Journal of Engineering

In drilling fluid program, selecting the drilling fluid that will reduce the lost time is the first objective, and will be economical regardless of its cost. The amount and type of solids in drilling fluid is the primary control of the rheological and filtration properties. Palygorskite clay (attapulgite) is an active solid that has the ability to reactive with its environment and form a gel structure within a fluid and due to its stability in the presence of brines and electrolytes this type of clay is preferred for use. The aim of this study is to improve properties of Iraqi palygorskite 3CO2sh Naaoda sand austic soda NaOH csuch as additives chemical(PAL) by adding different with a different concentration in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid to satisfy the API specification and to compete with imported palygorskite. The palygorskite claystone of Late Cretaceous age is present in the Western Desert of Iraq within the Digma Formation. In this study, two areas in Western Desert palygorskite were obtained, Bahr Al-Najaf and Trefawi. The results of rheological properties showed that the performance of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL was more affected by caustic soda than Trefawi PAL. In contrast, Trefawi PAL performance was more affected with low concentrations of soda ash than Bahr Al-Najaf PAL in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid. Also, these additives lead to improve the value of pH in both fresh and salt drilling fluid that increases the ability of clay to be more dispersed in drilling fluid. Besides that, enhancement of drilling fluid prepared with Iraqi palygorskite stability to 85 and 80 in fresh
and saltwater, respectively, was observed with soda ash additions.

The aim of this study is interpretation well logs to determine Petrophysical properties of tertiary reservoir in Khabaz oil field using IP software (V.3.5). The study consisted of seven wells which distributed in Khabaz oilfield. Tertiary reservoir composed from mainly several reservoir units. These units are : Jeribe, Unit (A), Unit (A'), Unit (B), Unit (BE), Unit (E),the Unit (B) considers best reservoir unit because it has good Petrophysical properties (low water saturation and high porous media ) with high existence of hydrocarbon in this unit. Several well logging tools such as Neutron, Density, and Sonic log were used to identify total porosity, secondary porosity, and effective porosity in tertiary reservoir. For Lithological identification for tertiary reservoir units using (NPHI-RHOB) cross plot composed of dolomitic-limestone and mineralogical identification using (M/N) cross plot consist of calcite and dolomite. Shale content was estimated less than (8%) for all wells in Khabaz field. CPI results were applied for all wells in Khabaz field which be clarified movable oil concentration in specific units are: Unit (B), Unit (A') , small interval of Jeribe formation , and upper part of Unit (EB).

The increase globally fossil fuel consumption as it represents the main source of energy around
the world, and the sources of heavy oil more than light, different techniques were used to reduce
the viscosity and increase mobility of heavy crude oil. this study focusing on the experimental tests
and modeling with Back Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network (BFF-ANN) of the dilution
technique to reduce a heavy oil viscosity that was collected from the south- Iraq oil fields using
organic solvents, organic diluents with different weight percentage (5, 10 and 20 wt.% ) of (nheptane,
toluene, and a mixture of different ratio toluene / n-Heptane) at constant temperature.
Experimentally the higher viscosity reduction was about from 135.6 to 26.33 cP when the mixture
of toluene/heptane (75/25 vol. %) was added.
The input parameters for the model were solvent type, wt. % of solvent, RPM and shear rate, the
results have been demonstrated that the proposed model has superior performance, where the
obtained value of R was greater than 0.99 which confirms a good agreement between the
correlation and experimental data, the predicate for reduced viscosity and DVR was with accuracy
98.7%, on the other hand, the μ and DVR% factors were closer to unity for the ANN model.

Channel estimation and synchronization are considered the most challenging issues in Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. OFDM is highly affected by synchronization
errors that cause reduction in subcarriers orthogonality, leading to significant performance
degradation. The synchronization errors cause two issues: Symbol Time Offset (STO), which
produces inter symbol interference (ISI) and Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO), which results in
inter carrier interference (ICI). The aim of the research is to simulate Comb type pilot based
channel estimation for OFDM system showing the effect of pilot numbers on the channel
estimation performance and propose a modified estimation method for STO with less number of
pilot to mitigate ISI effect. Channel estimation is simulated for different pilot number with 16QAM
modulation in Ped-A Rayleigh channel. The STO effect assumed less than the cyclic prefix length
to minimize ISI and maintain the orthogonality between subcarriers. The simulation results show
that the high number of pilots are needed to achieve good channel estimation in case no
synchronization used while similar results are achieved with smaller number of pilots if the
propose modification on the synchronization method are used aligned with the channel estimation.
The proposed system is evaluated in terms of BER and SNR.

Twitter is becoming an increasingly popular platform used by financial analysts to monitor and
forecast financial markets. In this paper we investigate the impact of the sentiments expressed in
Twitter on the subsequent market movement, specifically the bitcoin exchange rate. This study is
divided into two phases, the first phase is sentiment analysis, and the second phase is correlation
and regression. We analyzed tweets associated with the Bitcoin in order to determine if the user’s
sentiment contained within those tweets reflects the exchange rate of the currency. The sentiment
of users over a 2-month period is classified as having a positive or negative sentiment of the digital
currency using the proposed CNN-LSTM deep learning model. By applying Pearson's correlation,
we found that the sentiment of the day (d) had a positive effect on the future Bitcoin returns on the
next day (d+1). The prediction accuracy of the linear regression model for the next day's revenue
was 78%.

Microbial fuel cell is a device that uses the microorganism metabolism for the production of
electricity under specific operating conditions. Double chamber microbial fuel cell was tested for
the use of two cheap electrode materials copper and aluminum for the production of electricity
under different operating conditions. The investigated conditions were concentration of
microorganism (yeast) (0.5- 2 g/l), solutions temperature (33-45 oC) and concentration of glucose
as a substrate (1.5- 6 g/l). The results demonstrated that copper electrode exhibit good performance
while the performance of aluminum is poor. The electricity is generated with and without the
addition of substrate. Addition of glucose substrate up to 3 g/l increased the produced current but
with further increase of the amount of substrate, the current generated decreases. The optimum
temperature for electricity production was found to be 36 oC.

Sentiment analysis is one of the major fields in natural language processing whose main task is to
extract sentiments, opinions, attitudes, and emotions from a subjective text. And for its importance
in decision making and in people's trust with reviews on web sites, there are many academic
researches to address sentiment analysis problems. Deep Learning (DL) is a powerful Machine
Learning (ML) technique that has emerged with its ability of feature representation and
differentiating data, leading to state-of-the-art prediction results. In recent years, DL has been
widely used in sentiment analysis, however, there is scarce in its implementation in the Arabic
language field. Most of the previous researches address other languages like English. The proposed
model tackles Arabic Sentiment Analysis (ASA) by using a DL approach. ASA is a challenging
field where Arabic language has a rich morphological structure more than other languages. In this
work, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) as a deep neural network has been used for training the
model combined with word embedding as a first hidden layer for features extracting. The results
show an accuracy of about 82% is achievable using DL method.

Error control schemes became a necessity in network-on-chip (NoC) to improve reliability as the
on-chip interconnect errors increase with the continuous shrinking of geometry. Accordingly,
many researchers are trying to present multi-bit error correction coding schemes that perform a
high error correction capability with the simplest design possible to minimize area and power
consumption. A recent work, Multi-bit Error Correcting Coding with Reduced Link Bandwidth
(MECCRLB), showed a huge reduction in area and power consumption compared to a well-known
scheme, namely, Hamming product code (HPC) with Type-II HARQ. Moreover, the authors
showed that the proposed scheme can correct 11 random errors which is considered a high number
of errors to be corrected by any scheme used in NoC. The high correction capability with moderate
number of check bits along with the reduction in power and area requires further investigation in
the accuracy of the reliability model. In this paper, reliability analysis is performed by modeling
the residual error probability Presidual which represents the probability of decoder error or failure.
New model to estimate Presidual of MECCRLB is derived, validated against simulation, and
compared to HPC to assess the capability of MECCRLB. The results show that HPC outperforms
MECCRLB from reliability perspective. The former corrects all single and double errors, and fails
in 5.18% cases of the triple errors, whereas the latter is found to correct all single errors but fails
in 32.5% of double errors and 38.97% of triple errors.

Shear and compressional wave velocities, coupled with other petrophysical data, are vital in determining the dynamic modules magnitude in geomechanical studies and hydrocarbon reservoir characterization. But, due to field practices and high running cost, shear wave velocity may not available in all wells. In this paper, a statistical multivariate regression method is presented to predict the shear wave velocity for Khasib formation - Amara oil fields located in South- East of Iraq using well log compressional wave velocity, neutron porosity and density. The accuracy of the proposed correlation have been compared to other correlations. The results show that, the presented model provides accurate estimates of shear wave velocity with correlation coefficient of about unity than other currently available methods

Alginate from Large brown seaweeds act as natural polymer has been investigated as polymer
and has been added to concrete in different percentages ( 0% , 0.5% , 1% and 1.5% ) by the cement
weight and the study show the effect of using alginate biopolymer admixtures on some of the
fresh properties of the concrete (slump & the density fresh) also in the hardened state (
Compressive strength , Splitting tensile strength and Flexural strength ) at 28 days. The mix
proportion was (1:2.26:2.26) (cement: sand: gravel) respectively and at constant w/c equal to 0.47.
The results indicate that the use of alginate as a percent of the cement weight possess a positive
effect on fresh properties of concrete at 28 days. In other words, increasing the percentages of
alginate addition has enhanced the slump and fresh density of concrete at 28 days, so the 1.5%
alginate addition as percent of the cement weight showed the higher percentage of increasing
where it was 2.5% for fresh density and 41%for slump of concrete at 28days compared with the
reference mix without any addition, also the hardened properties (compression ,splitting tensile
and flexural strength) at 28 days showed an increasing when using alginate at a percentage from
the cement weight, so the highest increase was at 0.5% and 1.5% of alginate addition where it
was about 40%.

The effect of different Ti additions on the microstructure of Al-Ti alloy prepared by powder
metallurgy was investigated. A certain amount of Ti (10wt%, 15wt%, and 20wt%) were added to
aluminium and the tests like microhardness, density, scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical
microscope (OM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were conducted to determine the influence of
different Ti additives on the Al-Ti alloy properties and microstructure. The results show that the
grains of α-Al changed from large grains to roughly spherical and then to small rounded grains
with increasing Ti content, the micro-hardness of the alloy increases with increasing Ti, and XRD
results confirm the formation of TiAl3 intermetallic compound during sintering.

In past years, structural pavement solution has been combined with destructive testing; these
destructive methods are being replaced by non-destructive testing methods (NDT). Because the
destructive test causes damage due to coring conducted for testing and also the difficulty of
adequately repairing the core position in the field.
Ultrasonic pulse velocity was used to evaluate the strength and volumetric properties of asphalt
concrete, of binder course. The impact of moisture damage and testing temperature on pulse
velocity has also been studied. Data were analyzed and modeled. It was found that using nondestructive
testing represented by pulse velocity could be useful to predict the quality of asphalt
concrete, the good correlation between the pulse velocity and the volumetric and strength
properties.
The potential benefit of using the wave parameters is for condition assessment of asphalt concrete.
The moisture damage exhibits a negative influence on pulse velocity by 13%, while the testing
temperature shows an effect on the pulse velocity.

Geotechnical engineering like any other engineering field has to develop and cope with new technologies. This article intends to investigate the spatial relationships between soil’s liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI) and Liquidity index (LI) for particular zones of Sulaymaniyah City. The main objective is to study the ability to produce digital soil maps for the study area and determine regions of high expansive soil. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation tool within the GIS (Geographic Information System) program was used to produce the maps. Data from 592 boreholes for LL and PI and 245 boreholes for LI were used for this study. Layers were allocated into three depth ranges (1 to 2, 2 to 4 and 4 to 6) m. A total of 1396 observations were used for producing the maps for both LL and PI, and 371 data for LI. Based on the results, the IDW method gives reasonable predictions depending on the results of R2 and RMSE. The results also showed that the study area has relatively large zones of high expansive soil that must be taken into considerations before performing any construction activity. These maps are essential for helping geotechnical engineers in making decisions and visualizing soils’ behaviors

Water is the basis of the existence of all kinds of life, so obtaining it with good quality represents
a challenge to human existence and development especially in the desert and remote cities because
these areas contain small populations and water purification requires great materials and huge
amounts of fossil fuels resulting pollution of the environment. Cheap and environmentally friendly
desalination methods have been done by using solar distillations.
Passive solar stills have low yields, so in this research, the problem is overcome by connecting
four heat pipes which are installed on the parabolic concentrator reflector with passive solar still
to increase the temperature of hot water to more than 90°C, as a result, the yield increases. An
extensive theory is studied to manufacture two systems: the first consists of passive solar still has
dimensions are 1000 mm × 500 mm and the glass cover tilted at the angle 33°. It is approximately
equal to the latitude of the city of Baghdad [(Latitude: (33.34° N) Longitude: (44.4° E)]. This
gives 5.04 kg/m2.day, the second solar still which is associated with 4 heat pipes gives a water
yield of about 7. 2 kg/m2.day. This means that the improvement in the daily production of distilled
water is 50 % over the productivity of the passive solar still All results above are calculated when
the depth of water is 1. 5 cm. In addition, heat balance for each part of the system is achieved and
calculations of the performance of the solar still are done by using the program in the language of
Matlab. All these results are compared with the experimental ones of different depths of water (1.5
cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm) which are taken from the experimental part to ensure the system
reliability at different weather conditions in Baghdad throughout the year and to give a good
approach. The system associated with heat pipes gives promising results and can be widely used
for its abundant productivity and durability of its components. (TDS) and (pH) value are carried
out in the laboratory and it is found that water is safe and pure for drinking.