Iraqi Journal of Laser

1

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on postoperative sequelae following extraction of impacted mandibular third molars

Osama A. Ali, Zainab F. Mahdi, Balsam S. Abdulhameed

Pages: 1-11 English

Abstract

Background: In dentistry, extraction of the impacted mandibular third molar is a routine treatment. The most frequent consequences following this procedure are pain, trismus, and edema. To address these issues, systemic drugs have been employed; however, due to their side effects, non-medication therapies have evolved, such as cryotherapy, ice packs, low-level laser therapy, and ozone, which treat these consequences without side effects. Low-level laser therapy induces biostimulation, speeds up tissue regeneration, enhances wound healing, and reduces pain and swelling through an anti-inflammatory effect. This might be due to the effect of a low-energy laser that increases phagocytic activity and the number and diameter of lymphatic vessels, decreases the permeability of blood vessels, and restores microcapillary function.
Aim: Its purpose was to assess the effects of low-level laser therapy on sequelae following impacted third molar surgery.
Patients and methods: Thirty patients were enrolled in the current study and were randomly divided into two equal groups. Preoperative clinical examination included measurement of maximum mouth opening and facial swelling measurements. The position and configuration of the impacted lower third molar, the surrounding bone, the mandibular canal, and the neighboring tooth were all assessed radiographically using a panoramic radiograph. Low-level laser therapy was applied extra and intra-orally immediately after surgery. On the second and seventh days after surgery, the maximum mouth opening and facial swelling dimensions were again assessed in addition to the measurement of pain by a numerating rating scale. Statistics were used to asses each reading.
Conclusion: A therapeutic option utilizing a low-energy laser following the extraction of impacted mandibular third molars has clinically beneficial effects on reducing pain, edema, and trismus.

Keywords

Impacted third molar improved postoperative sequelae Low-level laser therapy Pain swelling. trismus

2

Refractive index biosensor based on offset technique of coreless fiber

Saraa J. Aldulimi, Hanan J. Taher

Pages: 12-23 English

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Abstract

This paper suggested a biosensor structure using an offset technique between two similar coreless fiber
(CF) segments spliced between two single-mode fibers (SMF) for refractive index (RI) measurement of the liquid
pharmaceutical, where experimented with different lengths of CF sections for 10 mm, 15mm, 20 mm, and 25 mm with
different offsets for 2.6 μm, 6.4 μm, and 18.3 μm of symmetric CF sections. This sensor tests different refractive
indices (1, 1.333, 1.337, 1.369, 1.393) of liquid pharmaceuticals The wavelength shifting increases with decreasing
length or displacement of offset. The highest sensitivity was achieved, 255.5 nm/RIU, with the smallest sensor size,
corresponding to the highest refractive index of 1.393 for the Histadin syrup drug, obtained using the optimal length
and offset. This sensor has the capability to detect various refractive indices of chemicals and biochemical liquids.
Advantages of the proposed sensor include high sensitivity, adaptability, enabling faster real-time measurements, ease
of manufacturing and operation, compact size, lightweight design, and low cost.

Keywords

coreless Fiber. offset technique optical fiber biosensor Refractive index sensor

3

Influence of scanning velocity on Co24.7Cr5Mo5.4W alloy built via selective laser melting on roughness properties

Raghad Ahmed Al-Aloos, Ziad A. Taha, Onur Çomakli

Pages: 24-37 English

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Abstract

The utilization of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) in the production of intricate metal items has gained
significant attention in the medical and dental sectors. Products created using SLM must possess surfaces that exhibit
a high degree of smoothness. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of various laser process
parameters, specifically the scan rate and hatch spacing, on the surface roughness of Co-Cr dental alloys fabricated in
three dimensions (3D) by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The results indicate that a scanning speed of 700
mm/s yields superior surface morphology and microstructure. The parameter investigation conducted in this paper
resulted in the attainment of relative densities as high as 98.9% for the additively built workpieces. The present study
focuses on investigating surface roughness in Co–Cr alloys fabricated using powder metallurgy techniques, namely
selective laser melting.

Keywords

Co-Cr dental alloys Selective Laser Melting technology surface roughness

4

In vitro study of the antibacterial property of 940 nm diode laser against Streptococcus mutans bacteria isolated from dental caries

Noha M. Jameel, Hanan J. Taher, Tahrir N. Aldelaimi

Pages: 38-46 English

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Abstract

Background: The main etiological element of dental caries is Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) bacteria, so getting
rid of this bacterium has a significant impact on how well restorative treatment goes. New approaches for eradicating
bacteria in dentistry have been developed like lasers, metallic nanoparticles, and bioactive materials.
Aim of the study: This study\'s goal was to assess a diode laser\'s effectiveness as an antibacterial agent and then
compare it with the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) against S. mutans bacteria.
Material and Method: The study was performed by using S. mutans microorganisms collected from patients with
dental caries, then a bacterial suspension was prepared at a concentration of 106 CFU /ml and placed in an Eppendorf
tube to be treated with various antibacterial modalities, the 30 samples were divided up into three experimental groups:
Group I: Negative control group; Group II: Positive control group using 2% chlorhexidine; Group III: Irradiation with
diode laser (1 watt output power for 30s exposure time). The number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted for
each group after 24 h of incubation on Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar (MSBA) plates.
Results: A significant reduction in the CFUs/ml of S. mutans bacteria was observed 24 hours following treatment
by the two approaches (The diode laser and CHX). The findings of the study indicate a significant statistical difference
(p-value < 0.01) between the two groups in comparison to the negative control group that did not receive any treatment.
Furthermore, the group treated with the diode laser exhibited the greatest drop in bacterial count compared to the
group treated with CHX.
Conclusion: Both diode laser and CHX have a good bactericidal effect, but the diode laser had an antibacterial
effect superior to CHX. The diode laser was a successful and effective approach for eliminating bacteria and it can be
employed as a step in the teeth restoration process.

Keywords

Chlorohexidine dental caries Diode laser disinfection laser irradiation

5

Effect of laser cleaning parameters on aluminum 6061 surface properties

Zahraa M.saleh, Ziad Aeyad Taha

Pages: 47-57 English

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Abstract

This study investigates the crucial factors influencing laser cleaning processes, with a primary focus on
aluminum 6061 surfaces. Laser power emerges as the central determinant, as higher power levels intensify the lasermatter
interaction, leading to enhanced removal of oxide layers. A Microsecond fiber laser with a wavelength of 1064
nm was used in this study to identify optimal cleaning conditions, comprising parameters such as 3W power, a hatch
value of 0.003, a speed of 150 mm/s, and a spot size of 200 μm. Furthermore, the research uncovers intriguing insights
into the impact of cleaning speed on oxygen levels, revealing that higher speeds result in increased oxygen levels due
to dual heat sources—laser beam and heat transfer from adjacent cleaned lines. The hatch parameter's role is
highlighted in controlling the overlapping ratio, where closer line spacing leads to more effective cleaning and reduced
surface oxygen content, while wider line spacing impedes cleaning between lines. Additionally, the study explores
the potential enhancement of wear rates through laser cleaning, with material roughness playing a critical role, and
notes that cleaned samples exhibit fewer defects in their microstructure compared to their uncleaned counterparts.
These findings contribute valuable insights to the field of laser cleaning and its applications in surface treatment and
material quality improvement.

Keywords

aluminum 6061 laser cleaning oxide layer Roughness wear

6

In vitro study the effect of laser photon-induced photoacoustic streaming on the enterococcus faecalis biofilm in complicated root canal system

Ghufran I. Ibrahim, Hussein A. Jawad

Pages: 58-70 English

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Abstract

gallium garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser using photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) in the agitation of irrigation
fluids in the complicated root system that infected with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis).
Methods: The mesial roots of 90 recently extracted first and second lower human molars were separated, injected
with Enterococcus faecalis suspension (except for the negative control group samples), and cultivated for thirty days.
The samples were divided into five groups (n=15), first group acted as a positive control (inoculated untreated) (G1),
syringe irrigation groups were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (G2) and 2% chlorohexidine
gluconate (CHX) (G4), laser groups were irrigated by 5.25% NaOCl (G3) and 2% CHX (G5) with Er, Cr: YSGG laser
activation at 700 μs, 5 Hz, (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25) W. AFM, or atomic force microscope, was employed as a
novel technique to obtain data in the isthmus region. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also used in the
study to confirm the results obtained from an atomic force microscope parameter. Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) software was used to collect and analyze data, and the study groups' means were compared using
analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results: After the results were statistically analyzed, the laser group with 2% chlorohexidine gluconate and 5.25%
sodium hypochlorite showed a significant decrease in surface roughness than the syringe irrigation and the positive
control groups (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Based on the investigation's findings, the agitation of 2% chlorohexidine gluconate solution by Er,
Cr: YSGG laser in photon-induced photoacoustic streaming at 1 W offers a better mechanism for bacterial biofilm
removal than the conventional treatment technique. Whereas activation of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite with low-power
laser at 0.25 and 0.5 W increased its efficacy.

Keywords

2% chlorhexidine gluconate Atomic force microscope Enterococcus faecalis biofilm Er; Cr: YSGG laser sodium hypochlorite.

7

A comparison between diode laser 976 nm and conventional technique in treatment of gingival fibromatosis

Esraa Ibrahim Marhab1, Zainab.F Mahdi Al-Bawi, Afrah Adnan Khalil

Pages: 71-79 English

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Abstract

Background: Gingival fibromatosis (GF) is an expansion of the gingiva’s connective tissue. Appeared during the
onset of teeth eruption and postponed it. In order to remove this fibromatosis, a scalpel, electrocautery, or laser surgery
is recommended.
The objective of the study: is to evaluate the efficacy of a diode laser (976 nm) and its comparative benefits in
the management of gingival fibromatosis, as opposed to a scalpel.
Material and method: Forty patients who complained of functional and esthetical problems due to delayed eruption
were divided into two groups, one for surgical treatment with conventional scalped and another one for surgical
treatment with diode laser. Follow-up visits are scheduled on the third day of treatment, 1, 2, and 4th postoperatively.
Clinical assessment is done by monitoring intra-operative bleeding, pain through the first week of treatment, functional
interference, and clinical healing in follow-up visits. Overall satisfaction for patients and their parents was taken at
the end of the treatment visits. The t-test and the Chi-square test were utilized as statistical methodologies for
conducting data analysis.
Results: No or self-limiting bleeding in the laser group, lesser pain, and function interference in the laser compared
with the conventional scalped group. Better clinical healing with the laser group through the first 2 weeks than with
the scalpel group; all in each group cases achieve excellent healing at the 4th week postoperatively. All patients and
their parents are very well satisfied with the outcomes.
Conclusion: Diode laser is preferable in surgical conducting of gingival fibromatosis to minimize postoperative pain
and discomfort, enhance healing, and, ultimately, premium outcome.

Keywords

Delayed eruption Diode laser fibromatosis gingiva

8

The clinical evaluation of oral fibroma lesion removal utilizing two types of diode lasers 980 nm and 450 nm

Saad Radhi Al Ghazali, Soudad Salman Ahmed, Balsam.S.Abdulhameed

Pages: 80-89 English

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Abstract

There are a number of advantages to using diode lasers in oral surgery with varying wavelengths. Lasers offer several
advantages, such as reduced recovery periods, the potential to combine tissue coagulation with surgical incisions,
decreased discomfort, field disinfection, and a faster and more efficient healing process. These benefits result in a
decreased reliance on medicine and enhanced patient comfort throughout the recovery phase. This includes a large
AsxzwzA=increase in working efficiency at far lower power settings, among other things. As a result, unwanted
effects can be greatly reduced. It also has a favorable effect on wound healing. The purpose of this study was to
compare two diode lasers (450 and 980nm) to determine whether one is more effective at excision the oral fibroma
lesion with less discomfort, no oedema, and faster healing. In this study, thirty-eight patients between the ages of 16
and 45 were included. The laser parameters setting for both wavelengths were a pulsed wave mode, tip diameter
400μm, and the initial wavelength applied at 1.3 W power. The current study demonstrated that the blue laser with a
wavelength of 450 nm had more efficacy in excising the oral benign lesion. It exhibited reduced discomfort, decreased
swelling, and rapid healing, as observed. The findings of this study indicate that the 450nm diode laser is superior in
effectively eliminating the oral fibroma lesion in a clinical setting while causing minimal patient discomfort and almost
no swelling. In contrast, the 980nm laser resulted in some discomfort and swelling that persisted for a longer duration.
For such instances, the diode laser with a wavelength of 450 nm can be employed with greater effectiveness to
eliminate the oral lesions.

Keywords

among other things. As a result and a faster and more efficient healing process. These benefits result in a decreased reliance on medicine and enhanced patient comfort throughout the recovery phase. This includes a large AsxzwzA=increase in working efficiency at far lower power settings and faster healing. In this study and rapid healing and the initial wavelength applied at 1.3 W power. The current study demonstrated that the blue laser with a wavelength of 450 nm had more efficacy in excising the oral benign lesion. It exhibited reduced discomfort as observed. The findings of this study indicate that the 450nm diode laser is superior in effectively eliminating the oral fibroma lesion in a clinical setting while causing minimal patient discomfort and almost no swelling. In contrast decreased discomfort decreased swelling field disinfection no oedema such as reduced recovery periods the 980nm laser resulted in some discomfort and swelling that persisted for a longer duration. For such instances the diode laser with a wavelength of 450 nm can be employed with greater effectiveness to eliminate the oral lesions. the potential to combine tissue coagulation with surgical incisions There are a number of advantages to using diode lasers in oral surgery with varying wavelengths. Lasers offer several advantages thirty-eight patients between the ages of 16 and 45 were included. The laser parameters setting for both wavelengths were a pulsed wave mode tip diameter 400μm unwanted effects can be greatly reduced. It also has a favorable effect on wound healing. The purpose of this study was to compare two diode lasers (450 and 980nm) to determine whether one is more effective at excision the oral fibroma lesion with less discomfort

9

Evaluation of dentin topography after Er, Cr: YSGG laser irradiation and phosphoric acid etching using AFM, SEM and contact angle

Saja Qasim Salman, Basima Mohammed Ali Hussein

Pages: 90-98 English

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Abstract

Objective: The goal of this in vitro investigation is to assess laser irradiation and phosphoric acid etching
effects on the dentinal surface topography.
Materials and Methods: A total of 48 sound human premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were
included in this study. Teeth were divided into four groups (n = 10), G1 without surface treatment, G2
etched with phosphoric acid 37% for 15 seconds, and G3 and G4 were treated with an Er, Cr:YSGG laser
at the following settings: 1W, 1.5W, respectively with set other laser parameters at 20 HZ and 10% air/water
ratio. The effects were evaluated using SEM, AFM, and contact angle.
Results: AFM and SEM images showed changes in the surface topography of the dentin with an increase
in the surface roughness measurements and devoid from smear layer in the laser-treated groups compared
to the control and phosphoric acid-treated groups. Also, highly significant differences (p≤0.01) were shown
in the laser irradiation groups, specifically G3 with 1W, when compared with others considering contact
angle measurement.
Conclusion: Er, Cr: YSGG laser can be used as an alternative to conventional phosphoric acid etching
for etching and preparing dentin surfaces prior to restoration or bracket placement.

Keywords

and wettability test. Cr: YSGG dentin ER Phosphoric Acid SEM

10

Estimation of mean photon number based on single photon detection of weak coherent pulses

Hawraa A. ????????????????????????, Shelan K. Tawfeeq

Pages: 99-108 English

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Abstract

The demand for single photon sources in quantum key distribution (QKD) systems has necessitated the
use of weak coherent pulses (WCPs) characterized by a Poissonian distribution. Ensuring security against
eavesdropping attacks requires keeping the mean photon number (μ) small and known to legitimate partners. However,
accurately determining μ poses challenges due to discrepancies between theoretical calculations and practical
implementation. This paper introduces two experiments. The first experiment involves theoretical calculations of μ
using several filters to generate the WCPs. The second experiment utilizes a variable attenuator to generate the WCPs,
and the value of μ was estimated from the photons detected by the BB84 detection setup. The second experiment
represents an accurate method for estimating the value of μ because of using single photon detectors with high timing
resolution and low dark counts, in addition to using a Time-to-digital convertor with a bin size of 81 ps.

Keywords

mean photon number Poissonian statistics single-photon detection time to digital conversion weak coherent pulses.

11

Comparative evaluative study of Erbium, chromium YSGG and wavelength-dual Diode lasers in oral soft tissue incision morphology: a histological ex vivo study

Alaa Jamal Al-Ani, Hanan J. Taher, Ammar Saleh Alalawi

Pages: 109-117 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Laser is an advantageous system that can be used in different medical applications, and one of them is
soft tissue handling in periodontal and surgical dentistry. The recent research aimed to histologically compare the
erbium, chromium YSGG laser, and wavelength-dual diode laser in oral surgical incisions according to cutting
morphology.
Method: This was an ex vivo study using the pieces of tongue from the sheep as samples. 810(50%) + 980 (50%)
nm diode laser was operated continuously (CW) with two average powers: 1.5 and 2.5 W. 2780 nm erbium, chromium
YSGG laser was used in pulse mode with two average powers: 2.5 and 3.5 W. Incisions were made on the tongue
parts, and after histopathological processing, the regularity and morphology of the incision and the cutting depth of
each incision were measured under a light microscope.
Results: The regularity and morphology of erbium, chromium YSGG laser incisions were significantly higher in
quality (especially those of the low output power of 2.5 W) than those of the diode laser (P value < 0.05). The cutting
depth was significantly higher when the power increased, no matter the type of laser system (P value < 0.05).
Conclusions: Most regular incisions have been achieved with 2.5 W power of Erbium, Chromium YSGG laser.

Keywords

Laser; soft tissue; histology; incision; morphology.

12

Evaluation of 1470nm diode laser used in Haemorrhoidoplasty

Ali Fouad Rashid Al-Khazraji, Ahmed Waleed Ibrahim, Amgid Saeed Yaqub

Pages: 118-127 English

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Abstract

Background: Hemorrhoids are a prevalent anorectal issue around the world, which can afflict a large number of
people each year. Hemorrhoidal vein(s): When these veins become dilated and enlarged, they will turn into a morbid
condition called hemorrhoidal disease. Lasers are mainly used to cut and or coagulate tissue. In this study, a 1470nm
diode laser was used for the treatment of 10 cases with 2nd, 3rd, and 4th-degree hemorrhoids enrolled for
hemorrhoido-plasty.
Aim of the study: Evaluation of the use of 1470nm-diode laser for treatment of second, third, and fourth-degree
hemorrhoids by coagulative method and evaluate any possible complications.
Patients, Materials, and Methods: This is a prospective study with ten patients (all male). All patients were
from the private clinic and were operated on using a 1470 nm diode laser for laser hemorrhoidoplasty between June
2022 and October 2022. All patients were surveyed and reported having one or more of the complications listed in the
questionnaire paper (if any). Local anesthetic was used during the procedures.
Results: Patients experience mild pain during the administration of local anesthesia drugs. In the first postoperative
week, mild pain in seven patients (70%) and moderate in three patients (30%). No patient experienced significant
primary bleeding after the operation, and five patients (50%) had a seromucous discharge from the site of the operation
that lasted for two to six days. No patient experienced infection. Urine retention was experienced in two patients
(20%). With the exception of one patient who had minor skin prolapse, all patients saw improvements in their preoperative
symptoms and the disappearance of the hemorrhoid. During the follow-up period, none of them need to have
a second laser treatment session. During the (four-week) follow-up period following the laser hemorrhoidoplasty,
there was no recurrence observed or detected during the follow-up period, which was four weeks after the laser
haemorrhoidoplasty. Every patient goes back to work within three to five days. All patients were satisfied with the
outcome of the operation despite the minor complications that occurred post-operatively.
Conclusion: The clinical application of the 1470nm diode laser in surgical operations shows promise for routine
use. It is a safe, acceptable, and remarkable substitute for traditional surgical treatment techniques and can be regarded
as practical, effective, and easy to use

Keywords

1470nm Diode laser haemorrhoidoplasty Hemorrhoids Treatment

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