Journal of Engineering

The effects of shot peening treatment (SPT) were studied at (10,20, and 30) minutes on the
rotating bending fatigue behavior and the behavior of the alloy steel DIN 41Cr4 vibrations. The
hardness test, tensile test, constant amplitude fatigue tests, and the vibration measurements were
performed on samples with and without cracks at room temperature (RT), also, the fracture surface
was examined and analyzed by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of the
investigations, for example, Stress to Number of cycles to failure (S-N) curves, fatigue strength
improvement factor of 5% to 10%, the decreasing percentage of maximum Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) acceleration of the shot-peened condition were compared to untreated conditions ranging
between 25% and 40%. All these improvements occurred for up to 20 minutes of shot peening
time (20 SPT), exceeding that time the fatigue behavior tended to decrease due to high roughness
and the generation of tensile residual stress.

The effects of shot peening treatment (SPT) were studied at (10,20, and 30) minutes on the
rotating bending fatigue behavior and the behavior of the alloy steel DIN 41Cr4 vibrations. The
hardness test, tensile test, constant amplitude fatigue tests, and the vibration measurements were
performed on samples with and without cracks at room temperature (RT), also, the fracture surface
was examined and analyzed by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of the
investigations, for example, Stress to Number of cycles to failure (S-N) curves, fatigue strength
improvement factor of 5% to 10%, the decreasing percentage of maximum Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) acceleration of the shot-peened condition were compared to untreated conditions ranging
between 25% and 40%. All these improvements occurred for up to 20 minutes of shot peening
time (20 SPT), exceeding that time the fatigue behavior tended to decrease due to high roughness
and the generation of tensile residual stress.

This work deals with the production of light fuel cuts of (gasoline, kerosene and gas oil) by
catalytic cracking treatment of secondary product mater (heavy vacuum gas oil) which was
produced from the vacuum distillation unit in any petroleum refinery. The objective of this
research was to study the effect of the catalyst -to- oil ratio parameter on catalytic cracking process
of heavy vacuum gas oil feed at constant temperature (450 °C). The first step of this treatment
was, catalytic cracking of this material by constructed batch reactor occupied with auxiliary control
devices, at selective range of the catalyst –to- oil ratio parameter ( 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5) respectively.
The conversion of heavy vacuum gas oil which was obtained, reaches to (50, 70, 75 and 80) % for
(2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 catalysts -to- oil ratio parameter respectively. The second step for this study was
distillation of this cracking heavy vacuum gas oil liquid by atmospheric distillation device for these
several catalyst -to- oil ratio parameter, according to obtained light fuel cuts (gasoline, kerosene
and gas oil). The percentage volume of light fractions at various COR are (7, 25 and 18) for COR
2, (10, 20 and 40) for COR 2.5, (10, 30 and 35) for COR 3 and (15, 30 and 35) for COR 3.5 which
separates according to its boiling point. The light cuts were distilled by atmospheric distillation
device in order to obtained distillation curve. The third step was study the major physical and
chemical properties for feed (heavy vacuum gas oil) and catalytic cracking liquid of HVGO at
various COR with its light fuel fractions, the results refers to acceptable properties compared with
other commercial properties

Rate of penetration plays a vital role in field development process because the drilling operation is expensive
and include the cost of equipment and materials used during the penetration of rock and efforts of the crew in
order to complete the well without major problems. It’s important to finish the well as soon as possible to
reduce the expenditures. So, knowing the rate of penetration in the area that is going to be drilled will help in
speculation of the cost and that will lead to optimize drilling outgoings. In this research, an intelligent model
was built using artificial intelligence to achieve this goal. The model was built using adaptive neuro fuzzy
inference system to predict the rate of penetration in Mishrif formation in Nasiriya oil field for the selected
wells. The mean square error for the results obtained from the ANFIS model was 0.015. The model was trained
and simulated using MATLAB and Simulink platform. Laboratory measurements were conducted on core
samples selected from two wells. Ultrasonic device was used to measure the transit time of compressional and
shear waves and to compare these results with log records. Ten wells in Nasiriya oil field had been selected
based on the availability of the data. Dynamic elastic properties of Mishrif formation in the selected wells
were determined by using Interactive Petrophysics (IP V3.5) software and based on the las files and log records
provided. The average rate of penetration of the studied wells was determined and listed against depth with
the average dynamic elastic properties and fed into the fuzzy system. The average values of bulk modulus for
the ten wells ranged between (20.57) and (27.57) GPa. For shear modulus, the range was from (8.63) to (12.95)
GPa. Also, the Poisson’s ratio values varied from (0.297) to (0.307). For the first group of wells (NS-1, NS-3,
NS-4, NS-5, and NS-18), the ROP values were taken from the drilling reports and the lowest ROP was at the
bottom of the formation with a value of (3.965) m/hrs while the highest ROP at the top of the formation with
a value (4.073) m/hrs. The ROP values predicted by the ANFIS for this group were (3.181) m/hrs and (4.865)
m/hrs for the lowest and highest values respectively. For the second group of wells (NS-9, NS-15, NS-16, NS-19, and NS-21), the highest ROP obtained from drilling reports was (4.032) m/hrs while the lowest value was
(3.96) m/hrs. For the predicted values by ANFIS model were (2.35) m/hrs and (4.3) m/hrs for the lowest and
highest ROP values respectively.

The aim of this paper is to design a PID controller based on an on-line tuning bat optimization
algorithm for the step-down DC/DC buck converter system which is used in the battery operation
of the mobile applications. In this paper, the bat optimization algorithm has been utilized to obtain
the optimal parameters of the PID controller as a simple and fast on-line tuning technique to get
the best control action for the system. The simulation results using (Matlab Package) show the
robustness and the effectiveness of the proposed control system in terms of obtaining a suitable
voltage control action as a smooth and unsaturated state of the buck converter input voltage of
(3.75) volt that will stabilize the buck converter system performance. The simulation results show
also that the proposed control system when compared with the other controllers results has the
capability of minimizing the rising time to (0.393 × 10−4 sec) and the settling time to (2 × 10−4
sec) in the transient response and minimizing the voltage tracking error of the system output to
(????????????????) volt at the steady state response. Furthermore, the number of fitness evaluations is
decreased.

This study uses load factor and loss factor to determine the power losses of the electrical feeders. An approach is presented to calculate the power losses in the distribution system. The feeder’s technical data and daily operation recorded data are used to calculate and analyze power losses.
This paper presents more realistic method for calculating the power losses based on load and loss factors instead of the traditional methods of calculating the power losses that uses the RMS value of the load current which not consider the load varying with respect to the time.
Eight 11kV feeders are taken as a case study for our work to calculate load factor, loss factor and power losses. Four of them (F40, F42, F43 and F45) are overhead lines while the others (F185, F186, F187 and F188) are underground cables. The greater differences between their losses were obtained, due to various types of route length, type, and dimension of conductors. The study takes different configuration feeders for computation with determination in power losses.
Keywords: Technical Power Loss, Distribution System, Load Factor, Loss Factor

sensor sampling rate (SSR) may be an effective and crucial field in networked control systems.
Changing sensor sampling period after designing the networked control system is a critical matter
for the stability of the system. In this article, a wireless networked control system with multi-rate
sensor sampling is proposed to control the temperature of a multi-zone greenhouse. Here, a
behavior based Mamdany fuzzy system is used in three approaches, first is to design the fuzzy
temperature controller, second is to design a fuzzy gain selector and third is to design a fuzzy error
handler. The main approach of the control system design is to control the input gain of the fuzzy
temperature controller depending on the current zone and current sensor rate for each zone.
Due to the low input gain of the fuzzy controller, the steady state output error of the greenhouse
temperature is in the range (0.55 – 11.22) % when the system using five sensors of different
sampling rates and in the range (2.43 - 16.74) % when the system using five sensors with the same
sampling rates. Next, after designing the fuzzy error handler, this error doesn’t exceed 1.6%, but
in most cases it is less than 0.15%.
The work is Simulink designed and implemented using Matlab R2012b. The Zigbee wireless
network is proposed for the system, it is implemented in Matlab using True time 2.0 library.

In recent years, there has been expanding development in the vehicular part and the number of
vehicles moving on the road in all the sections of the country. Vehicle number plate identification
based on image processing is a dynamic area of this work; this technique is used for security
purposes such as tracking of stolen cars and access control to restricted areas. The License Plate
Recognition System (LPRS) exploits a digital camera to capture vehicle plate numbers is used as
input to the proposed recognition system. Basically, the developing system is consist of three
phases, vehicle license plate localization, character segmentation, and character recognition, the
License Plate (LP) detection is presented using canny Edge detection algorithm, Connect
Component Analysis (CCA) have been exploited for segmenting characters. Finally, a Multi-Layer
Perceptron Artificial Neural Network (MLPANN) model is utilized to recognize and detect the
vehicle license plate characters, and hence the results are displayed as a text on GUI. The proposed
system successfully identified and recognized multi_style Iraqi license plates using different image
situations and it was evaluated based on different metrics performance, achieving an overall
system performance of 91.99%. This results shows the effectiveness of the proposed method
compared with other existing methods, whose average recognition rate is 86% and the average
processing time of one image is 0.242s which proves the practicality of the proposed method.

Normal concrete is weak against tensile strength, has low ductility, and also insignificant resistance to
cracking. The addition of diverse types of fibers at specific proportions can enhance the mechanical
properties as well as the durability of concrete. Discrete fiber commonly used, has many disadvantages
such as balling the fiber, randomly distribution, and limitation of the Vf ratio used. Based on this vision, a
new technic was discovered enhancing concrete by textile-fiber to avoid all the problems mentioned above.
The main idea of this paper is the investigation of the mechanical properties of SCC, and SCM that cast
with 3D AR-glass fabric having two different thicknesses (6, 10 mm), and different layers (1,2 layers). As
well as micro-steel fiber with 1.25% volume fraction was used. Sixteen rectangular reinforced concrete
beam specimens have been tested to study the behavior of their flexural strength. The results concluded that
utilizing 3D-TFs with mortar mixture gave significantly higher enhancement for the load-carrying capacity
than the concrete mixture. The utilization of 3D-TFs and micro-steel fiber together in the SCM mix gave
better results. The stiffness of the specimens was improved with increasing the thickness and the number
of textile fiber layers.

The clayey soils have the capability to swell and shrink with the variation in moisture content.
Soil stabilization is a well-known technique, which is implemented to improve the geotechnical
properties of soils. The massive quantities of waste materials are resulting from modern industry
methods create disposal hazards in addition to environmental problems. The steel industry has a
waste that can be used with low strength and weak engineering properties soils. This study is
carried out to evaluate the effect of steel slag (SS) as a by-product of the geotechnical properties
of clayey soil. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on natural and stabilized soils. SS was
added by 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20% to the soil. The conducted tests are consistency limits, specific
gravity, hydrometer analysis, modified Proctor compaction, swelling pressure, swelling percent,
unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio (Soaked CBR). The results showed
that the values of liquid limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content, swelling pressure, and
swelling percent were decreased when stabilized the soil. However, the values of maximum dry
density, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio were increased with the
addition of steel slag with various percentages to the clayey soil samples. The steel slag was found
to be successfully improving the geotechnical properties of clayey soils

Expansive soil is one of the most serious problems that face engineers during the execution of any infrastructure projects. Soil stabilization using chemical admixture is one of the most traditional and widespread methods of soil improvement. Nevertheless, soil improvement on site is one of the most economical solutions for many engineering applications. Using construction and demolishing waste in soil stabilization is still under research., The aim of this study is to identify the effect of using concrete demolishing waste (CDW) in soil stabilization. Serious tests were conducted to investigate the changes in the geotechnical properties of the natural soil stabilized with CDW. From the results, it is concluded that the swelling potential of the expansive soil reduced and dramatic increases in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) value up to 3 times of its original value was reported. The results indicate that CDW is an economical solution to be used in soil stabilization whereas it is a sustainable idea to recycle constructional wastes and solve the continued need for the more landfilling area.

Construction projects are complicated in nature and require many considerations in contractor
selection. One of the complicated interactions is that between performance with the project size,
and contractor financial status, and size of projects contracted. At the prequalification stage, the
financial requirements restrict the contractors to meet minimum limits in financial criteria such
as net worth, working capital and annual turnover, etc. In construction projects, however, there
are cases when contractors meet these requirements but show low performance in practice. The
model used in the study predicts the performance by training of a neural network. The data used
in the study are 72 of the most recent roadwork projects in Bahrain. The results are shown in
terms of the sensitivity of changing one variable on the performance of all the 72 projects. These
results can reflect on the methods currently used on contractors’ assessments in the tendering
stage and support decision-makers in assessing contractors and selecting the best bidders.

The Frequency-hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) systems and techniques are using in military
and civilianradar recently and in the communication system for securing the information on
wireless communications link channels, for example in the Wi-Fi 8.02.X IEEE using multiple
number bandwidth and frequencies in the wireless channel in order to hopping on them for
increasing the security level during the broadcast, but nowadays FHSS problem, which is, any
Smart Software Defined Radio (S-SDR) can easily detect a wireless signal at the transmitter and
the receiver for the hopping sequence in both of these, then duplicate this sequence in order to
hack the signal on both transmitter and receiver messages using the order of the sequences that
will be recognized for next transmissions. In 2017 Code and Phase Hopping Techniques are both
proposed to resolve the most recent problem in security-related, but not with FHSS, therefore in
this paper presents a new composed proposed system will progress Phase Shift and Code Hopping
in Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA) to complement with FHSS; because the wireless
Communications systems security in the last years became a nightmare for some individuals, also
companies, and even countries, also join them needing for higher bits rate in the wireless channels;
because of next-generation communication system 5G-6G and the evolution in social networking,
IoT, stream media, IoE, visualizations, and cloud computing. The new ideas can be applicable for
a large number of users, also fast implementation without synchronization, as well as without any
focus on encryption or keys-exchanges, at completion all results are simulation in MATLAB
R2017b, the results have been tested by using 8 users in the same time, also our results showing
promises effects on security for both applied systems Phases Shift and Codes Hopping especially
the Code Hopping, therefor; our results encouraged us to complete research and compare our
system with other

This paper discusses the method for determining the permeability values of Tertiary Reservoir
in Ajeel field (Jeribe, Dhiban, Euphrates) units and this study is very important to determine the
permeability values that it is needed to detect the economic value of oil in Tertiary Formation.
This study based on core data from nine wells and log data from twelve wells. The wells are AJ-
1, AJ-4, AJ-6, AJ-7, AJ-10, AJ-12, AJ-13, AJ-14, AJ-15, AJ-22, AJ-25, and AJ-54, but we have
chosen three wells (AJ4, AJ6, and AJ10) to study in this paper. Three methods are used for this
work and this study indicates that one of the best way of obtaining permeability is the Neural
network method because the values of permeability obtained being much closer to the values of
K-core than the other methods. From this study we obtained many values of permeability for all
depths from top to bottom for three wells in Ajeel Field as explained by figures below.

This research introduces a developed analytical method to determine the nominal and maximum
tensile stress and investigate the stress concentration factor. The required tooth fillets parametric
equations and gears dimensions have been reformulated to take into account the asymmetric fillets
radiuses, asymmetric pressure angle, and profile shifting non-standard modifications. An
analytical technique has been developed for the determination of tooth weakest section location
for standard, asymmetric fillet radiuses, asymmetric pressure angle and profile shifted involute
helical and spur gears. Moreover, an analytical equation to evaluate gear tooth-loading angle at
any radial distance on the involute profile of spur and helical gears, (taking into account the effect
of profile shift factor) has been derived. In addition, numerical solution for the evaluation of the
maximum fillet tensile stress and the combined tensile stress concentration factor for the
verification of the analytical method using computer-aided engineering software (ANSYS Version
18.1). The analytical and FE result have been compared and found to be very close. The most
effective method for reducing the stress concentration factor have been found by applying negative
profile shifting on asymmetric tooth with lower unloaded pressure angle and high loaded pressure
angle and fillet radius, which can lead to an enhancement percentage of (20%) when using a
(35o/20o) asymmetric spur gear of a (24) teeth number with a shift factor of (-0.3mo) compared
with standard (20o) one.