SCADA modules. It collects the data from the I/O cards; through an I/O interface card; and passes it to the Process Data Interchange (PDI) module. And because of the APP module works in a separated PC, it communicate with PDI module using the PC serial port and High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) communication protocol. The designed SCADA modules are programmed as a multithread programs written using Visual C++ programming language. The APP module is built to consist of three threads: one for collecting data, another to perform the communication operation, and the third thread is responsible of controlling all APP operations. The overall SCADA system including the APP module is implemented to supervise the operation of a power station since 1999 and it proves a very fast response time and provides a good real-time reports

Based on the biological human models in defending human body against viruses, a new approach in designing the anti-virus system is introduced. This approach is called SDS( Self- Defence System). The principle of the SDS is that each executable program is responsible of defending itself against viral-attacks. In this system, each executable program is injected with basic anti-virus component which is called Self-Defence Routine. This routine, together with dedicated anti-virus loading program are used to construct the SDS which protects the computer system from virus invasion

Single neuron perceptron is designed as a classifier of two different classes using the hardlimiter activation function (i.e. in the absence of light, and presence of light). An example is designed and tested so that the proposed circuit learned different categories and then used as a
classifier for two different classes because of the use of single neuron. Additional electronic circuits were used for computation processes. The Computer simulation results indicate stable solution that compares with theoretical results. Single layer perceptron M-category classifier is designed as a classifier for more than two classes. An example is designed and tested for the verification. The example learns after (5) iterations. Computer simulation results indicate stable solution that compares favorably with theoretical results.

In this paper possible improvements in the performance of adaptive Linear Equalizer (LE) and Decision Feed Back Equalizer (DFE) are reported. A modified Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm incorporating a recursively adjusted adaptation step size based on rough estimate of the performance surface gradient square is proposed. The first
proposed algorithm was called Adjusted Step Size LMS (ASSLMS) which used single adjusted step size for all weight coefficients. The second proposed algorithm was called Distributed Step Size LMS algorithm (DSSLMS). This algorithm (i.e. DSSLMS) will distribute the resultant variable step size in an exponential form among all weights of the
adaptive filter such that each weight coefficient has its own step size. These proposed algorithms through computer simulation results shows favorable performance than traditional LMS algorithm and another Variable Step Size LMS (called VSSLMS) algorithm in terms of fast convergence time, less miss-adjustment in steady state, and good tracking ability.

This study presents an experimental and theoretical investigation of torsion behavior of prestressed concrete rectangular beams without ordinary (or typical) reinforcement. Two concrete beams with concentric prestressing tendons (6-strands of 7 wires) and two plain concrete beams were tested in this investigation with f'c= 44MPa was used.
Experimental results showed that the ultimate torsional strengths increased by about 70% for the tested beams containing concentric prestressed strands over the plain concrete beams. Also the angle of twist decreased (68.8%).Crack patterns and the effect of compressive force due to prestressing tendons and high strength concrete can be denoted from the helical mode of single crack at midspan of the beams under testing and from the sudden failure mode. In the analytical work P3DNFEA (Program, three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis), by Al-Shaarbaf has been utilized. Three dimensional nonlinear quadratic 20 -node brick elements were used to model the concrete, while, the prestressing strands were modeled by embedded representation. Reinforcing bars (Prestressing strands) were assumed to be capable of transmitting axial forces only. It was found that the general behavior of the finite element showed good agreement with
observations and results from the experimental tests

An analytical approach, adopted to find the settlement of foundations resting on reinforced soil based on the test results on a model surface circular footing resting on reinforced soil, is summarized. The soil was reinforced using biaxial geomesh. The settlement was determined by considering the compatibility of strain (settlement) between soil and reinforcement element underneath the foundation. Theoretical
equations were used to estimate the settlement either from the superstructure loads or from in-situ plate load tests on the reinforced soil system. The type of geomesh used in this study has been determined based on the grain size distribution of the soil. The
investigation in this study used two different types of geomesh. Uniformly graded sand was used to make it easier to control the density and fabric in different tests. It was found that initial horizontal and vertical movement of the reinforcement is needed to mobilize the reinforcing strength. Further, the initial settlement at small loads could
be avoided when the reinforcement was placed closer to the base of the footing and there was an improvement in the bearing capacity value of the footing. When the reinforcement is placed away from the base of the footing(greater than B), the initial settlement decreased with a slight improvement in the bearing capacity compared with that of unreinforced soil. Non-dimensional factors were developed for settlement calculations based on the experimental test results from a series of laboratory tests on the model footing. Additional tests were performed on the model footing to evaluate the effect of the number of reinforcement layers and the depth of the top most reinforcement layer on the settlement and the improvement in the bearing capacity of
the footing-reinforced soil system.

The problems of design of machine foundations for the special case of vertical mode of vibration
for block foundation are presented in this paper. The empirical design method is used to get the
results using a computer program MATHCAD dealing with the parameters related to the machine.
Design charts that are prepared to be a guide for the designer engineer are drawn. The design charts
are based on the variables limitations including the properties of the soil, machine and foundation.
The design charts are based on three displacements which are acceptable for design of the machine
foundation.

Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to study the adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide on 5A molecular sieve. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms of methane and carbon dioxide are reported for the temperature range 303– 333 K and pressure up to 2.5MPa. Experimental data were obtained using a static system for gas–solid adsorption. The Langmuir adsorption equilibrium equation gave
good predictions. Adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide on 5A molecular sieve is purely physical since the isosteric heat of adsorption was found to be equal to 14.804 and 37.218 kJ mole-1 for methane and carbon dioxide, respectively

The aim of this study is estimating the critical bed depth in adsorption process through a fixed-bed of granular activated carbon at different bed depths of 0.03, 0.05, 0.08and 0.11m at influent furfural concentration in waste water of 0.2 kg/m3, with constant flow rate of (16.66) × 10-5 m3/min and adsorbent particle size (0.5-1.5) mm. the changing of flow rate and furfural influent concentration had been studied to determine their effects on the critical bed depth value by using bed depth- service time
method (BDST). Length of unused bed (LUB) and length of equivalent section of bed had been estimated mathematically during process of the adsorption at different bed depths and during changing the flow rate(8.3× 10-5 m3/min) and influent concentration at same bed depth (0.05m).

The present paper presents an approach to optimize tooth contact analysis (TCA) of spiral bevel gear drivin by controlling the machine-tool settings that directly affects the shape of tooth and behavior of meshing and contact for mating gears. The proposed settings provide a pre-designed parabolic function of transmission errors and the desired location and orientation of the bearing contact. The main goal of detecting the pre-designed parabolic function of transmission errors is to
reduce the gear noise which can be done by absorbing the linear function of transmission errors that are caused by gear misalignment. The model is generated with means of CAD software package and solid works program, the basic input design data imported by Gleason works standards.

A numerical technique is developed to predict both the transient and steady axisymmetric two-dimensional natural convection heat transfer for water as the working fluid in a vertical annulus enclosure of a fixed radius ratio (2) aspect ratio (1) and Rayleigh number ranging within (103 ≤Rad≤106) for a fixed Prandtl number (Pr=7). Finite difference analogs of the Navier – Stokes and thermal energy equations are solved in the stream function – vorticity frame work. The results obtained are
presented graphically in the form of streamline, vorticity and isotherm contour plots. A correlation has been set up to give the average Nusselt number variation with Rad and for which the results are found to be in good agreement with previously published experimental data.

The design and construction of an instrumented heat pipe H.P for domestic heating that uses water as a working fluid was undertaken to investigate experimentally the performance of the H.P under various operating conditions of: Power levels, water inventories and angle of inclinations. A theoretical model to predict the temperature of the condenser surface (the temperature at which heat is rejected) and system pressure at steady state conditions was developed and used to compare these parameters with the experimental findings. The model utilizes the total heat supplied to the evaporator to predict system pressure and condenser temperature. The theoretical model is suitable for vertical H.P (i.e.  =0) and its predictions of condenser surface temperature is within 16% and of system pressure is within 21%. An acceptable H.P design may have a condenser heat flux of 1.16 k W/m2 with a corresponding system pressure of 1500 kPa.

The mathematical model of the tapered struts subjected to axial load is solved to obtain the modified stability functions due to shear effect as well as bending effects. The stability functions are derived for a wide range of non-prismatic struts then compared in graphical curves with stability functions excluding shear effects. The stability functions for non-prismatic members under compressive and tensile axial loads are developed for the purpose of expressing both effects of bending and shear in a beamcolumn stiffness at any value of axial force under the buckling limit

This paper introduces a new method in the multispectral image fusion based on ridgelet
transform which represents edges better than wavelets. Since edges play a fundamental rule in
image understanding, one good way to enhance spatial resolution is to enhance the edges. Ridgelet
based image fusion method provides richer information in the spatial and spectral domains
simultaneously. Also another method introduced based on new Hybrid transform which is
improvement from the Ridgelet transform. Here we used our method to merge the panchromatic
image of IKONOS sensor (1m resolution) with its multispectral image (4m resolution). The
software used in this paper is (Matlab V 7.0.4 ).

The Depleted Uranium contamination in soil was treated with chemical leaching method by using sodium bicarbonate with respect to the effect of several variables (Time, Temperature, Bicarbonate Concentration, Carbonate/Bicarbonate Ratio, Oxidative Reagent Effect, pH, Soil/Solution Ratio and Rinsing Effect after treatment) in order to decontaminate or remove Depleted Uranium to acceptable regulatory levels.
The objective is to reach a selectively extracted Depleted Uranium by using a soil washing/extraction without generating a secondary waste which would be difficult to manage and/or dispose off. Results of Depleted Uranium removal efficiency were ranged from (35.4-88.25) %.

The main goal of planning and designing for external open spaces and gardens is to create a comfortable external environment for human use. In this environment, there should be a balance between the function and the aesthetic, taking into account the location’s circumstances, specialty, characteristic and economic potentials. The research is aimed at limiting the disadvantages and the problems of the opening areas and gardens in the agriculture college supported by study of the similar Arabic countries experience that have the same Iraq circumstances environment.Also building a data base that may be a work sheet to improve, develop and ever-living these opening green areas and maintain and act it in the form that achieves the purpose behind it’s establishment. The study includes a theorem side which includes illustration of foundations of planning , designing and maintain the gardens and the external infected factors and show the Arabic countries experience, and application side that includes limiting the problems and disadvantages of the opening areas and gardens in the agriculture college and the information form as well as the development suggestions

Aiming at energy preservation and depending on the production of years of expertise and hard work of international research laboratories in the area of energy preservation and finding alternatives and undepleted energy sources in all aspects and various areas of the world, all these institutions asserted on following the Sustainable Design Method. It pursues the integrated building design method,
which is one of the modern methods in the domain of energy preservation . This method focuses on the building's perfection from the very first stages of the design process, Through integration between the building components and mechanical services and supplementary systems in it and the impact exchange positively among
them instead of being equipment used in a building that depends on the whole Building Approach , which has two key features , being circular and containing feedback concept , this makes it a frequent performing within the identification of the general conceptual framework. Considering oil and other new sources as unreliable as continues energy sources and synchronically and interactionally with the products of knowledge developments and technical products aiming at diminishing energy consumption and producing the light and thermal environment comfortable for staff at the human environment generally and industrially environment specifically , the study directed
its research problem toward clarifying and demonstrating substance and effectiveness the method of the integration industrial building on the internal human and mechanical environment, aiming at demonstrating its importance as a consistent work mechanism that participate in organizing and correcting courses of the internal productive environment , plus demonstrating effect of its performance in clarifying the sustainable design interacted with the external environment to preserve energy . The aim is identifying the basic steps that role components of the integrated industrial building method to be a specific interactional method and a step context that explores work mechanism and the internal environment response to the external one to turn it to a visually , biologically and productively comfortable work
environment. The research development on various studies and researches of many centers of the world , to be a base of the applied discussion of this study.

It may by said that there is a historical relationship between architecture and structure which was strongly affected by the technological developments. Therefore structure as a factor of the material base of architectural technology is very influencing factor in design activity, and in architectural configuration. Many, other points of views and transformations that appeared casted their shadows upon the Iraqi architecture of 20th century, each period carried the entry of architectural and structural styles which caused a variation in effect, So the knowledge gap that the research focuses on the absence of the role of structure (on the practical level as a direct influencing factor) in the shaping of Iraqi architecture. The subject matter is dealt with through an inductive research for the purpose of establishing basic concepts of the nature of structural effect upon styles and stresses the theoretical and practical integration in the developments of the 20th century architecture. The research reveals the large effect of structural
system on architectural form according to the principle (cause- results). And the research concluded that:  There are many influences factors (especially in structural technology) contributed to the shaping
and styling of architecture in every period and place.
 There is a large effect upon architectural configuration (on practical and theoretical level) by
structure in the various periods of Iraqi architecture, then concluded the levels of the nature of
structural effect on architectural form, and their applications upon local architectural development