Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

Today's organizations face a significant challenge as they operate in a complex, volatile, and rapidly changing environment—economically, politically, and socially. This environment is characterized by intense competition, openness, rapid developments, globalization, free-market economies, and the emergence of competitive advantages primarily based on effective management models. The defining feature of today's environment is the constancy of one variable: change. If business organizations wish to thrive in such an environment, they must possess the fundamental elements that enable growth, continuity, and survival. This stems from the fact that organizations do not exist in a vacuum; rather, they form an integrated whole with their environment, where each influences and is influenced by the other. Therefore, organizations must be viewed holistically. The large size of organizations, the diversity and complexity of their operations, and the speed and instability of change require them to look at the future with a keen eye.

After twenty-four years (1980-2003) of wars and economic sanctions, Iraq transformed from a country endowed with numerous economic strengths—such as vast natural resources and qualified human capabilities—into a dire situation on all political, economic, social, and environmental levels. The infrastructure was destroyed, economic activity deteriorated, and social conditions reached an extreme state of decline, with unemployment and poverty rising to alarming rates. Amid these circumstances, the recent war on Iraq further entrenched its economic and social crisis, shifting it from bad to worse due to the destruction of the remaining public facilities and the complete halt of all life activities caused by the mechanisms of war.

Conflict has received extensive attention from scholars and researchers, including Hodge & Anthony (1991), Wright & Noe (1996), Cook et al. (1997), Hach (1997), Robbins & Decenzo (2001), and Hills & Jones (2001). Administrative schools have shown clear differences regarding conflict and its role in individual and organizational behavior. Classical theorists viewed conflict as a negative force that should be avoided and prevented as much as possible, while behavioral theorists considered it undesirable.

Today, however, the perception of conflict has changed significantly. It is now seen not only as unavoidable but also as desirable. The modern approach focuses on managing conflict so that the organization can adapt it to its advantage and achieve its goals. Conflict management involves maintaining balance to sustain creativity and achieve high performance, ensuring the organization’s competitive advantage (Hodge & Anthony, 1991: 531).

In Iraq, addressing external environmental challenges—such as the ongoing political conflict and its impact on the internal environment of Iraqi organizations—requires examining organizational conflict management strategies. This includes assessing their adaptability, development, and application in Iraqi business organizations as proposed strategies.

To achieve this objective, this study is structured into three sections. The first section explores organizational conflict by discussing its definition, stages, models, levels, causes, indicators, and benefits. The second section reviews conflict management strategies based on modern organizational thought. The third section presents general recommendations for managers, along with proposed strategies for managing conflict in Iraqi business organizations.

The research focuses on studying the most prominent poetic themes addressed by the poet **Jawad Badaqat Al-Asadi (1281 AH)** and the artistic characteristics of his poetry, which were influenced by his religious environment— the city of Karbala, Iraq. We relied on his printed diwan from 1999 in Beirut, compiled and edited by Mr. **Salman Hadi Al-Ta'ma**. Among his poetic themes were praise, elegy, love, description, brotherhood, and other themes that we discussed in the research, with examples from his poetry. The research also addressed the main characteristics found in his poems, such as the openings of the verses, poetic rhythm, words, structures, and artistic imagery. The poet composed his poetry using known Arabic poetic meters, including **al-Kamil**, **al-Tawil**, **al-Rajaz**, **al-Muqta'ib**, etc. We conducted a detailed analysis of his poetry using the tools of modern literary criticism.

In light of the increasing attention to the juvenile justice system and its resulting consequences, whether locally, regionally, or internationally, the Iraqi legislator, in line with contemporary laws, has enacted a special law for juveniles and vagrants, namely Law No. 76 of 1983, to replace the old Law No. 64 of 1972. This law includes both substantive and procedural provisions related to the treatment of delinquent juveniles, their trial procedures, and the actions or measures that can be taken against them. The law provides, within certain limits, a range of legislative guarantees that offer some assistance to delinquent and vagrant juveniles in terms of their rehabilitation and social integration. The law also guarantees, within certain limits, post-care for juveniles and vagrants sentenced to rehabilitative measures to prevent them from returning to crime, delinquency, or deviance in the future. It also emphasizes the importance of prevention programs and social care initiatives aimed at reducing the likelihood of deviance and crime. The law further stipulates the responsibility of the guardian for neglecting their duties toward the juvenile in a way that leads them to deviance, vagrancy, or delinquency. Additionally, it provides for the possibility of depriving the guardian of their authority over the juvenile if necessary for their welfare or interest. The law also includes provisions for cases where a delinquent juvenile may be placed under supervision or conditional release, as well as how to assess their social and environmental conditions and the reasons behind their deviance and criminal behavior.

In light of the increasing attention to the juvenile justice system and its resulting consequences, whether locally, regionally, or internationally, the Iraqi legislator, in line with contemporary laws, has enacted a special law for juveniles and vagrants, namely Law No. 76 of 1983, to replace the old Law No. 64 of 1972. This law includes both substantive and procedural provisions related to the treatment of delinquent juveniles, their trial procedures, and the actions or measures that can be taken against them. The law provides, within certain limits, a range of legislative guarantees that offer some assistance to delinquent and vagrant juveniles in terms of their rehabilitation and social integration. The law also guarantees, within certain limits, post-care for juveniles and vagrants sentenced to rehabilitative measures to prevent them from returning to crime, delinquency, or deviance in the future. It also emphasizes the importance of prevention programs and social care initiatives aimed at reducing the likelihood of deviance and crime. The law further stipulates the responsibility of the guardian for neglecting their duties toward the juvenile in a way that leads them to deviance, vagrancy, or delinquency. Additionally, it provides for the possibility of depriving the guardian of their authority over the juvenile if necessary for their welfare or interest. The law also includes provisions for cases where a delinquent juvenile may be placed under supervision or conditional release, as well as how to assess their social and environmental conditions and the reasons behind their deviance and criminal behavior.

It is well known that any social methodological study of literature requires examining the specific nature of this literature and its own laws, alongside understanding the social reality that frames it. This must come from a comprehensive understanding of the meaning of the literary work and clarifying the network of meanings revealed through the internal analysis of the entire work. It involves establishing relationships between this network and similar ones drawn from studying the social reality of the group from which the work originated, considering it both as the subject of literary creation – on one hand – and as the place of literary consumption – on the other hand.

The complexity of economic life has clearly demonstrated, without question, that many participants lack sufficient expertise to fully understand contracts, the subject matter, its specifications, defects, effectiveness, and risks. Therefore, modern legislations have established various means to protect consumers, especially from professional producers or sellers. Among these means is the obligation of disclosure in contracts, particularly those conducted remotely, with a greater focus on electronic contracts, which are contracts made through modern electronic means over the internet.

The Arabic prose poem had to overcome many challenges, perhaps the most prominent of which is the relationship between its pioneers in the Arab world and their mentors in the West. The question is whether this relationship is one of positive influence, based on benefiting from the experiences of others, or whether it is one of imitation. If it is the former, who can claim that our emerging poet stands as one who is simply influenced, not imitative? And if it is the latter, why imitate the West with all its differences in personal and intellectual environment?

The Arabic prose poem had to overcome many challenges, perhaps the most prominent of which is the relationship between its pioneers in the Arab world and their mentors in the West. The question is whether this relationship is one of positive influence, based on benefiting from the experiences of others, or whether it is one of imitation. If it is the former, who can claim that our emerging poet stands as one who is simply influenced, not imitative? And if it is the latter, why imitate the West with all its differences in personal and intellectual environment?

This study aimed to identify the level of importance of educational research among educational supervisors and specialists in Karbala Governorate, as well as the extent to which educational supervisors and specialists practice educational research, and the obstacles and problems that reduce their work in this field. The study sample included 30 educational supervisors and specialists, consisting of 10 specialist supervisors and 20 educational supervisors, representing 50% of the original population from which the sample was taken, consisting of 60 educational supervisors and specialists, 20 of whom are specialist supervisors and 40 educational supervisors. The researcher used questionnaires as a tool for the study, as well as personal interviews. After verifying the validity and reliability of the research tool, which consisted of 36 items distributed across three areas: importance, practice of educational research, and obstacles, each with 12 items. After statistically processing the data using Pearson correlation for reliability and the weighted mean formula to measure the severity, the research reached the following results:

1. **In the area of importance**: The perceptions of educational supervisors and specialists about the importance of educational research were good, with a weighted mean of 2.52 and a percentage weight of 84.2%. In the item section, the statement "Educational research contributes to the development of the educational process" received the highest rating, while the lowest rating was for the item "Educational research is not important at the level of teachers, educators, and educational supervisors, and its importance lies only in the university sector."

2. **In the area of practice**: The practice of educational supervisors and specialists was good, with a weighted mean of 23.2 and a percentage weight of 74.2%. Although this percentage is good, it does not reach the level of ambition. The item "I am able to write educational research chapters according to my specialty" received the highest weighted mean of 2.33 and a percentage weight of 77.77%, while the item "I support the lectures I give with the results of educational research" received the lowest degree, with a weighted mean of 2.2 and a percentage weight of 73.8%.

3. **In the area of obstacles**: This area received a weighted mean of 2.83 and a percentage weight of 72.2%, which is a high percentage indicating the presence of problems and obstacles hindering their work in the field of educational research. The item "Lack of material and moral incentives provided to researchers" received the highest weighted mean of 2.53 and a percentage weight of 84.4%, while the item "Lack of conviction among most educational supervisors and specialists about educational research" received the lowest degree with a weighted mean of 2.83 and a percentage weight of 72.2%.

The researcher recommended forming committees in the Directorate General of Education to follow up on scientific research, establishing a research unit to develop research work in the Directorate General of Education in Karbala, benefiting from the scientific expertise at Karbala University, and addressing the obstacles and problems faced by researchers that reduce their contribution to scientific research.

The world is witnessing a significant and rapid development in communication technology, to the point where modern communication tools, primarily the internet, have become indispensable. This is due to the tremendous advancement in communication networks, which has eliminated geographical boundaries and introduced the concept of the automated electronic agent in electronic transactions. It has become possible to conclude contracts between a human and a machine, or between machines, through the pre-programming of a computer system to execute contracts and deals. This means that a contract, in its traditional sense, is concluded between one human and another, and its dealings are subject to the general rules of contracts. This raises the question of whether these rules can be applied to the electronic agent, through which transactions are conducted without any human involvement, or whether contracting through the electronic agent is subject to rules specific to the electronic environment, and what those rules are, if they exist.

The need to learn languages and master them has increased in this era more than ever before, due to the frequent travel between countries and the strong desire to explore the literature and sciences of different nations. Language holds significant value beyond its cultural importance, as it is closely tied to national identity. Therefore, it is considered one of the strongest factors for unity and harmony. It is worth noting that learning any language in the world faces some challenges and difficulties, which primarily stem from within the educational process, including the teacher, the student, the learning environment, teaching methods, and the educational material, along with other educational and pedagogical problems.

The right of selection, or what is known in legal jurisprudence as the discretionary obligation, is when there are two or more things, any of which could serve as the subject of fulfilling the obligation, so that if the debtor performs one of them, his debt is considered settled. The practical benefits of this option are evident, as it allows for time to think, reflect, and consult with experts in the matters of sale. For instance, if someone wants to buy merchandise and goes to a merchant where several types of goods are available, he may choose among them but is unaware of the nature of each one. In such a case, the buyer may agree with the merchant on the price of each item, with the right of either the buyer or the merchant, depending on the situation, to select one of them within three days. During this period, the buyer can inquire about the nature of each good from experts and those familiar with trade matters, seek their advice, and then choose one of the items.

This is a literary, analytical study of the theme of nostalgia for the homeland in the poetry of Ahmed Al-Waeli. Through my discussion, I addressed these aspects with a focus on the concept of the homeland and patriotism, represented by nostalgia, praise, and supplication from a literary perspective, particularly the poetic texts that remain confined within the collection, lacking their artistic sensitivity and literary and poetic dimensions. The nation has not yet fully appreciated them from this functional aspect, which is fundamental to its existence and effectiveness as it represents a noble national symbol and an ideal that the poet cares for. These texts point to stirring the human soul to touch the world of noble virtues, in addition to achieving national completeness, with loyalty to the homeland as its ultimate goal. Thus, I have opened a new door in studying the national aspect of Al-Waeli’s poetry, providing a fresh literary analysis of his poetic texts that aligns with the vision of the modern age and the spirit of contemporary times.

When humans tampered with the environmental balance in pursuit of welfare and civilization, they found themselves paying a heavy price due to the pollution of the environment they live in with all types of pollutants, the most dangerous of which is radioactive pollution. Radioactive pollution is considered one of the most severe modern risks faced by humanity in the second half of the twentieth century. Since nuclear radiation's harmful effects are not only present at the moment of the nuclear disaster but also persist for many years, an example being the Chernobyl disaster that occurred in the former Soviet Union in 1986, and due to the incompatibility of general civil liability rules with the unique risks of pollution and environmental damage in general, this led the international community to seek, in particular, a system that aligns with the unique nature of the damages caused by radioactive pollution resulting from nuclear activities. This concern led to the establishment of international agreements specifically addressing the civil liability of the operator of a nuclear facility.

When humans tampered with the environmental balance in pursuit of welfare and civilization, they found themselves paying a heavy price due to the pollution of the environment they live in with all types of pollutants, the most dangerous of which is radioactive pollution. Radioactive pollution is considered one of the most severe modern risks faced by humanity in the second half of the twentieth century. Since nuclear radiation's harmful effects are not only present at the moment of the nuclear disaster but also persist for many years, an example being the Chernobyl disaster that occurred in the former Soviet Union in 1986, and due to the incompatibility of general civil liability rules with the unique risks of pollution and environmental damage in general, this led the international community to seek, in particular, a system that aligns with the unique nature of the damages caused by radioactive pollution resulting from nuclear activities. This concern led to the establishment of international agreements specifically addressing the civil liability of the operator of a nuclear facility.

The public prosecution is considered an active body in criminal proceedings due to its role in all stages of the case (the investigation and evidence collection stage, the preliminary investigation, the trial, and then the appeal process, as well as its role in executing the judgment). In addition to its role in these stages, the law has granted it the power to initiate criminal proceedings. This initiation process is considered discretionary, meaning that the public prosecution has the discretion to either initiate the proceedings or disregard them. This is evident from reviewing Article (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code No. (23) of 1971. However, the situation changed with the issuance of the Public Prosecution Law No. (159) of 1979, which obligated the public prosecution under Article (7) to consider and follow up on citizens' complaints, whether directly submitted to it or referred to it by the relevant authorities. Since the Public Prosecution Law is a special law, in contrast to the general Criminal Procedure Code, Article (7) of the Public Prosecution Law is the applicable provision.