Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

The need for history is as essential as the need for food, as history has transcended the concept of the past as mere stories and tales told at the tables of kings and princes, which were only needed by the wealthy, who found enjoyment in hearing historical events as an addition to their other pleasures. Today, history has a broader concept; it represents life in all its stages. It is not just the past, but also the present and the future. Nations today, in their race for civilization, rely on any civilizational value that grants them the ability to survive and continue in this tumultuous world. They delve into the depths of their history to discover this value and bring it from non-existence into being, so it becomes a justification for their existence on this earth. Every nation has its own experiences in life, and experience is the greatest capital of a nation, and history is what preserves the experiences of nations. From here comes the interest of contemporary nations in their history.

Investment gains its importance from the positive effects it has on the national economy. Therefore, the function of this important economic activity is subject to study and analysis before choosing the investment opportunity in which the available funds are to be invested. The failure or misjudgment in selecting a viable project will have negative impacts on the national economy, as the funds and efforts expended will go to waste without benefit. For this reason, financial and economic analytical studies of the investment environment and available investment opportunities are conducted before starting investment, especially in countries in need of investment, hoping that this will have a positive impact on economic and social growth in all its components. This research addresses an analysis of the investment environment in Iraq for financial and foreign investment.

This study addresses the efficiency of agricultural companies in utilizing their available resources within two frameworks. The first framework includes the theoretical aspect, which defines the concept of efficiency, the nature of investment in assets, and discusses activity ratios. The second framework includes the practical aspect, analyzing the results of activity ratios for five companies from the agricultural sector listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange. The study focused on a problem represented by the following question: (Do agricultural companies invest in their assets more or less than necessary?). The main objective was to (identify the efficiency of agricultural companies in using the available resources in their operations). The study started with a key hypothesis: (Agricultural companies listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange utilize their available resources efficiently). The study reached several conclusions, the most important being: the variation in the efficiency of the surveyed companies in using their available resources. Based on these conclusions, a set of recommendations was presented.

Loans have always been and continue to be of great importance to both lenders and borrowers, as they serve as a key mechanism for financing new and existing companies and projects, on one hand, and generate significant income for the lending institution, on the other. The Iraqi economy has witnessed significant growth in the number of both large and small companies and projects, which has led to an increased demand for loans and the need to meet the financing needs of Iraqi investors. However, due to the nature of the conditions, challenges, and risks surrounding the lending process, this has become a significant burden on the banks granting the loans, leading some banks to hesitate in providing loans and others to raise interest rates. The central idea of this research is to find solutions to the problems encountered in the lending process, most notably assessing the financial position of the loan applicant by relying on the credit quality index to examine and analyze historical financial data of the applicant's financial position. This will help determine whether the requested loan aligns with the objectives of the lending institution. To achieve its goals, the research aimed to provide theoretical and practical solutions, concluding that using the Sherrod model to analyze the financial position of loan applicants allows the bank to reduce the risk of loans by evaluating the financial strength indicators of companies, thereby enabling the bank to build its loan portfolio based on sound scientific principles, ensuring proper investment. The study concluded with several findings and recommendations, the most important being the necessity for the bank to grant diverse loans serving companies from various sectors and to build a loan portfolio based on scientific analysis, whether by relying on the Sherrod model, Markowitz diversification, or other scientific methods that can safeguard the bank against the risks surrounding the lending process.

The development of e-commerce (internet) cannot occur without creating suitable payment methods for this evolution. Payment methods are based on advanced technologies that have directly contributed to changing many banking activities. As a result, banks worldwide have worked to develop new channels for their operations, with electronic services being one of these channels. Given the novelty of these services, which have no prior equivalent in banking operations.

Water plays a fundamental role in human life, it is life itself, as stated in the noble verse (And We made from water every living thing). Rivers are considered the most important water resources used in agriculture, energy generation, and meeting the needs of populations, among others. The need for river water has sparked many disputes between the countries sharing these rivers, which have been resolved either through negotiations or through international courts. In some disputes, countries have severed diplomatic relations with the nations sharing the same watercourse, and others have come close to using armed force against one another.

The topic chosen for this research is a current and relevant issue, as the constituent units of both old and modern federal states, under the system of globalization, have increasingly taken on the responsibility of foreign relations with other countries at various levels. Traditionally, foreign policy in federal countries was the responsibility of the central government according to the constitution, as this task was not subject to the principle of the division of powers due to the need to present a unified front in relation to other countries.

Credit cards are considered a modern payment method, as they serve as a financial tool that substitutes cash in fulfilling legal obligations and are widely accepted by individuals and merchants. Dealing with credit cards involves several parties: 1- The global organization that sponsors the card, often carrying its logo, such as American Express, MasterCard, Visa, Diners Club, EuroCard, and others. 2- The issuing entity of the card. 3- The customer/cardholder. 4- The merchant/retailers accepting card transactions. The process of dealing with these cards passes through several stages, starting from the issuance phase, through the usage period, and ending with the settlement of obligations owed by each party to others. At each stage, there are contractual relationships between the card parties, and it is certain that the relationship between the issuer and the cardholder is one of the most important, as it represents the primary contract, while the others are complementary to it. Therefore, we will focus on this relationship by outlining its legal classification and identifying the consequences resulting from it.

Legal protection in our context aims to preserve the status and prevent any violation of it, whether it is personal protection directed toward the author themselves, the gifted individual who possesses a fertile imagination and creative talent. Through writing, lectures, theater, or painting, they can envision a future that differs from their present reality with their ability to visualize and express ideas. This gifted individual is protected by the law, which appreciates their efforts and production and surrounds them with a protective framework to preserve what they have created for the present generation and future ones. It also encourages others to emulate them. Therefore, the law extends its protection over them. Legal protection may also be objective, directed toward the work itself, as it is not enough for a person to come up with an innovative idea for the law to grant it protection. In addition, these ideas must be articulated in a tangible, physical form that becomes part of the real world, regardless of the type, method of expression, significance, or purpose.

Literature plays an important role in the lives of nations, especially when it is humanistic in nature and reflects the needs of humanity, regardless of place or time. This type of literature immortalizes both itself and its creator. Comparative literature studies play a key role in reviving and spreading these immortal works among nations, allowing humanity to engage with them and contributing to the advancement of civilization. The story of Bilawhar and Budhasaf is an example of such timeless stories throughout history, having been translated into many languages, more so than any other story. This article aims to provide a brief introduction to the story and the role it can play in the dialogue of civilizations. Keywords: literature, comparative literature, humanistic literature, Bilawhar and Budhasaf, dialogue of civilizations.

Ibn Maqana was an Andalusian poet during the era of the Taifa kingdoms, living through the political struggles between these states. He traveled from the western Andalusia to the eastern part, and from its north to south. He lived under the rule of Al-Mundhir ibn Yahya, the Emir of Zaragoza, and his son Yahya ibn Al-Mundhir. He later went to Dénia to praise its Emir, Mujahid Al-‘Amiri. He then traveled to Valencia, where he lived under the rule of Al-Muzzaffar ibn Abi Amir. He stayed there for an unknown period before leaving and residing in Tortosa.

The research discusses the biography of a prominent Andalusian figure, known among scholars for his leadership in both medicine and literature, especially in the field of *muwashshah* (Andalusian poetry). Ibn Zahr Al-Hafid, who passed away in 596 AH, was a skilled physician, following in the footsteps of his ancestors, the Banu Zahr. He derived his knowledge and expertise from them and engaged in literature, where he excelled. His *muwashshah* compositions were characterized by their clarity, simplicity, beautiful rhythm, and their ability to express transparent emotional meanings tied to the Andalusian environment and its enchanting nature. Through imaginative artistic images full of vitality and movement, he demonstrated his exceptional skills in characterization and description. His works were beloved, evoking contemplation and admiration. His themes ranged from love, wine, nature, to wisdom, but he often blended them together, which enriched his poems with diverse meanings and images. These poems were popular among the general public and often recited by singers at social gatherings.

The Qur'anic element is a tool used by the creative writer to shape his texts both in terms of vision and structure, form and rhythm, according to the context of the Qur'an. The "Alawiyyat" of Sheikh Saleh Al-Kawaz Al-Hilli, his poems in mourning the martyrdom of Al-Hussein bin Ali and the other martyrs (peace be upon them), represent a significant turning point in the poet's use of Qur'anic verses. He connects the Qur'anic texts, events, figures, and stories to the tragic events of the Battle of Karbala in a way that invites admiration and reflection from the audience. The study is divided into an introduction and two chapters. The introduction includes two points: the first defines the poet and his literary status, and the second addresses the concept of the Qur'anic element and the reasons for adopting it. The first chapter, titled "The Qur'anic Structure in the Alawiyyat of Sheikh Saleh Al-Kawaz Al-Hilli," clarifies how the poet employs the Qur'anic element and its influence on the construction of his poetry. The second chapter discusses the Qur'anic techniques in the Alawiyyat, which are divided into two: the direct, unaltered Qur'anic element and the direct, altered Qur'anic element. Both chapters conclude with a summary of the main findings of the research.

This research examines and analyzes Al-Mutanabbi's poem "على قدر أهل العزم..." ("According to the Measure of the Resolute...") because it represents one of the poems of artistic maturity in his second phase. In this poem, his mastery of poetic tools is evident, while it also reflects the spirit of the poet, his political aspirations, and the glory he envisioned as being realized in the praised figure (the patron), after fortune had not favored him in achieving what he desired. A researcher exploring such a poem can find ample room for study and analysis, as it is rich in high-level poetic values. It is shaped by forms and styles overflowing with the possibilities provided by the Arabic language, enabling poets to draw from it all aspects of creativity and uniqueness.

It is well known that the approach of the early Arab grammarians did not allow any grammatical issue to pass without explanation and justification, in accordance with the grammatical school they adhered to. This is natural, as it is human nature to inquire about causes and seek explanations. Therefore, we believe that the search for reasoning and questioning about it has existed since grammarians began investigating grammatical issues.

However, grammarians have excessively relied on reasoning to the extent that they sometimes overlooked the fact that Arabs spoke naturally, and that language is merely a set of speech habits acquired in early childhood. This exaggeration in seeking justification led one scholar to ask Al-Khalil about the reasoning he used in grammar—whether he had taken it from the Arabs or invented it himself. He responded:

*"The Arabs spoke naturally, following their instincts, and they knew the positions of their speech. The reasoning existed in their minds, even if it was not explicitly stated by them. As for me, I have reasoned based on what I believe to be the cause. If I have identified the correct reasoning, then that is what I sought. However, if someone else finds a more suitable explanation for a given grammatical phenomenon, they should present it."*

This study examines the phonetic factors employed by early Arab scholars in their analysis of grammatical topics. Our focus is limited to the justifications of adjacency, prevalence, ease of articulation, and the meeting of two silent letters, as these are among the most frequently used justifications in grammatical explanations. We also draw upon findings from modern linguistics, particularly regarding syllable structure.

Ultimately, this research serves as an invitation to professors of grammar to incorporate phonetics into their lectures, benefiting from its insights when teaching their students.

The Arabic language, with its rich heritage, remains a flowing source of knowledge and wisdom for those who seek to engage with it. Words serve as indicators of meanings, and lexicographical work is one of the essential tributaries of the language, supplying it with vocabulary, structures, and derivations, as well as the meanings associated with each term.

Lexical meaning is one of the types of meaning explored by linguists, who have emphasized its significance in their studies. It refers to identifying the true meanings of words. However, a lexicographer may also trace the figurative meanings of a word, if they exist, after establishing its literal sense. This is known in semantics as additional meaning and in rhetoric as the figurative meaning of a word.

The Qur’an, miraculous in both its outward and inward aspects, frequently employs figurative expressions alongside literal usage. In this study, we will examine the root (Ḍ-R-B), clarifying its literal meaning in dictionaries while also highlighting some figurative meanings identified by lexicographers. We will then explore the Qur'anic usage of this root, seeking to establish a connection between the two meanings—or rather, between the two types of usage—supporting our discussion with verses from the Holy Qur’an to reinforce understanding, aided by available exegetical sources.

The linguist Ahmad ibn Faris (d. 395 AH) is Abu al-Hussein Ahmad ibn Faris ibn Zakariya ibn Muhammad ibn Habib, one of the prominent figures in language, grammar, jurisprudence, and Hadith in the 4th century AH. His fame spread widely, and he became well-known for his works in various fields of knowledge related to language, literature, jurisprudence, and Hadith.

A thorough and inductive study of the history of Arabic criticism reveals that Arabic criticism began as an innate and spontaneous practice, influenced by individual, tribal, social, religious, environmental, and artistic motives. Over time, it evolved to encompass dimensions based on analogy, standardization, presentation, analysis, comparison, and deduction, ultimately leading to the establishment of a critical theory with a clear scientific methodology. This was the result of the efforts of Arab scholars, including linguists, grammarians, poets, writers, rhetoricians, critics, and others, as noted by some researchers. Since criticism focuses on highlighting the aesthetic aspects of literature in general, both prose and poetry, clarifying the factors of artistic maturity, distinguishing them from others, analyzing their dimensions, and evaluating them, one of the most important elements that critics considered in their judgments of literary texts is (meaning), which forms the foundation upon which these judgments were based.

Ibn Fahd al-Shafi'i, is Yahya ibn Umar ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abi al-Khayr Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Fahd Muhyi al-Din Abu Zakariya ( ) ibn al-Najm ibn Abi al-Qasim al-Hashimi al-Makki al-Shafi'i, and is known, like his predecessor, as Ibn Fahd ( ). He was born on the night of Sunday, the 13th of Rabi' al-Akhir in the year 848 AH in Mecca.

One of the books that sparked discussion and controversy is *The Nabataean Agriculture* by Ibn Wahshiya. Some have claimed that Ibn Wahshiya forged the book in an attempt to fabricate the superiority of the Chaldean Nabataeans over the conquering Arabs. However, what *The Nabataean Agriculture* contributed in terms of agricultural and botanical knowledge to the Arabs and Muslims is undeniable. Especially since it is considered the first book of its kind translated into Arabic from the Syriac language.

In this study, we have addressed the topic in several sections. The first section focuses on the life of Ibn Wahshiya and introduces him. The second section discusses *The Nabataean Agriculture*, reviewing the opinions and ideas surrounding the book. In another independent section, we examined the purpose or objective behind translating the book, addressing the most prominent views on the matter. The following section presents some excerpts from *The Nabataean Agriculture*, analyzing them and extracting their most significant content.

We have all written research papers or essays in some of our classes to be corrected and returned by our teachers. We also know that a paper or essay covered entirely with red marks and filled with comments is disappointing to its writer. The textbooks dedicated to writing skills for language learners (non-specialist languages, like a second language) are filled with guidelines about methods and activities to be used in the classroom. However, these books rarely inform teachers about the things they should avoid. The aim of this study is to discuss the methods used in correcting writing, particularly in composition courses, and to highlight those that should be avoided. Most teachers agree on the importance of grammatical correction as a key part of any classroom. They also believe that grammatical mistakes are necessary. This belief is common and familiar among language instructors, but many researchers have shown that this belief is incorrect. This study explains why grammatical correction is not necessary and also tries to offer some practical suggestions on the type of correction teachers should follow when providing feedback on grammar. The researcher conducted an experiment on first-year students in the English Department at the College of Education, University of Karbala, based on previous studies, and the results showed that grammatical correction is not important in the early stages.