Journal of Engineering

Bank to turn (BTT) control is used to implement a command-to-line-of-sight (CLOS) guidance law. Physical description of the principles involved is given and a 10.th order nonlinear deterministic model proposed. Conventional control is used to design a closed loop controller for the nonlinear system.
Continuous system simulation techniques are employed to explain the effect of bank - to- turn on cross coupling of yaw. pitch and roll channels. Detailed simulation studies are then used for a wide range of engagement sinearieous for trajectory of Missile / Target interception. The target model is considered for three cases: stationary, moving and maneuvering targets. Satisfactory results are obtained for capturing the targets

Knapsack problems are a class of common but difficult (NP-complete or NP-hard) problems. Since, it is believed that no knapsack problem algorithm can be constructed whose computation time optimality increases as any polynomial function of the problem size. There is a variety of knapsack-type problems in which a set of entities, together with their values (profits) and sizes, is given, and it is desired to select one or more disjoint subsets so that the total of the sizes in each subset does not exceed given bounds and the total of the selected values is maximized. Diploid representation and dominance operator are advanced operators that attempt to improve upon the power of traditional genetic algorithms. Pseudo - Meiosis Genetic Algorithm (PSM GA) is one form of genetic algorithms that incorporate diploidy structure and dominance mechanism in their genetic search. The goal of this dissertation is to present the application of PSM GA in one of the promising combinatorial optimization problems the Knapsack Problem (KP). Results obtained concern two types of KP: the 0/1 KP and the Multiple Container Packing Problem. MCPP. Moreover, several aspects are considered in experiments such as, the algorithm used for evaluation of the individuals (fitness evaluation), the number of items (i.e., search space size), the correlation between the weights and the profits of items, and the capacity of the knapsack

Profiling is one of the important problems in mechanical engineering and industry because of its large applications in the field of cutting tool. Most papers and researches deal with the problem of profiling of involute profile. The problem of direct profile design consists in determination of profile tool if profile of gear is defined. This paper deal with problem of determination non-involute profile for helical surface in which profile of tool is defines and this problem called the reverse profile problem. There are very large applications of this problem in cutting tool, for example cutting of helical surface (flutes) of twist dril! with disc (wheel) tool and generating of helical surface for hops with disc (wheel) tool. To solve this problem, we will use transformation method for determination profile of helical surface and spline - approximate method for describing initial profile of tool.

Two types of steel alloys (St.17Mn1 Si and st.22MnAl) and their fusion welded parts applying different thermal treatment techniques were tested electrochemically. Their electrochemical characteristic including: the electrochemical potential values and current density of the base metals, heat affected zones and welding pools are estimated. Correlations are developed to express the effect of the electrochemical potential of the heat affected zone as an additional independent variable of the models. Also the evaluation of corrosion resistance behavior of welded alloys used as corrosion medium 3% NaCI solution in presence of air, oxygen and carbon dioxide for 3300 hrs. were investigated visually and experimentally using different techniques. The developed models estimated are candidated to be used to determine the electrochemical characteristics of other related classes of welded steel alloys.

ABSTRACT
In this paper, Optimal Brain Surgeon (OBS) pruning algorithm is proposed to optimize network architecture with respect to testing patterns error and overcoming the overfitting problem. Turning process is used as case study to improve the performance of the neural network-surface roughness model. Using the proposed algorithm reduced the prediction error on testing patterns from 0:6237 to 0.2854 based on the absolute percent error estimate. Also, a noticeable improvement is made in correlation coefficient from 0.8656 to 0.9807 making the network more reliable for new operating conditions.

In this paper an energy equivalence approach is suggested for the dynamic analysis of tapered chimneys. For any mode of vibration; by equating the kinetic energy of the actual chimney to that of an equivalent prismatic chimney, a hypothetical equivalent uniform mass has been obtained for the equivalent chimney. Also, by equating the strain energy of the actual and equivalent prismatic chimney, a hypothetical equivalent constant moment of inertia has been derived for the equivalent chimney.
The accuracy of the proposed equivalent prismatic model has been checked by comparing the results with that of the conventional segmented model using the stiffness method, which is deemed to be the more rigorous solution. Free and forced dynamic analyses have been carried out and the results indicated that the proposed equivalence energy model is in a good agreement with the stiffness (segmented chimney) model. The maximum discrepancy in the fundamental natural frequency ranges between 1.2% and 1.44%. The difference in the maximum dynamic bending moment due to wind vortex shedding is about 3.0%

The aim of the present work is the adsorption of the furfural onto activated carbon where Langmuir and Freundlich equation were used to determine the adsorption isotherm in the batch experiment. Continuous adsorption experiments of fixed-bed were carried out to study the effects of flow rate. bed depth, initial furfural concentration, carbon particle size to determine breakpoint time and adsorption capacity.

The Decimation in Frequency Fast Fourier Transform (DIF FFT) is a computationally intensive digital signal processing function widely used in applications such as imaging and wireless communication. Historically, this has been a relatively difficult function to implement optimally in hardware, leading many software designers to use digital signal processors (DSPs) in soft implementations. Unfortunately, because of the function\'s computationally intensive nature, such an approach typically requires multiple DSPs within the system to support the processing requirements. This is costly from a device and board real-estate perspective as well as power intensive.
Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) co-processors have become an extremely cost-effective means of off-loading computationally intensive algorithms to improve overall system performance while reducing development time, cost and risks. This paper will describe two DIF FFT implementation approaches, one implemented as an FPGA co-processor and the other using only an external TMS320C641X DSP Family. It will then examine the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches from performance, cost, power consumption and ease of implementation perspectives.

A study has been done for finding the optimum separators pressures of degassing stations. The optimum operation pressures are determined by employing Constrained Rosenbrock (1966) method using the maximum API. minimum GOR and minimum Bob as objective functions and separators pressures as the decision variables. The optimization of separators pressures requires equilibrium flash calculation under different conditions of pressures and temperatures to determine the conditions that will yield the most stock tank liquid. Equilibrium flash calculation is achieved by solving the equation of state. In the current study. Soave Redlich - Kwong (1972) and. Peng - Robinson (1976) have been used with the black and volatile oils respectively.
Two computer models are used to find the optimum separators pressures. The first model is OSPB which can be used with black oils while the second is OSPV that employs volatile oils. Application of these models shows improvement of the all objective functions for oils. Two checking techniques (the plotting & sensitivity analysis test) proved the validity of these optimization models

In this paper, the dynamic response of Ruttba sand with different relative densities is studied by using equivalent linear model.
The equivalent linear model is adopted in which the soil properties are strain dependent but cycle independent. The shear modulus tends to decrease as the shear strain increases, while the damping ratio tends to increase as the shear strain increases.
The computer program SHAKE, developed at the University of California, Berkley, is used for predicting and analyzing the problem.
The study reached that the magnitude of the acceleration is increasing as the relative density is decreasing and the natural frequency of the structures that would be built on Al- Ruttba soil must not be equal to (4 c/sec.) to avoid resonance condition.

The aim of this work is to make an evaluation to the reliability and availability of an electrical power plant as special kind of production systems to assess its ability in providing power with acceptable quality at a given period of time.
Markov model was used as an analytical tool in assessment of the reliability and availability of a production power plant in Iraq, and especially for its four new steam-power units, which considered as basic power units of this plant.
This model (Markov) was used for the first once in assessment of power production system in Iraq, and prove its ability to provide a general evaluation for the performance of the power plant during a period of time.
Since the method has too extensiye mathematical operations. Matlab system (version 6.5) was used to formulize two computerized programs. once for define the mathematics model of the problem, and the other for the analysis and plot the curves.

ABSTRACT
This investigation presents coupled analyses of an earth-dam problem including all aspects of fluid- structure interaction (class I coupling) and soil-pore fluid-structure interaction (class II coupling) under earthquake excitations using the finite element method and its comparison with the uncoupled one. New software for predicting and analyzing coupled behaviour is established using the pressure formulation for modelling of the fluid and the u-p formulation for modelling of the soil-pore fluid. The staggered partitioned solution technique for coupled field problems is implemented and used in the computer code. This scheme is incorporated in terms of a sequential execution for single-field analyzers. The bounding surface plasticity model is used as a constitutive relationship for modelling the clay core of a dam made up of Boston blue clay first and Baghdad brown silty clay later. The general theoretical framework of the model and its numerical implementation with emphasis on isotropic cohesive soils are given. Also, the input material parameters are identified and the tests required for determining these parameters are clarified on Baghdad brown silty clay. Implicit- Implicit Newmark's numerical integration scheme with a corrector / predictor algorithm is employed for time integration of the equations of motion.
The results show that the bounding surface plasticity model can give a logical impression for the behaviour of clayey soils under dynamic loads. Also, the earthquake design of structures generally and dams, in particular, must take into account various interactions between the foundation, the structure and the water in the reservoir in addition to site effects. Amplifications due to stratification and dephasing (response lag) in the foundations of structures should also be considered.

Substantial amounts of data concerning the fatigue performance tests are presented. These data contain the information about results that are expressed by means of the fatigue equation parameters Different fatigue tes are included using different types of mixes. The collected information was not similar in all aspects. Some studies included variables, which were not considered by others. The different representations of the fatigue equation makes it necessary to find the relations between the parameters of these different equations in order to study all the data together. The colleeted data were examined statistically to check its consistency; that is to say, they belong to the same population. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit was adopted for this purpose.