AL-Anbar University journal of Economic and Administration Sciences

The public debt (internal and external) has serious effects. The most important of these effects is the obstruction of development efforts in all its forms, including economic development and its negative repercussions on economic development in Iraq. The aim of the study is to study the phenomenon of public debt and to identify its size internally and externally, and to identify some indicators of economic development and its level of development (GDP, health, education) and to measure the impact of public debt on these indicators. The research found that the hypothesis of research, ie the existence of an inverse relationship between the public debt and indicators of economic development in Iraq during the period of research, as the proportion of public debt decreased the proportion of indicators of economic development, and vice versa when the proportion of public debt has increased the proportion of indicators of economic development. The study recommended the need to reduce the ratio of public debt to GDP and to resort to internal borrowing when there is a need to and away from external borrowing as much as possible, and increase the proportion of investment allocations in the general budget in accordance with the size of the need, and these investments will be an important tributary of GDP, Contributing to economic growth and development.

The research examined the estimation of the function of demand for money in Iraqi economy and determining the factors affecting it. The methodology of the autoregressive distributed lag model {ARDL} was used to estimate the relationship in the short and long term, The study concluded that the function is affected by the following variables: GDP, exchange rate, inflation rate, real interest rate, population, and money turnover. There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables studied according to the Bound Test methodology, The value of the error correction parameter was negative and significant (-1.47), meaning that the demand for money requires less than one year (1÷1.47=0.7) to reach its long-term equilibrium value, which is a quick response. Free of all standard problems, The (CUSUM) and the (CUSUM SQ) aggregate demonstrate the structural stability of the estimated model and the predictability of the model was high according to the Theil test.

The unemployment problem is one of the most serious problems that the Iraqi economy suffers from, because it has negative effects on society as a whole, and solutions that reduce this dangerous phenomenon by supporting the private sector and emerging industries through projects that attract young people and contribute to their employment and scientifically By focusing on targeted projects, and such measures are enough to reduce this dangerous phenomenon in the short term and eliminate it in the long term, and Addressing the phenomenon of unemployment in the Iraqi economy is an expression shared by all parties ,the government, the private sector, and the citizen

The public debt is one of the major problems facing the Iraqi economy. These debts are part of a heavy legacy resulting from many reasons and erroneous policies that led to increasing the size of the debt. Therefore, the objective of the research is to verify the possibility of financial authority in Iraq, Economic criteria of public debt. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in order to know whether the Iraqi debt is within safe borders or that it reached the danger stage. . The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that Iraq in (2017) has exceeded the safe limits of public debt as the ratio of debt to GDP (64.5%), which is an indicator of the seriousness of the size of the Iraqi public debt and the weight of the debt burden and the inability of the Iraqi economy to meet The international reserves ratio decreased to (60.6%) in (2017).

One of the reasons for choosing the title of the research is a weakness in the execution of key blueprints Iraqi cities due to the continuous charge in land use and the negative impact on the dimensions of development , moreover , there is a difference between reality and key blueprint .
This paper aims at finding a balance among the uses of earth and keeping pace with the increasing population taking in to account the upcoming generations .
It deals with lard uses and the worlhing reality in Ana municipality to discover how well are the development signs are excuted .
The out come of SPSS shows that women participation is bigger in Ana (12,8). With regard to the axis of residential use and urban ststus has emerged (2,73%) is willing to have vertical housing (Ana). There is lack of interest in tourism .
The study recommends making better construction suitable for people. This can reduce pollution .

The central banks are important in stabilizing the general level of prices of goods and services as well as achieving some of the goals at the macro level such as growth and unemployment, etc. So both developed and developing countries have been quick to grant their central banks a great degree of independence to enable them to perform their functions optimally Iraq is one of these countries seeking independence in the framework of monetary and economic correction policies after 2003 with the issuance of Law No. 56 of 2004, which regulated currency in order to allow the Central Bank to perform its functions of drawing and preparing monetary policy in accordance with economic conditions and requirements . The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of the Central Bank in the formulation and implementation of monetary policy in achievement of independence Inorder to achieve the research objective, which is completed in the development of a comprehensive framework to define the concept of independence and knowledge of criteria and indicators that refer the independence of the Central Bank and its impact on monetary policy and the proof of the research hypothesis, was based on that the independence of the bank achives
The stability of the general level of prices has been implemented and the precautionary measures have been applied to control the supply of money. The hypothesis of the research was proved and that the Central Bank of Iraq obtained independence by 66%, which is very good compared to the independence of other countries. The standard analysis also showed an inverse and moral relationship between inflation And independence with the marginal slope of the inflation rate for independence (-36.266) and the value of the R2-factor of 88%. The analysis also showed a positive and moral relationship between the M1 money supply and independence. The marginal value of the cash offer was 5.22408, Hope selection R2( 0.16)
It was also found that there was a direct and moral relationship between the legal reserve and the independence. The margi2nal value of the legal reserve was 66.707 and the value of R2 (0.45) and the inverse relationship with the price of the policy was R2 (0.22) R2 (0.77) is an inverse and moral relationship and statistical tests show that there is consistency in the estimated models

The industrial sector has a Enjoy importance among the economic sectors at the level of developed and developing countries as it is the main engine of economic development. Therefore, this research was evaluated and analyzed the reality of manufacturing projects through several criteria and indicators. As a result of many factors, the research starts from the hypothesis that the proportion of the contribution of industrial projects in manufacturing declined after 2003, as the research aims to evaluate and analyze the economic reality of the manufacturing sector in Iraq after 2003, has been reached results The most important task, the absence of a clear strategy for the advancement of manufacturing during the study period, which reflected negatively on the efficiency of the performance of the industrial sector and therefore the inaccuracy of policies and procedures followed during the study period; Guiding the manufacturing industry in a manner commensurate with the national development plan, and the resources and capabilities of Iraq to qualify the industrial sector to cope with economic changes and competition.

The aim of this study is to highlights the important of financial technologies in banks through providing the financial service and its role in enhancing the financial inclusion to provide all the financial production to more customers , different ages and poor people focusing on improving their living levels by awarding them the credit in low cost as well as participating all sectors including small and semi institutions. The available of financial technologies whether interfused by non-financial companies or individuals or financial institutions the required credit quickly and low cost. Recently appeared new concept it is contingency financing that will contribute in supporting the sustainable development . the Palestinian and Indian experiment had previewed to get the benefits by knowing the obstacles which had faced and how to overcome , then the opportunity which support them . the most important conclusions and suggestions of the study is : the aim of financial inclusion is to merge all customers in the official financial system. Moreover , the obstacles that faced the financial technologies is high cost of internet , weakness of financial knowledge among the society . Thereafter the suggestion in focusing on expanding the range of financial services for the society that did not with banks. Moreover organizing effective electronic paying and providing alterative choices for the customers . then forcing on disbanding planning programs that will educate the capability of the society to interest with the productions and services of banks with complete knowledge . that will accommodate their consumptive and investment needs.

Sustainable development has become the most important elements in the evolution and prosperity of developed countries during the current age, due to its importance in the utilization of the resources and energies of communities. In addition to the great role of governance towards the transition to a capitalist economic system in developed countries generally, and Iraq in particular. Therefore, the study addressed the activation of the governance role's through its main pillars (transparency, accountability, empowerment, equality, participation, combating corruption and the rule of law) to promote the implementation of sustainable development strategies in Iraq. After analyzing the practical data, which included a comparison of the governance indicators in Iraq, and that based on World Bank data of governance, the researchers concluded that there are strong impact relationship and a positive correlation for governance in implementation the sustainable development strategies.

The research aims to Reveal the strategic role of sustainable tourism in improving the economic and social performance, specifically in the city of Basra by identifying the elements of the tourism strategy and to achieve the goal of the research adopted the exploratory approach to the views of a sample of tourism workers and some stakeholders A total of 43 respondents working in the tourist activity and relevant stakeholders in the city of Basra, a set of statistical methods were used, the research reached a set of results and recommendations that support the positive direction of the Sustainable in improving economic and social performance.

The objective of the research is to uncover the impact of IT elements (physical components, software, databases, communication networks, human resources) in achieving the effect on the marketing marketing mix in Rasheed Bank in Baghdad. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to a sample of 95 male and female members of different ages and scientific qualifications, 90 of which were valid for analysis. In order to process the data, a number of statistical methods were used Standard deviation, coefficient of spearman and regression coefficient using the statistical program (spss). The main findings of the research were the existence of a positive correlation and effect of information technology in achieving the banking marketing mix. The most important recommendations were the need to strengthen the relationship between employees intellectually and socially to support information technology and develop the level of marketing mix banking through the establishment of training courses to improve the performance of work in the Rasheed Bank. keywords: information technology and marketing mix banking.

The research aims to identify the relationship and the impact of human efficiency in the empowerment of working individuals at the level of the researched organization, which led to raise the following questions that represent the starting point of the current research and the content of it:
1. What is the level of human competencies and their dimensions in the researched organizations?
2. What is the level of the empowerment and it’s dimensions in the researched organizations?
3. What is the nature and type of correlation and impact between human competencies and empowerment in the researched organizations?
The data were collected according to the questionnaire form as the main tool for research. (40) questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of administrative leaders and employees in the Administration and Economics College at Mosul University, (33) of which were valid questionnaires and retrieved for analysis. The results of the research have been achieved depending on a number of statistical methods such as (correlation factor, and linear descending). The results of the research confirm the existence of a correlation and a moral impact between human competencies in terms of its dimensions and empowering the working individuals in terms of its dimensions and according to the conclusions reached, I have presented number of proposals the most notably are the need to urge managers in the senior administration of the researched organizations to enhance the moral support of the workers by showing confidence in their abilities and skills and appreciation for their efforts and support them in the form of advice and guidance to help them achieve the goals in a better way, which supports their sense of satisfaction and loyalty towards their organization.

Corruption is not a new phenomenon in our society, as old societies have suffered corruption as modern societies suffer. Corruption and administration are two words only if the bad side of the administration is to be met. Corruption destroys, destroys, and corrupts things. The spread takes a wide dimension in which different factors are intertwined which are difficult to distinguish, and vary from one society to another, and financial and administrative corruption is no longer a problem of a particular country but a global phenomenon suffered by all countries. At all levels and their adverse effects on all areas of life present and future.

Researchers treat many phenomena as having a non-truncated probability distribution, but in fact belong to truncated distributions . The estimators of the parameters by using the truncated distributions more efficiently than non-truncated distributions. This phenomenon appears in linear regression models. For this reason, this study is interested in estimating the parameters of simple linear regression truncated t model when the response variable follows t truncated distribution from two sides by using bayes method. Because a cumulative function can not be treated as a fixed quantity, it is difficult to find the posterior marginal probability distributions for each parameter of the model. Therefore, a lundley's approximation that deals with the joint posterior probability density function of the model parameters has been used to obtain expected Marginal posterior.

. Predicing is an important statistical process and process research or mathematics in building a countrys economic policy and the Markov's series is one of the methods that rely on a single predict period .The research aims to use the Markov chains method in predicting the production of chickpeas in Iraq through crop production data during the period (1990 -2017). The yield of chickpea production was estimated at 93.5% during the period 2018, 2019 and 2020. Through the scientific applications of Markov's operations, Iraq what explains the need for the use of improved seeds and reduce the use of pesticides and agricultural chemicals to maintain soil fertility and productive capacity.

The research aims to define the organizational culture and its role in enhancing the effectiveness of administrative decision-making among a selected sample of Salahuddin Governorate Education Directorate employees. The research problem is centered on the knowledge of the prevailing organizational culture pattern in the researched organization. Analytical results to be achieved, The questionnaire was as a main tool in collecting data and information related to the field side of the research, and the Salah al-Din Governorate Education Directorate was chosen as a field for research and testing its hypotheses, and the opinions of (62) employees of the mentioned department were explored, The research came out with a set of conclusions and proposals, the most important of which is that the organizational beliefs prevailing in the organization and the principles adhered to by individuals have a clear role in shaping the organization's mission and implementation of its strategies, as well as that participation in decision-making and the appropriate timing and ease of implementation is one of the effective administrative methods in achieving the goals of the organization.

The research deals with the methods that integrate among the dimensions of lean production with quality costs to ensure the production of products with international specifications at the lowest level of costs. In this sense, the research seeks to highlight the role of rationalization of production processes in reducing the cost of quality starting from identifying the problem of research, The following questions: Is there a significant correlation between the dimensions of the lean production and the quality costs? Also, is there a significant regression between the dimensions of the lean production and the quality costs? In order to answer these questions, the research presented a theoretical framework for the views of the writers and researchers in this field, supported by the field framework through analyzing the answers of a random sample of the respondents within the research community, The research concluded with a series of conclusions, the most prominent of which was the existence of a relationship of correlation and effect of the lean production dimensions on the cost of quality, and the conclusion of the research by presenting a number of proposals that enrich the field. The most prominent of these was the guidance of the research organization about the continuous search for sources of waste, Flawless.

Theoretical studies have often suggested that human capital has a positive effect on attracting and accumulating foreign direct investment. However, many applied research did not support the positive or significant impact of this effect, not to mention the fact that some of them revealed an opposite trend in causation. The reasons for this were attributed to several factors related to the size of the sample and the number of countries included in it, the nature of the variables employed in the analysis, the accuracy of the data used and the method of measurement adopted. This research involved 113 countries, covered a period of time over 30 years, employed more than 50 variables in different formats, followed the method of panel data, and presented the econometric results of Fixed Effect method, Random Effect and System Generalized Method of Moments. Thus avoiding most of the causes of failure in previous research.
The results of this research came in agreement with economic theory. The human capital variable emerged as a major and fundamental influence in attracting foreign direct investment and thus as an essential element of economic policy.

The aim of this research is to identify the role that effective strategic leadership can play in achieving organizational agility by exploiting the capabilities of strategic leaders to improve and improve the performance of organizations and to reflect their success in a world of change and rapid development.
The research (Rozhan & Ishizaki,2016) was used to measure the independent variable (Strategic leadership competencies) and its dimensions are (competency for achievement, competency for cognition, Willingness to lead, Business acumen Owning), While the Wendler (2014) scale was used to measure the variable (organizational agility), which consists of three axes. It includes two dimensions to measure the main axes of the dependent variable. The first axis represents the Agility Prerequisites, which includes (Agile Values and technology) The second axis is Agility of People, which includes (Workforce and change management), the third axis is Structures Enhancing Agility, which included (Collaboration and Cooperation and flexible structures).

Asiacell Telecom Company was selected as a field of research as one of the companies that seeks to be one of the most attractive and distinguished companies in the field of business. The sample included 46 employees of Asiacell Telecom Company, Najaf Governorate. The questionnaires were distributed including search criteria and their responses to these forms In the process of statistical analysis.
The study concluded with a set of conclusions in the light of the research results which indicated that Strategic leadership competencies can contribute to enhancing organizational agility. The research recommended a number of recommendations, including the need for the concerned organization to develop specific criteria and capabilities to choose its strategic leadership and to provide the appropriate regulatory conditions and procedures. In order to enhance organizational agility.

There is a great deal of awareness of environmental issues and corporate responsibility for sustainability. As such, from a technological point of view, green IT has become an important topic in contemporary organizations. However, the adoption of such initiatives among working people is very important and there is a gap in understanding how "In order to overcome this gap, this research explores the organizational factors that are essential for the successful implementation of green IT, and will also provide guidance to decision makers who are in the process of developing The research explained the organizational factors for the successful implementation of green information technology by taking the opinions of a sample of the individuals working in the company of the Karawanji for soft drinks amounted to (30) individuals and analyzed Using the data program (SPSSV16) a set of conclusions was reached based on a set of proposals.