Journal of Kufa legal and political science

Procedural protection of dignity is one of the forms of criminal protection provided by the criminal procedural law of the accused in the face of the coercive measures taken against him during the preliminary judicial investigation . At the stage , the accused may face criminal proceedings that violate individual dignity and violate personal liberty in contravention of the principle of innocence until he is found guilty by a court order .
The most important of these measure is arrest , arrest ,search and interrogation , as the criminal law has the taken of reconciling two conflicting interests : the stat's interest in knowing the perpetrators, on the crime and the punishment imposed on him and the interest of individuals accused of protecting their rights and freedoms and not prejudice their human dignity protected by constitutional and legal texts.

The general body of a joint-stock company is considered the backbone of this company, because it consists of a group of shareholders, whose ownership of the company’s capital varies among them, and a board of directors is elected among them to manage the joint-stock company, which carries out its duties by actually managing the company in accordance with the powers granted to it by the Iraqi legislator pursuant to the Iraqi Companies Law No. (21) of 1997 (amended), and the same is the case with the Egyptian legislator pursuant to the Egyptian Companies Law No. (159) of 1981 (amended) and its executive regulations. As for the powers that are of critical importance to the interest and fate of the company, they are the responsibility of the general body of the company, in other words, the two aforementioned laws have both assigned the authority to the general body of the joint-stock company to manage this company indirectly, according to powers related to the administrative structure of the company, such as forming its board of directors and appointing an auditor for it, and powers related to the financial aspect, such as issuing shares and bonds, forming reserves in the company, distributing profits, and the expiration and liquidation of the company, in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the two aforementioned laws, to grant the authority to the general body of the joint-stock company to manage the joint-stock company indirectly. This necessitated studying the aspects of this authority for the purpose of achieving a balance between the management of the joint-stock company by its board of directors and its general body, and in a way that protects minority shareholders from the aspects of the authority assigned to the general body to manage the joint-stock company.

The origin in sales contract to be that if you find and conditions with this move ownership of sale to the buyer – the price to the seller street Holy patron of the interests of – them options in order to achieve the perfection of satisfaction of the contractors and prevent damage andavoids disputes and discounts options types of different is the mercy of contractors foe the purpose and make sure specifications item is check easily commerce, justice, between the ends of nodes when was one of the contractors to cheat or damage option pay for it injustice

The legal status of women with regard to acquired nationality, if acquired and acquired by Iraqi natural persons, generates legal effects on their enjoyment of rights or duties. Other effects may be caused to others as a result of such acquisition. But may also infect others, and may be Iraqi and may be foreign nationality, so we divided this research into two sections we address in the first effects of achieving the legal status of Iraqi women and its effects in the second for foreign women , With the view that the study will not address the impact on duties and obligations (such as military service and tax performance) being equal for the original national and emergency as well as for the impact on the multiplicity of nationality because the Iraqi constitution of 2005 allowed multiple and also allowed multiple Iraqi nationality law current and the requirements of the research budget also We preferred not to address it

Currently, the subject of the armed groups is considered one of the important subjects, due to their increasing number and the increasing non international armed conflicts
The phenomena of the armed groups within the regular army, or what is so called the ( army reserve), is not a new one; the American constitution1787 referred to the militias idea in the article(2) as well as the ( weakened army) or the ( Paseej) that had been formed in Iran 1979 which resembles the idea of Al-Heshed Al-Sh’aby which is formed as a response to the Fetwaa of the religious authority( al-Merj’ia ) in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf 2014 after the control of Da’esh(SISI) on a number of cities in Iraq like Al-Musel, Salahul-Deen, Tikreet and others), to support the Iraqi Army. The actions of Al-Heshed Al-Sh’aby is organized by a number of decisions issued by council of ministers. The act of the institution of Al-Heshed Al-Sh’aby. Act No.(40) in 2016 had issued to organize Al-Heshed Al-Sh’aby
The international agreement do not refer directly to the subject of the armed groups within the regular army rather, they say as in agreement of The Hague 1907 concerning the laws and traditions of the land war, and the third common article of Geneva’s four agreements 1949 and the second attached protocol 1977.

The Parliament can't exercise its constitutional powers except through its sessions, and the organization of the sessions is not complete unless there are elected members of the people. These members can't exercise their competencies unless there is a kind of discipline in the presence of the sessions and the commitment to the rules of speech and its control and non- With the traditions of parliamentary work and not impose disciplinary sanctions ranging from easy to severe and begin with moral sanctions and ends with the penalty of dropping the membership, so it is necessary to address these sanctions research and depth to give appropriate importance to this subject.

The legislation positions varied generally, and in particular the legislation of Islamic countries of polygamy between three directions: the first direction is permitting it without condition or restriction. The second direction is restricted by two kinds of restrictions, While the third direction is preventing that freedom absolute prevention .
The legislations which restricted the polygamy freedom by two kinds of restrictions: the first is the objective restrictions represented by the legislated interest and justice among wives and the financial possibility. The second type is the procedural restrictions represented by informing the two wives, the former and the latter, in addition to the court permission for polygamy.

The contractual Group establishes a contractual relationship between the parties to the contracts consisting of its meeting, so that they are counted in a single contractual relationship; what results from the direct contractual relationship (contract) produced by the nodal group, we have concluded that the emerging relationship with the nodal group is based on the fact that all its contracts are targeted To achieve one goal, and this one goal is the basis of the emergence of the contractual relationship of these multiple contracts.

This study deals with the legal regulation of the forced sale through the execution department when requested by a creditor who holds a court order or executive document, implementation on the properties of the person indebted to him to be put in the auction, and take the right of it. Since this sale is forced on the indebted and against his will, so the legislator was keen to put special provisions governing how to forcefully sell the property of the indebted.
These legal provisions and are characterized by two key advantages: first procedural and the other objective, and we chose to research in this topic because of its economic and social importance to the community. In order to reflect the position of the Jordanian legislator and the extent of his commitment to the organization of these sales made through the implementation departments, and whether its provisions have achieved a balance between the interests of the creditor and the debtor or not? This subject had to be addressed to discuss the legal texts that dealt with it and the statement of deficiencies in the light of jurisprudence and judicial

The countries with natural resources have continued to pursue effective and efficient means of optimizing their resources in order to advance economic and social development . This is achieved through the conclusion of contracts by the governments of these countries with the foreign oil companies and the sale of oil and puzzles , The importance of the subject matter lies in the work of the governments of the producing countries , To reach the desired results of the contract in order to achieve the best possible profits, and the oil-producing countries are the most important party in the contracts of licenses for oil as the owner of the investment by law and therefore the government to use its legal authority to follow up and Aqubh on licensing contracts for the purpose of protecting the oil interests of the public during the decade, And the producing countries have two pictures of the conclusion of the oil licensing contract. The first is that it is one of the parties to the contract, which aims to double its revenues and protect its interests to the foreign oil companies, which is not as easy as will be discussed in a later supplier, The second is the government\'s control of the entire contract and its conformity with the terms agreed upon between the parties to the contract .

The issue of the recovery of cultural property is of paramount importance in international law because cultural property is of great importance to the national and cultural identity of peoples. Cultural heritage reflects the civilization, progress and aspirations of human beings through the vicissitudes of the ages. The destruction of the cultural heritage of humanity through destruction, looting and theft. The international community has alerted to a very important issue: the exodus of the cultural heritage outside its native country and its exposure to illegal trade operations, Cultural property is an extremely serious international crime that requires international cooperation to combat it and the cultural devastation suffered during World War I and the Second World War and transfers from their countries of origin.
The post-war peace agreements provided for the return of the property looted by States that had been created in the name of the right of restitution in international law, a legal obligation to restore the situation to what had occurred prior to the wrongful act and the need to return illicitly exported cultural property Including the Hague Convention of 1907 and the four Geneva Conventions of 1949. The international conventions dealing with the protection and recovery of cultural property, including the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict of 1954 and the UNESCO Conventions of 1970 and 1995, International law, its legal nature, its conditions and the legal basis for the recovery of cultural property.
We also discussed the legal mechanisms for recovery by addressing the diplomatic and judicial mechanisms for the recovery of cultural property, and concluded the research with a conclusion that guarantees the most important results and proposals

The compliance is achieved by influencing the consumer's will through misleading commercial advertising, as is also achieved by keeping the trader informed of the data to be disclosed to the consumer. In this case, the consumer is a victim of professional domination. The consumer, who enters into an online contract, obliges the trader to commit himself to a set of obligations, the most important of which is the duty to inform the consumer about the contract before the consumer concludes the electronic consumption contract. In accordance with this obligation, the consumer will secure his rights until he enters into a contract. , In addition to the legislator to place the penalty for violating this obligation, as well as prevent the professional commercial misleading, as well as the requirement of clarity of the declaration. There is protection at the conclusion of the contract of electronic consumption, embodied in the right of the consumer to abandon the contract, which is a real and important guarantee to the consumer, resorted to when the victim of the contract of compliance, the consumer protection is also the arbitrary conditions established by the professional under the general rules as well as the special rules

The issue of recourse to legal applications for the protection of traditional biodiversity-related knowledge is essential to protecting the rights of the investor of traditional biodiversity-related knowledge, as they ensure legal security for them, in order to provide the work and guarantee their results. Applications that can be applied to the holder of traditional knowledge are expressions of legislative will and expression of a specific legal system. The use of these applications is aimed at the ability to eliminate the application of its provisions in order to protect the rights or holders of traditional knowledge, To contribute to sustainable local development and to expand and develop the local production and service base.

The demands of national unity and peaceful coexistence are a major goal in Iraq's political, social and economic agenda for its major crises, including the disruption of the social fabric of Iraqi society and the deliberate and deliberate stirring up of its natural components. And correcting the misconceptions that I want to be a feature of Iraqi society, where the talk of national unity and peaceful coexistence has become like something elusive, starting with dialogue and reconciliation between the political forces themselves, through the relationship with me Here, to the relationship of those forces of society (national dialogue).

The presumption of science is one of the most important judicial evidence in the case before administrative courts. The administrative courts in France, Egypt and Iraq have taken it as evidence. However, it is one of the evidence that has been debated among the jurists of administrative law. The administrative judge to this presumption and taking into account the knowledge of the relevant administrative decision and the consequent determination of the entry into force
In this research, we will examine two topics: the first is devoted to the concept of the presumption of science, so it is understood that if it is proven that the author is aware of the contents of the administrative decision and its contents, it is a certainty that denies the ignorance, which allows him to determine his status and position. Or to inform the purpose of the legislator and the purpose of them, the legal effect of the effectiveness of these decisions to the right of the stakeholders, as of the date of proven this science Valqini, and then specify the conditions that must be available as well as the position of jurisprudence and allocate the second section of the images that can appear By this argument, as well We explain its argument in proof.

This research sheds light on the unified philosophical vision and its absence in the 2005 Iraqi constitution, which was reflected in its articles and paragraphs as well as the application of those paragraphs. It also highlights the importance of having a unified philosophical vision with the legislator and the supreme legal text - the constitution - both, and the harm that Attached to this text due to its absence or lack of clarity and its reflection on reality