Journal of Engineering

The analysis of the root cause techniques is a reasonable option to be made to assess the root causes
of the funding of construction projects. There are a variety of issues related to financing in
construction industries in Iraq. The root,cause analysis is the impact of security and social conditions
on financial funding. Variety tools of root cause analysis have originated from literature, as common
methods for the detection of root causes. The purpose of this study was to identify and diagnose causes
that lead to obstruction of financial funding in the construction projects in the republic of Iraq from
the contractors' point of view and their interaction with a number of variables. The study diagnosed
nine causes of financial funding in construction projects in Iraq. They are Pareto,Diagram (PD), and
the Five Why, Analysis. It is found that the reasons (the organization's or the contracting company's
reputation, the effect of expertise and skill of the organization or contracting company in obtaining
finance & the impact of security and social conditions on the financial funding), came of degree
important. In comparison, other reasons came of degree, average important.

The electrocoagulation process became one of the most important technologies used for water
treatment processes in the last few years. It’s the preferred method to remove suspended solids and
heavy metals from water for treating drinking water and wastewater from textile, diary, and
electroplating factories. This research aims to study the effect of using the electrocoagulation
process with aluminum electrodes on the removal efficiency of suspended solids and turbidity
presented in raw water and optimizing by the response surface methodology (RSM). The most
important variables studied in this research included electrode spacing, the applied voltage, and
the operating time of the electrocoagulation process. The samples were taken from the Al
Qadisiyiah water treatment plant. The treatment set up was in a batch mode; two parallel plates of
aluminum were used as electrodes. Experimental results showed that the maximum removal
efficiency of 96% for turbidity and 97% for TSS were obtained at operating time 60 minutes,
voltage 30 V, and electrode spacing 1.7cm. Two models for predicting removal efficiency
obtained, the first model was for turbidity with a correction factor of 94.7%, and the second one
was for the TSS with a correction factor of 94.85%.

This paper proposes an on-line adaptive digital Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control
algorithm based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel
Cell (PEMFC) Model. This research aims to design and implement Neural Network like a digital
PID using FPGA in order to generate the best value of the hydrogen partial pressure action (PH2)
to control the stack terminal output voltage of the (PEMFC) model during a variable load current
applied. The on-line Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for finding and tuning
the optimal value of the digital PID-NN controller (kp, ki, and kd) parameters that improve the
dynamic behavior of the closed-loop digital control fuel cell system and to achieve the stability of
the desired output voltage of fuel cell. The numerical simulation results (MATLAB) package along
with the schematic design experimental work using Spartan-3E xc3s500e-4fg320 board with the
Xilinx development tool Integrated Software Environment (ISE) version 14.7 and using Verilog
hardware description language for design testing are illustrated the performance enhancement of
the proposed an adaptive intelligent FPGA-PID-NN controller in terms of error voltage reduction
and generating optimal value of the hydrogen partial pressure action (PH2) without oscillation in
the output and no saturation state when these results are compared with other controllers.

This paper presents a point multiplication processor over the binary field GF (2233) with internal
registers integrated within the point-addition architecture to enhance the Performance Index (PI)
of scalar multiplication. The proposed design uses one of two types of finite field multipliers,
either the Montgomery multiplier or the interleaved multiplier supported by the additional layer
of internal registers. Lopez Dahab coordinates are used for the computation of point multiplication
on Koblitz Curve (K-233bit). In contrast, the metric used for comparison of the implementations
of the design on different types of FPGA platforms is the Performance Index.
The first approach attains a performance index of approximately 0.217610202 when its realization
is over Virtex-6 (6vlx130tff1156-3). It uses an interleaved multiplier with 3077 register slices,
4064 lookup tables (LUTs), 2837 flip-flops (FFs) at a maximum frequency of 221.6Mhz. This
makes it more suitable for high-frequency applications. The second approach, which uses the
Montgomery multiplier, produces a PI of approximately 0.2228157 when its implementation is on
Virtex-4 (6vlx130tff1156-3). This approach utilizes 3543 slices, 2985 LUTs, 3691 FFs at a
maximum frequency of 190.47MHz. Thus, it is found that the implementation of the second
approach on Virtex-4 is more suitable for applications with a low frequency of about 86.4Mhz and
a total number of slices of about 12305.

Morphological theories shape the leading platform to theoretically and practically consider the
assets connected with the emergence of the city, and its growth and development over time. In this
paper, five elements of the urban form are typified: structure/tissue, plot, building, block, and the
street pattern will be addressed. Understanding the urban form at the different levels within its
ingredients could lead to shape a base launch of how to consider the potentiality of the
development and sustainability a particular area

In this study, a one-dimensional model represented by Butler-Volmer-Monod (BVM) model was
proposed to compute the anode overpotential and current density in a mediator-less MFC system.
The system was fueled with various organic loadings of real field petroleum refinery oily sludge
to optimize the favorable organic loading for biomass to operate the suggested system. The
increase in each organic loading showed higher resistance to electrons transport to the anode
represented by ohmic loss. On the contrary, both activation and mass transfer losses exhibited a
noticeable decrement upon the increased organic loadings. However, current density was
improved throughout all increased loads achieving a maximum current density of 5.2 A/m3. The
BVM model perfectly expressed the bioelectrochemical reactions in the anodic-chamber. The
experimental measurements for all the studied organic loadings agreed with the model predicted
values by an estimated determination factor (R2) of 0.96, proving the validity of the proposed
mathematical model to express the anodic bioelectrochemical reactions in the MFC. Also, the
sustainable power generated from each cycle was evaluated, and it was found that higher
sustainable energy can be harvested from higher organic loading 1000 g/L, which achieved
maximum sustainable energy of 0.83 W/m3.

In recent years, there is more interest in water sources availability, including groundwater due to
an increase in demand for water because of the increasing population in the world, and the water
recedes due to climate change also. Therefore, the study of groundwater has required more
attention. The aim of the present study is to establish a MODFLOW model in the groundwater
modeling system software to simulate the movement of groundwater in the Turssaq alluvial fan
which is located in the Qazaniyah city, east of Diyala Governorate. The solid model was used to
define the aquifer in the study area. Using the GIS software, mapping and preparing the data
needed to create a conceptual model were carried out. The data of the wells were used to create
and define the aquifer, then a three-dimensional model was created. Measuring the water table for
some wells were simultaneously monitored to determine the hydraulic conductivity values of the
aquifer through the (PEST) package provided by the software. The hydraulic conductivity value
of the main layer was 18 m/d. Then several readings of observation wells were recorded for the
period extended from 1/Nov/2018 to 22/May/2019 for the calibration process in the unsteady
situation and to determine the coefficient of storage. The value of the storage coefficient was
defined as 0.001. Several scenarios were conducted for the study area to find the best distance
between the wells. Three distances were tested, 500, 1000 and 1500 m. The operating periods were
6, 12 and 18 (hours/day). Results obtained from the model show that the best distance between the
wells is 1000 meters with a maximum operating rate of 12 hours/day. The maximum discharge
with the lowest distance and the lowest drawdown of the groundwater table are considered.

Today, the architecture field is witnessing a noticeable evolution regarding the used tools that the
designer should invest in a peculiar way that is made available in architecture through the concept
of synergy generally and algorithmic synergy specifically. The synergy is meant to study and
analyze the cooperative behavior of complex systems and self-organizing systems that leads to
different outputs referred to by the synergy as the (whole), which is bigger than the sum of parts
and in architecture, it's translated as the architectural form. This point resulted in a need of a
specific study regarding the concept of synergy that focuses on the cooperative, synergistic
relations within the trilogy of (form, structure, and material) and clarifies the role of technological
evolution of design tools through algorithmic synergy in formulating that relation, thus resulted in
the research's problem which came in the following statement (The lack of clear knowledge of the
algorithmic synergy and its mechanisms in generating and discovering the architectural form
digitally) and to solve this problem and Achieving the research goal which is represented in
(Clarifying the knowledge regarding the role of algorithmic synergy and its mechanisms in
generating and discovering the architectural form digitally), the research clarifies the concept of
"Synergy" in general and "Algorithmic Synergy" precisely in order to get the epitome of
vocabulary on the theoretical part and moving on to the practical application on elected projects
samples moving on to the conclusions and recommendations that shows having the architecture a
self-organizing synergy system connects the designer and the developed digital tool that is
provided by algorithmic synergy, plays a vital role in reaching the digitally synergized whole that
represented by the architectural form.

Thin-walled members are increasingly used in structural applications, especially in light structures like in constructions and aircraft structures because of their high strength-to-weight ratio. Perforations are often made on these structures for reducing weight and to facilitate the services and maintenance works like in aircraft wing ribs. This type of structures suffers from buckling phenomena due to its dimensions, and this suffering increases with the presence of holes in it. This study investigated experimentally and numerically the buckling behavior of aluminum alloy 6061-O thin-walled lipped channel beam with specific holes subjected to compression load. A nonlinear finite elements analysis was used to obtain the buckling loads of the beams. Experimental tests were done to validate the finite element results. Three factors namely; shape of holes, opening ratio ????/???????? and the spacing ratio ????/???????? were chosen to study their effects on the buckling strength of the channel beams. Finite elements results were obtained by using Taguchi method to identify the best combination of the three parameters for optimum critical buckling load, whereas determining the contribution of each parameter on buckling strength was implemented by using the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) method. Results showed that the combination of parameters that gives the best buckling strength is the hexagonal hole shape, ????/????????=1.7 and ????/???????? = 1.3 and the opening ratio (or size of holes) is the most effective on buckling behavior.

A high settlement may take place in shallow footing when resting on liquefiable soil if subjected
to earthquake loading. In this study, a series of shaking table tests were carried out for shallow
footing resting on sand soil. The input motion is three earthquake loadings (0.05g, 0.1g, and 0.2g).
The study includes a reviewing of theoretical equations (available in literatures), which estimating
settlement of footings due to earthquake loading, calibration, and verification of these equations
with data from the shaking table test for improved soil by grouting and unimproved soil. It is
worthy to note that the grouting materials considered in this study are the Bentonite and CKD
slurries. A modification to the seismic settlement equations, by statistical analysis using SPSS
software, had been done to account for the liquefaction state. The modified equation showed a
good convergence with the measured settlement values.

A study was performed to evaluate heavy metals removal from sewage sludge using lime. The processes of stabilization using alkaline chemicals operating on a simple principle of raising pH to 12 or higher, with sufficient mixing and suitable contact time to ensure that immobilization can reduce heavy metals. A 0.157 m3 tank was designed to treat Al-Rustemeyia wastewater treatment plant sludge. Characteristics of raw sludge were examined through two parameters: pH and heavy metal analysis. Different lime doses of (0- 25) g CaO/100 g sludge were mixed manually with raw sludge in a rotating drum. The samples were analyzed two hours after mixing. pH and heavy metals results were compared with EPA and National Iraqi Standard (NIS) .
Results showed as lime was added, the concentration of heavy metals decreases the higher the dose, the less heavy metals concentrations in the sludge. Although the concentration of heavy metals in the sludge was among the determinants according to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the results showed that 750 g of lime per 3 kg of sludge had reduced the concentration of heavy metals zinc from (662.934) mg/kg sludge to (452.998) mg/kg sludge, copper from (113.101) mg/kg sludge to (64.981) mg/kg sludge, lead from (91.215) mg/kg sludge to (53.307) mg/kg sludge, nickel from 107.257 mg/kg sludge to (50.478) mg/kg sludge, molybdenum from (13.743) mg/kg sludge to (8.724) mg/kg sludge). At the same time, the dose of 450 g lime per 3 kg of sludge had reduced the concentration of chromium from (110.577) mg/kg sludge to (0) mg/kg sludge.

The current study presents an experimental investigation of heat transfer and flow characteristic
for subcooled flow boiling of deionized water in the microchannel heat sink. The test section
consisted of a single microchannel having 300μm wide nominal dimensions and 300μm height
(hydraulic diameter of 300μm). The test section formed of oxygen-free copper with 72mm length
and 12mm width. Experimental operation conditions spanned the heat flux (78-800) kW/m2, mass
flux (1700 and 2100) kg/m2.s at 31˚C subcooled inlet temperature. The boiling heat transfer
coefficient is measured and compared with existing correlations. Also, the experimental pressure
drop is measured and compared with microscale pressure drop correlations. The results showed
that higher mass flux leads to higher boiling heat transfer coefficient, and the dominant mechanism
is convective boiling. Also, the experimental pressure drop decrease with increasing heat flux in a
single-phase region while it increases in a two-phase region. Comparing the experimental results
in the experimental condition range, showed that an existing correlation provides a satisfactory
prediction of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop.

The Main Outfall drain pumping station in Nassiriyah is an important part in operation system of the Main Outfall Drain (MOD) where it reduces the water levels in the U/S area of its and converted through Syphon freely under the Euphrates, its consists of several parts: U/S Basin, Station Building which contains 12 pumps, and Head Basin with Syphon, This station suffers from high levels especially in D/S area due to the current situation which is represented by establishing of dyke with pipes on MOD which located at 24 km from D/S of pumping station and Al-Khamisiyah Canal which located at 2.3 km from the U/S of dyke which feeds(Al Hammar Marsh) during drought season, several scenarios were adopted in order to explore the hydraulic effect of the current situation on the water levels and the performance of the syphon pumping system. The hydraulic effect of current situation causes an increase in D/S levels from 0.75 to 1 m,0.37to0.6m in operating (1,2)pumps, and the highest lack of the performance equal to 9.87%,5.58%,3.62%,2.62 % in operating (1,2,3,4)pumps respectively with designed head and 8.55%,5.40%,3.11%,1.8% with non- designed head.

Many researchers used different methods in their investigations to enhance the heat transfer
coefficient, one of these methods is using porous medium. Heat transfer process inside closed and
open cavities filled with a fluid-saturated porous media has a considerable importance in different
engineering applications, such as compact heat exchangers, nuclear reactors and solar collectors.
So, the present paper comprises a review on natural, forced, and combined convection heat transfer
inside a porous cavity with and without driven lid. Most of the researchers on this specific subject
studied the effect of many parameters on the heat transfer and fluid field inside a porous cavity,
like the angle of inclination, the presence of vibration, magnetic fields, and heat generation. They
used different thermal and hydrodynamic boundary conditions, different geometries of cavity, and
different saturated-fluids. Results manifested that the fluid and thermal characteristics enhance
greatly as porosity increases at a high value of Darcy number. Also, vibrational effects are a
dominant factor in the heat transfer process only at high Darcy and Reynolds numbers.