Iraqi Journal of Science

The current study was conducted on 100 females who were divided into two
main groups; 60 with breast cancer and 40 healthy controls. Blood samples were
collected from both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer and healthy
women. The samples were appropriately processed for the analysis of trace elements
(zinc, copper, and lead) by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry
(FAAS). The results showed a highly significant decrease (p< 0.01) in the mean
serum level of zinc of in both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer women (71.7 +
5.1 and 70.4 + 5.4 μg/dL, respectively) compared with healthy controls (89.7 + 10.2
and 97.5 + 13.2 μg/dL, respectively) . Also, a highly significant elevation (p< 0.01)
in the mean serum level of copper (157.2 + 13.9 μg/dL and 157.4 +11.9 μg/dL,
respectively) was found in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer women as
compared to healthy controls (122.2 + 15.5 μg/dL and 112.2 + 15.8 μg/dL,
respectively). Furthermore, a highly significant elevation (p< 0.01) in the mean
blood level of lead (20.7 + 2.5 μg/dL and 19.9 + 1.7 μg/dL, respectively) was found
in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer women compared to healthy controls (15.1
+ 2.0 μg/dL and 14.6 + 2.3 μg/dL, respectively). It is concluded that the disturbance
in the homeostasis of some trace elements (zinc, copper, and lead) may lead to the
development and even progression of breast cancer in both pre- and postmenopausal
women.

In this research, aflatoxins were produced, extracted, isolated, and purified in
order to optimize the storage conditions of feed. Using a preparative thin layer
chromatography (TLC) method, with commercially available plates of 1.5 to 2.0
mm, B1 aflatoxin was isolated from the feed samples of whole wheat, maize, and
crushed rice, and the procedure was repeated four times. A purity value of 99 % for
B1 aflatoxin was achieved and tested using spectrophotometric and chromatographic
methods. As solvents, acetone:water (85:15l) was used for aflatoxin extraction from
the feed sample, whereas methanol: water (50: 50) was used for trichothecenes
extraction. The primary findings of this research indicate that B1 aflatoxin reached a
maximum yield when coarsely crushed rice was inoculated with Aspergillus
parasiticus at a temperature of 30C°, moisture level of 35%, and incubation
duration of 7 days. The observations obtained from aflatoxins production process
provide an insight regarding storage conditions that need to be avoided in order to
reduce the incidents of feed contamination.

In this research, aflatoxins were produced, extracted, isolated, and purified in
order to optimize the storage conditions of feed. Using a preparative thin layer
chromatography (TLC) method, with commercially available plates of 1.5 to 2.0
mm, B1 aflatoxin was isolated from the feed samples of whole wheat, maize, and
crushed rice, and the procedure was repeated four times. A purity value of 99 % for
B1 aflatoxin was achieved and tested using spectrophotometric and chromatographic
methods. As solvents, acetone:water (85:15l) was used for aflatoxin extraction from
the feed sample, whereas methanol: water (50: 50) was used for trichothecenes
extraction. The primary findings of this research indicate that B1 aflatoxin reached a
maximum yield when coarsely crushed rice was inoculated with Aspergillus
parasiticus at a temperature of 30C°, moisture level of 35%, and incubation
duration of 7 days. The observations obtained from aflatoxins production process
provide an insight regarding storage conditions that need to be avoided in order to
reduce the incidents of feed contamination.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a very common cause of female infertility. This study aims to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with clinical and anthropometric characteristics of Iraqi women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Fifty eightwomen with the disease and their matched control group were included. Their blood pressure was measured. Serum level of 25 hydroxy vitamin D of <20 ng/mL was graded as vitamin D deficiency. The polycystic ovary syndrome group had significantly lower levels of 25 hydroxy vitamin D, higher body mass index, and higher waist to hip ratio in contrast to the control group. The difference in body mass index was more significant in the obese category. Within subjects with the waist to hip ratio of ≥0.85, who were all vitamin D deficient, vitamin D was significantly lower and waist to hip ratio was significantly higher in patients than in controls. Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients than in controls in the non-hypertensive category. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome

The major function of the kidney is the filtration and secretion of the final products of metabolism and the excess of electrolytes. The term kidney failure denotes inability of the kidneys to perform excretory function leading to retention of nitrogenous waste products from the blood. Biosensor are most accurate, with a rapid diagnosis ,more costly method than the traditional method to avoid any biological changes in blood sample that lead to changes optical characteristic (refractive index and absorption) of blood sample. The current study was designed to single mode more Sensitivity than multi mode for Biomarkers were recorded for Albumin 5447.06, 5193.93 and Urea sample 2623.14, 1998.44 in sm and mm respectively .

Bioethanol is an attractive fuel with higher potential for energy security and
environmental safety. Olive solid residues were used as a raw material for the
production of bioethanol through the use of different preliminary treatments .
Separate treatments with cellulose, hydrochloric acid (HCl 5%), sulfuric acid
(H2SO4 2%), and liquid ammonia NH4OH (20%) were used to convert cellulose and
hemicellulose into monosaccharaides. The production of ethanol was observed
during the fermentation process using R. minuta under anaerobic conditions. After 3
days of fermentation, lowest concentrations of ethanol of 0.233, 0.249, 0.261, and
0.275 g/ l were produced from olive waste powder sample as a result of separate
pretreatment with cellulase, hydrochloric acid (HCl 5%), sulfuric acid (H2SO4 2%),
and liquid ammonia NH4OH (20%), respectively, whereas the untreated sample
showed ethanol yield of 0.264 g/ l.. The highest ethanol concentrations for the same
samples were 0.510, 0.564, 0.737, and 0.696 g/ l, respectively, whereas that for the
untreated samples was 0.445 g/ l. The highest concentration of ethanol produced
(0.737 g/ l) was achieved after 3 days of fermentation of olive solid waste pretreated
with H2SO4 2% at 30 oC and pH 5. The average yield of ethanol resulted from these
saccharification and fermentation processes following the pretreatment of olive solid
waste was 0.59 g/10 g dry olive solid residues.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most common human pathogens in the world. Several studies that have investigated the correlation between H. pylori infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) found that H. pylori infection is more frequent in the patients, while the results of other studies were unclear. This paper aims to investigate the interrelation between the infection with H. pylori and type 2 DM in Dohuk governorate, Iraq. Eighty four diabetes patients (41 males, 43 females) and 92 healthy controls were involved in this study. H. pylori status was assessed in serum samples by using ELISA test. Out of the 84 patients, 65 patients (77.4%) were H. pylori positive (+ve) and 19 (22.6%) were H. pylori negative (-ve), with the difference being statistically significant. This paper found that diabetes is significantly associated with the infection of H. pylori in the studied sample of Iraqi patients.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder and one of the
highly progressive diseases which is indicated by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
The present study aims to study the effects of treatment with zinc and vitamin C on
glycemic profile [fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), and
insulin hormone level] in type 2 diabetic patients. The study included 56 diabetic
patients [30 without foot ulcers (15 without zinc and vitamin C supplements, 15 with
zinc and vitamin C supplements) and 26 with foot ulcers (15 without zinc and
vitamin C supplements, 11 with zinc and vitamin C supplements)]. Also, 15 healthy
persons were used as a control group. The patients were enrolling to Azadi Teaching
Hospital and Kirkuk General Hospital/ Kirkuk city/ Iraq; their ages ranged from 30
to 60 years and weights ranged from 70 to 90 kilogram. Blood samples were
collected from the studied subjects to determine fasting blood sugar (FBS)
concentration, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) level, and insulin hormone level. Zinc
and vitamin C supplements were used for four weeks by a group of the patients. The
results showed highly significant (P≤0.01) decreases in the values of FBS, HbA1C,
and insulin in diabetic patients treated with supplements (both with and without foot
ulcers) compared with diabetic patients without supplements (both with and without
foot ulcers). It can be concluded that zinc and vitamin C supplements have
improving impacts on patients with diabetes mellitus by improving glycemic profile
parameters, such as FBS, HbA1C, and insulin.

Iron deficiency is considered as a common problem facing the general world
population. In the current research, experiments were conducted to evaluate the
effects of aqueous extracts of Acacia senegal (Gum Arabic, GA), Spinacia oleracea
(spinach), Zea mays (corn), and Capsicum annuum (red chili pepper) on iron and
ferritin levels in rats. Vitamin C and fructose levels were first estimated in these
plants by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results
showed that the GA extract contained the highest level of fructose (853 mg.L-1),
followed by red chili pepper (635 mg.L-1), corn (521 mg.L-1), and spinach (271
mg.L-1) extracts. Also, the results of vitamin C estimation showed levels of 3.376,
0.645, 0.579, and 0.347 mg/ml in the extracts of spinach, red chili pepper, corn, and
GA, respectively. Next, thirty male albino rats (age 8-12 weeks, weight 120-200 g)
were divided randomly into six groups, each kept in a separate polypropylene rat
cage. Treatments of rats with various plant extracts were conducted following a
CRD complete random design, with five replicates for each treatment. The results
of lipid profile test revealed that GA treatment caused the highest reduction in the
serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, and HDL in the treated rats (76.25, 55.25,23,
15.25, and 38 mg/dl , respectively), as compared to the other plant extracts.
Evidence from this study suggests that the higher serum level of fructose in the
group of rats treated with all plant extracts enhances the process of ferritin
formation, possibly via increasing the level of bioavailable iron.

Alhagi maurorum (camel thorn) is a grayish, evergreen, deeply rooting plant that has
spiny needle -like branches. In our study, the phytochemical contents of the root
ethanoloic extract of A. maurorum were determined by using gas chromatographymass
spectroscopy (GC-MS). Thirty two chemical constituents were identified. We
revealed the existence of oxalic acid, anti-2 acetoxyacetaldoxime, sulfone, butyl
isopropyl, 2,3-pentanedione, 2-butanone, n,n,o triacetylhydroxylamine. di(1,2,5-
oxadiazole)[3,4-b;3,4-e]pyrazine, isobutane,3,4-hexanedione,3-hexanone, pentane,
3-pentanone, 3-butene, 2-thiopheneacetic acid, 2-pyrazoline, 4-hepten-3-
onemethylphosphonic acid, butane, propanoic acid, methane, azetidine, heptane,
butanoic acid, 4-heptanone, 3,5-dimethyl-4-octane, 3-methoxy-1-pentene, oxirane,
2-undecen-4-ol, 1-heptane, 3- methoxy, acrolein, dimethylacetal, hydrogen azide,
ethylenimine, acetic acid, and decane. The results showed that the roots of A.
marrourum have active compounds that are known to have anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
antibacterial, anti-ulcerogenic, anti-fungal, anticancer, and anti-malarial
activities.

Diesel generators are used in various locations throughout Baghdad city, central
Iraq, when the public electricity power is in outage. The main purpose of the current
research is to investigate possible changes in certain biochemical parameters in the
blood of operators of diesel generators in different locations Baghdad city, at both
Rusafa and Karkh sides. The workers were divided according to the number of
working years.
Serum urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (AlP), aspartate aminotransferase
(AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total serum bilirubin (TSB), and
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were analyzed in samples from forty workers and
compared with ten healthy persons as a control group. The findings revealed a
substantial reduction in the amounts of creatinine and albumininine (p <0.01( and
the value of GFR, while the levels of AlP, AST, ALT, and TSB recorded a
significant increase in the sera of the workers compared with the control group.
Differences in the serum levels of urea were statically insignificant.
The temporal analysis also showed that the continuous work in the generators’
locations for many years causes disorders in the biochemical parameters in the blood
of workers.

Enterobius vermicularis infection is considered as one of the important causes of
anaemia and malnutrition among children. This topic has recently received an
increased amount of attention. The objective of this study is to evaluate the
demographical, anthropometrical, nutritional, and haematological status of E.
vermicularis infection among children. This study was conducted in Al Diwaniyah
province, south of Iraq, for the period of October 2020 to the end of January 2021.
The study included 122 children from both genders (males, n= 61, and females,
n=61) and their ages ranged between 1 and 14 years. Nutritional status, body mass
index (BMI), BMI percentile, and weight- for- age Z score were evaluated for some
participants. In addition, samples of cellophane tape and blood were collected from
all participants. The cellophane tape samples were examined microscopically for E.
vermicularis detection, whereas blood samples were processed to evaluate several
parameters, which were hemoglobin, serum iron, and total iron binding capacity
(TIBC), ferritin, and vitamin B12. The results revealed a high infection rate (73.77%)
among the studied population. The results also showed a significant correlation
between gender and the occurrence of E. vermicularis infection. Males showed a
higher risk of enterobiasis than females. While no association was noticed between
each of age, nutritional status, and enterobiasis. Also, a significant correlation was
recorded between E. vermicularis positive status and anaemia. The results showed
that each of BMI, weight- for- age Z score, haemoglobin, serum iron, total iron
binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin had significantly lower values among those
who were positive for E. vermicularis. Finally, the level of vitamin B12 was
insignificantly decreased in children with enteroniasis. These findings indicate that
more hematological changes are expected to occur in children with enterobiasis.
Therefore, further consideration and investigation would be required on this topic in
Iraq.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflamed chronic autoimmune disease in which
genetics and environment are the most common causative factors. Peptidyl arginine
deiminase type IV (PADI4) is an enzyme responsible for the posttranslational
conversion of arginine residues into citrulline. Real-time polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) is a specific technique was used to determine gene polymorphism. One
hundred twenty three patients molecularly confirmed with RA and sixty healthy
control subjects were recruited. By applying the logistic regression analysis, some
alleles and genotypes were associated with susceptibility to RA. Under the allelic
model, C allele frequency was significantly increased in RA patients compared to
control (58.5 vs. 46.7%; p = 0.034). The odds ratio (OR) of such difference was 1.61
(95% CI: 1.04 – 2.50). Under the dominant model, TC+CC genotype frequency was
higher in patients than in control (82.1vs. 65.5%; OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.23 – 4.97; p
= 0.015). Under the codominant model, frequency of the heterozygous genotype TC
was significantly increased in patients compared to control (47.1 vs. 36.7%; OR =
2.52; 95% CI: 1.17 – 5.41; p = 0.028). The results revealed the role of the
rs11203367 variant of padi4 gene in susceptibility to RA in Iraqi patients.

In Iraq; there is a great demand for handling some epidemic diseases such as
hyperglycemia and hyperlipidema through searching some medical plant extracts
which the country is rich with and contains an important phytochemicals that may
solve the incidence of such cases. Aloe vera that cultivated in Iraq, is known to be
rich with biological active constituents. The aim of the present study; the plant
gel extract was subjected to treat an induced diabetic lab mice through injecting
streptozotocin dose with high fatty food to elevate lipid profile before induction of
the gel oral treatment of the plant. In the study results: the oral administration of
A.vera gel at concentration of 300mg/kg animal weight gives a reduction in glucose
level reached to 122mg/dl at the end of the experiment as well as the anti-diabetic
drug Glibenclamide in a dose of 600μg/kg body weight as the glucose level
decreased to 123mg/dl glucose in comparison to glucose level 250 mg/dL at zero
time. Also the plant gel shows an effect on lipid profile that include cholesterol,
triglycerides and High density lipoprotein levels; the A.vera extract after 21 days
treatment causes decreasing in all lipid levels; even in normal mice fed with the
extract only, except the High density lipoprotein levels had no change after the
extract treatment than the negative control.

CADTEL software was developed to provide the simplest and most versatile computing resource that a wide range of skilled researchers and designers can use. In this paper, a development on this program, relying on sixteen mathematical models, produced a new version of CADTEL software package which focuses on the optimum conditions of Scherzer imaging for round electron magnetic lenses.. These models depend on synthesis procedure which is mainly designed to work with the inverse design problem, and represent the axial magnetic flux density of desirable electron magnetic lens which can be proposed or selected , using the four (zero, low, high, infinite) magnification states. The program provides the freedom of selecting multiple models and changing its variables (which appear on the home page), in addition to providing facilities for numerous proposed magnetic lens. The objective properties calculated in the program were used to compute and plot the optimum conditions for Scherzer imaging
The CADTEL software was written in Visual Basic – 6, in an easy-to-use mode, even for a beginner computer user. The results of the analysis clearly show that there is an excellent equivalent calculation which could be obtained for the same lens from CADTEL software when evaluated with other counterpart software.

The shell model calculations with Cohen-Kurath (C-K) interaction were carried out to investigate form factors of elastic transverse electron scattering, and magnetic dipole-moments of odd 7,9,11Be isotopes. The effect of the exact value of center of mass correction was adopted to generate the magnetic form factors in Born approximation picture. The contribution of the higher 2p-shell configuration was included to reproduce the experimental data. A significant improvement was obtained in the present results with core-polarization (CP) effect through the effective g-factors. The occupancies percentage with respect to the valence nucleons was also calculated.

The goal of this work is to study plasma parameters for Fe plasma generated by
exploding wire (EEW) in carbon nanotubes-water colloid with three current values
(50, 100 and 150)A. In this research, the plasma electron temperature (Te), the
electron density (ne), electron density (ne), plasma frequency(f p), Debye length (λD)
and Debye number (ND) were found for Fe produced by Arc discharge plasma.
Boltzmann plot was used to calculate the plasma electron temperature (Te);electron
density (ne) was calculated from Stark broadening. It was found that the electron
temperature values increased from (0.4134 _ 0.415) eV and the electron density
increased from( 0.93 - 1.16)× 1017cm-3.
Keywords: Fe plasma, explosive wire,

We report the influence of different glycine-to-nitrate ratios on the physical and
magnetic properties for synthesized zinc-ferrite by microwave-assisted combustion
route. Phase impurity and surface morphology investigated with XRD analysis and
field emission- scanning electron microscopy, indicated that spinel structure were
formed.Average particles size increased with the decrease of glycine to nitrate ratio.
Magnetic measurement results indicated that high values of saturation
magnetization were produced with low glycine/nitrate ratio. Optical properties of
the investigated ferrites exhibited photo absorption from UV to visible region with
energy gap values that decreased with the decrease of glycine-to-nitrate ratio.
Mainly two broad metal-oxygen bands for zinc-ferrite were seen in FT-IR spectra.

In the present work, the radioactivity of ten soil specimens has been measured,
which were gathered from various sites from AL-Taimeem area in Al-Anbar
province, The qualitative activity of natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K for soil
specimens were evaluated by utilizing gamma-ray spectroscopy with NaI(Tl)
detector of (3"×3") dimension. The results revealed that, the qualitative activity, for
238U was varied from (14.730 Bq/kg) to (28.070 Bq/kg), for 232Th was varied from
(16.510 Bq/kg) to (29.480 Bq/kg), for 40K was varied from (143.820 Bq/kg) to
(231.550 Bq/kg) ,with an average values of (21.152±2.98 Bq/kg) , (24.219±3.93
Bq/kg), (190.720±22.20 Bq/kg), successively. To survey the radiological peril in
soil, radium effective activity, absorbed gamma dose in air, annual effective dose
equivalent (inner and outer), gamma concentration level index and both (interior and
exterior) radiation peril index have been computed, and all the existed results were
less than recommended by the International Committee for the Radiation Protection
(ICRP).

The seismic reflection method has a primary role in petroleum exploration. This
research is a structural interpretation study of the 2D seismic reflection survey
carried out in the Upper West Euphrates (Khan Al-Baghdadi area), which is located
in the western part of Iraq, Al-Anbar governorate. The two objectives of this
research are to interpret Base Akkas/Top Khabour reflector and to define potential
hydrocarbon traps in the surveyed area. Based on the synthetic seismogram of
Akk_3 well near the study area, the Akkas/Top Khabour reflector was identified on
the seismic section. Also, the Silurian Akkas Hot_shale reflector was identified and
followed up, which represents the source and seal rocks of the Paleozoic petroleum
system in the Western Desert of Iraq. Time, velocity, depth, and isopach maps were
drawn for Base Akkas/Top Khabour reflector and showed the presence of two
anticline structures trending east-west and located on the west side of the study area.
The first is termed as (A), represented by Tulul structure, and the second is termed as
(B). The maps show the increase in time toward the eastern side of the study area.
The general slope of the reflectors is toward the southeast of the study area, while the
increase of the thickness of the Formation is gradual to the southwest as well as the
northwest of the study area. The study area was affected by three transversal faults.
Generally, the faults have northeast-southwest trends. The Ordovician Khabour
sands are the primary reservoir in the study area. They are interpreted to be present
throughout Akkas Field as gas/condensate accumulation located 100 km to the west
of the study area

Yamama Formation is an important sequence in southern Iraq. Petrographic
analysis was used to determine and analyze the microfacies and pore types. The
diagenetic processes and the impacts on the petrophysical properties of the rocks
were also identified. The petrographic identification was based on data of 250 thin
sections of cutting and core samples from four wells that were supplied by the Iraqi
Oil Exploration Company (O.E.C). The present study focuses on the depositional
environment and the microfacies analysis of Yamama Formation. The results
revealed several types of microfacies, including peloidal wackestone-packstone,
algal wackestone-packstone, bioclastic wackestone-packstone, foraminiferal
wackestone, bioclastic wackestone, and mudstone. The latter was divided into two
submicrofacies, namely argillaceous lime mudstone and sparse fossiliferous lime
mudstone. The study showed that Yamama Formation was deposited through
various settings within the carbonate platform; these comprise inner ramp, middle
ramp, and outer ramp settings. The inner and middle ramp settings, characterized at
the top and middle Formation, have high effective porosity and low clay volume,
due to dominant packstone.

Let A, and N are a semiring ,and a left A- semimodule, respectively. In this
work we will discuss two cases:
1. The direct summand of π-projective semi module is π-projective, while the direct
sum of two π-projective semimodules in general is not π-projective . The details of
the proof will be given.
2. We will give a condition under which the direct sum of two π-projective semi
modules is π-projective, as well as we also set conditions under which π-projective
semi modules are projective.

In this paper, we extend the work of our proplem in uniformly convex Banach
spaces using Kirk fixed point theorem. Thus the existence and sufficient conditions
for the controllability to general formulation of nonlinear boundary control problems
in reflexive Banach spaces are introduced. The results are obtained by using fixed
point theorem that deals with nonexpanisive mapping defined on a set has normal
structure and strongly continuous semigroup theory. An application is given to
illustrate the importance of the results.

In this article, results have been shown via using a general quasi contraction
multi-valued mapping in Cat(0) space. These results are used to prove the
convergence of two iteration algorithms to a fixed point and the equivalence of
convergence. We also demonstrate an appropriate conditions to ensure that one is
faster than others

In this work, we introduce Fibonacci– Halpern iterative scheme ( FH scheme) in
partial ordered Banach space (POB space) for monotone total asymptotically nonexpansive
mapping (, MTAN mapping) that defined on weakly compact convex
subset. We also discuss the results of weak and strong convergence for this
scheme.
Throughout this work, compactness condition of m-th iterate of the mapping for
some natural m is necessary to ensure strong convergence, while Opial's condition
has been employed to show weak convergence. Stability of FH scheme is also
studied. A numerical comparison is provided by an example to show that FH scheme
is faster than Mann and Halpern iterative schemes.

The authors introduced and addressed several new subclasses of the family
of meromorphically multivalent -star-like functions in the punctured unit disk in
this study, which makes use of several higher order -derivatives. Many fascinating
properties and characteristics are extracted systematically for each of these newly
identified function classes. Distortion theorems and radius problems are among
these characteristics and functions. A number of coefficient inequalities for
functions belonging to the subclasses are studied, and discussed, as well as a suitable
condition for them is set. The numerous results are presented in this study and the
previous works on this subject are also connected together in this study.

A modified Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with fear effect and nonlinear
harvesting is developed and investigated in this study. The predator is supposed to
feed on the prey using Holling type-II functional response. The goal is to see how
fear of predation and presence of harvesting affect the model's dynamics. The
system's positivity and boundlessness are demonstrated. All conceivable equilibria's
existence and stability requirements are established. All sorts of local bifurcation
occurrence conditions are presented. Extensive numerical simulations of the
proposed model are shown in form of Phase portraits and direction fields. That is to
guarantee the correctness of the theoretical results of the dynamic behavior of the
system and to confirm the existence of various forms of bifurcations. The fear rate is
observed to have a stabilizing effect up to a threshold value, after which it leads to
prey extinction. The harvesting coefficients, on the other hand, serve as control
parameters that, when exceeded, trigger the system to extinction.

Keywords provide the reader with a summary of the contents of the document and
play a significant role in information retrieval systems, especially in search engine
optimization and bibliographic databases. Furthermore keywords help to classify the
document into the related topic. Keywords extraction included manual extracting
depends on the content of the document or article and the judgment of its author.
Manual extracting of keywords is costly, consumes effort and time, and error
probability. In this research an automatic Arabic keywords extraction model based
on deep learning algorithms is proposed. The model consists of three main steps:
preprocessing, feature extraction and classification to classify the document tokens
into keyword or not, Conventional Neural Networks (CNN) is used as a classifier.
Two types of dataset are building in this research to test the proposed model, the
first dataset form Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing (AJSP), the other dataset
from Jordan Journal of Social Sciences (JJSS). The experiment results indicate
promising results in the field of Arabic keyword extraction; the average accuracy of
Conventional Neural Networks is found 0.97 with average precision 0.92.

The widespread use of images, especially color images and rapid advancement of computer science, have led to an emphasis on securing these images and defending them against intruders. One of the most popular ways to protect images is to use encryption algorithms that convert data in a way that is not recognized by someone other than the intended user. The Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm (AES) is one of the most protected encryption algorithms. However, due to various types of theoretical and practical assaults, like a statistical attack, differential analysis, and brute force attack, its security is under attack.
In this paper, a modified AES coined as (M-AES) is proposed to improve the efficiency of the AES algorithm by increasing the algorithm's security to make the algorithm more suitable for color image encryption, and make it more resistant to many attacks. The modification is conducted on ShiftRows transformation of the original AES algorithm. To test the efficiency of the proposed M-AES algorithm, several images are drawn from the Signal and Image Processing Institute's (SIPI) image dataset. Moreover, the Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Entropy (H), Correlation Coefficient (CC), visual evaluation of histogram, Number of Pixels Change Rate (NPCR) and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI) are used as an evaluation metric. The results show that proposed modification to the AES algorithm makes the algorithm more appropriate to image and surpasses the original AES.

Image contrast enhancement methods have been a topic of interest in digital
image processing for various applications like satellite imaging, recognition,
medical imaging, and stereo vision. This paper studies the technique for image
enhancement utilizing Adaptive Histogram Equalization and Weighted Gamma
Correction to cater radiometric condition and illumination variations of stereo image
pairs. In the proposed method, the stereo pair images are segmented together with
weighted distribution into sub-histograms supported with Histogram Equalization
(HE) mapping or gamma correction and guided filtering. The experimental result
shows the experimented techniques outperform compare with the original image in
evaluation parameters of visual quality and image enhancement parameters via
Entropy, MSE, and PSNR, etc. taken for performance analysis and validation.

In recent years, encryption technology has been developed rapidly and many
image encryption methods have been put forward. The chaos-based image
encryption technique is a modern encryption system for images. To encrypt images,
it uses random sequence chaos, which is an efficient way to solve the intractable
problem of simple and highly protected image encryption. There are, however, some
shortcomings in the technique of chaos-based image encryption, such limited
accuracy issue. The approach focused on the chaotic system in this paper is to
construct a dynamic IP permutation and S-Box substitution by following steps. First
of all, use of a new IP table for more diffusion of all image pixels based on a 1D
logistic map to build IP table. Secondly, a new S-Box based on 2D-Henon chaos
was created using more confusion to replace G-channel image data. Finally, design
of a modern image encryption approach. This approach uses the key process
confusion and diffusion operation and depend on IP and S-Box proposals in the
encryption process and several shuffling operations using the 3D- Lornez chaos
theory. Theoretical research and simulation suggest that starting sensitivity value of
this method is high, has high protection, and encryption speed. Moreover, it also
holds the value of the neighboring RGB close to zero. The studies show that the
information security capabilities would be both safer and more efficient, as a result
of our image quality assessment study. Number of Differential Pixel Rate Change
Attacks (NPSR), Unified Average Altered Intensity (UACI), are quality and strength
of encryption processing are proved by pixel correlation, Entropy to be good results.

Nowadays, huge digital images are used and transferred via the Internet. It has
been the primary source of information in several domains in recent years. Blur
image is one of the most common difficult challenges in image processing, which is
caused via object movement or a camera shake. De-blurring is the main process to
restore the sharp original image, so many techniques have been proposed, and a
large number of research papers have been published to remove blurring from the
image. This paper presented a review for the recent papers related to de-blurring
published in the recent years (2017-2020). This paper focused on discussing various
strategies related to enhancing the software's for image de-blur. The aim of this
research is to help researchers to understand the current algorithms and techniques in
this field, and eventually may developing new and more efficient algorithms for
enhancing blurred images.

This paper is intended to apply data mining techniques for real Iraqi biochemical
dataset to discover hidden patterns within tests relationships. It is worth noting that
preprocessing steps take remarkable efforts to handle this type of data, since it is
pure data set with so many null values reaching a ratio of 94.8%, then it becomes
0% after achieving these steps. However, in order to apply Classification And
Regression Tree (CART) algorithm, several tests were assumed as classes, because
of the dataset was unlabeled. Which then enabled discovery of patterns of tests
relationships, that consequently, extends its impact on patients‟ health, since it will
assist in determining test values by performing only relevant tests. Therefore
decreases the number of tests for patients.

Recently, Human Activity Recognition (HAR) has been a popular research field due to wide spread of sensor devices. Embedded sensors in smartwatch and smartphone enabled applications to use sensors in activity recognition with challenges for example, support of elderly’s daily life . In the aim of recognizing and analyzing human activity many approaches have been implemented in researches. Most articles published on human activity recognition used a multi -sensors based methods where a number of sensors were tied on different positions on a human body which are not suitable for many users. Currently, a smartphone and smart watch device combine different types of sensors which present a new area for analysis of human attitude. This paper presents a review on methodologies applied to solve problems related to human activity recognition that use the equipped sensors in smartphone and smartwatch with the employ of Machine Learning and the advance of deep learning approaches. The literature is summarized from four aspects: sensors types, applications, Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models, results and challenges.

Automated medical diagnosis is an important topic, especially in detection and
classification of diseases. Malaria is one of the most widespread diseases, with more
than 200 million cases, according to the 2016 WHO report. Malaria is usually
diagnosed using thin and thick blood smears under a microscope. However, proper
diagnosis is difficult, especially in poor countries where the disease is most
widespread. Therefore, automatic diagnostics helps in identifying the disease
through images of red blood cells, with the use of machine learning techniques and
digital image processing. This paper presents an accurate model using a Deep
Convolutional Neural Network build from scratch. The paper also proposed three
CNN models each one trained on the Malaria RBC dataset with different
architectures for handling the classification tasks. Furthermore, disadvantage of the
traditional method of using transfer learning, and how to control model complexity
to achieve better performance was discussed. The dropout regularization technique
was used to avoid overfitting problems and minimize validation loss. Applying Data
Augmentation technique to avoid the problem of small data in training of proposed
models, which is a very common problem in medical dataset. Finally, removing
noise in Malaria images using a Median blur filter, and studying how effects of that
on training CNN models. According to the classification results, the proposed model
achieved better classification results at accuracy 99.22 on the original Malaria RBCs
dataset, and it has the best performance comparing with related work.

Abstract
In current generation of technology, a robust security system is required based on biometric trait such as human gait, which is a smooth biometric feature to understand humans via their taking walks pattern. In this paper, a person is recognized based on his gait's style that is captured from a video motion previously recorded with a digital camera. The video package is handled via more than one phase after splitting it into a successive image (called frames), which are passes through a preprocessing step earlier than classification procedure operation. The pre-processing steps encompass converting each image into a gray image, cast off all undesirable components and ridding it from noise, discover difference between two successive images to discover the place motion occurs, converting the result to a binary image, and finally use morphological operation to close holes resulted from the previous steps. The last and most important stage in the system is the classification stage, which depends on deep neural network. The results obtained indicate a high quality of performance and an accuracy of 99.5%.

Text categorization refers to the process of grouping text or documents into
classes or categories according to their content. Text categorization process consists
of three phases which are: preprocessing, feature extraction and classification. In
comparison to the English language, just few studies have been done to categorize
and classify the Arabic language. For a variety of applications, such as text
classification and clustering, Arabic text representation is a difficult task because
Arabic language is noted for its richness, diversity, and complicated morphology.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and a comparison for researchers in
the last five years based on the dataset, year, algorithms and the accuracy they got.
Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML) models were used to enhance text
classification for Arabic language. Remarks for future work were concluded.

Remote sensing techniques used in many studies for classfying and measuring of
wildfires. Satellite Landsat8(OLI) imagery is used in the presented work. The
satellite is considered as a near-polar orbit, with a high multispectral resolution for
covering Wollemi National Park in Australia. The work aims to study and measure
wildfire natural resources prior to and throughout fire breakout which occurred in
Wollemi National Park in Australia for a year (October, 2019), as well as analyzing
the harm resulting from such wildfires and their effects on earth and environment
through recognizing satellite images for studied region prior to and throughout
wildfires. A discussion of methods for computing the affecred area is covered
regarding each one of the classes and lessening or limiting the quickly-spreading
wildfires damage. This paper propose a 2-phases techniques: training and
classifying. In the training phase, the number of clustering is computed by using C#
Programming Language and feature extracted and clustered as a group and stored in
the dataset. The classification used the moments with (K-Means) classification
approach in RS (Remote Sensing) for classified image. The results of classification
showed 5 distinctive classes (trees, rivers, bare earth, buildings with no trees, and
buildings with trees) in which it might be indicates that the region is secured via
each one of the classes prior to and throughout wildfires as well as the changed
pixels with regard to all the classes. Also, the classification experimental methods
results indicate an excellent performance recision with a good classifying and result
analysis about the harms caused by fires in the study area.