iklil for Humanity Studies

The civilization of Pharaonic Egypt gave us many civilizational manifestations, the most important of which was medicine , which we found in archaeological sources on the walls of temples, mummified mummies, etc... An important part of the history of Medicine, which had a major role along with Greek medicine in the development of tools and theories about diseases, their periods, causes and treatment.
Medicine was connected with religion and magic, they used herbal remedies and medicines made from plants and minerals and had doctors specializing in such areas as surgery (due to wars and internal conflicts), ophthalmology and gynecological diseases, it was the widespread belief that diseases are caused by an imbalance of forces in the body, therefore they used natural remedies, massage and exercises to restore balance, they had knowledge of anatomy (that's for their belief in the afterlife), obstetrics and Infectious Diseases. They used tools such as comb, forceps and medical mirrors, and Egypt was the first to use mixing drugs for herbs and honey to treat various diseases and relieve pain.

This study came to shed light on the history of the Kingdom of Eshnunna and provide some clarifications and explanations related to its political and cultural history, especially mentioning the most important rulers who ruled this kingdom despite the lack of reliable records, data, and sufficient evidence regarding the duration of the rule of each of the kings and rulers of the Kingdom of Eshnunna. This study was based on Scientific and historical analysis of the material remains related to the history of the Kingdom and from solid and reliable sources with scientific methods. The research material included an introduction and three sections. Due to the breadth of the study material, each section was divided into a group of topics attached to its conclusion and appended to maps, manuscripts, statues, and many figures discovered in the Kingdom.

Scholarly endowments in the era of the Rasulid state represented one of the important foundations of Azdha and the development of the intellectual movement in it. It also embodied the cultural role played by Arab and Yemeni women in particular. We find Khawatin Bani Rasul an example of the educated leadership woman who renounced her money in the service of knowledge and religion in search of wages and rewards. What are the mosques and schools that A living image of the achievements of the Khawatin Bani Rasool was built in Taiz, thus creating a bright image of Arab women in history

Sufism is the path towards God Almighty,and this path is not easy to follow because it requires struggling with the self ,fighting desires, and refining man’s morals and deeds. It is a reflection of the Sufi ’s spirit towards the Creator first and society second .
The Sufi works to strive with the soul to Know the truth and sincerity of God Amighty,and to create morals.The Noble Messenger,may God bless him and his family and grant them peace.The conditions of society in all its manifestations and works to establish the rules of good work.The Sufi’ s path interaction with loving people, benefiting society in words and deeds, and being honest in that.
Sufism considered that reforming society could only be achieved through reforming the individual. God Almighty said: (( God does not change the condition of a people. Untill they change what is in themselves )) {surat Al-Ra’d, verse 11}.
The interaction with societal is based on the social aspect and what the Sufi or Zawiya offers in terms of solidarity with the Islamist and touching reality in its crises. The image of social work was evident in Moroccan Sufism,Abu Abbas al-Sabti,as his doctrine of Sufism is based on charity ,justice, benevolence,and generosity, the society.
The men of Sufism have built their path on the basis of diligence in that bring them closer to God Almighty,including the aspect.
Socially, not all that is mentioned about the righteous, are supplications and remembrances, but rather reform work and helping people.
Walking to meet their needs is one of the pillare of Sufi work.The pillars according to the Sufis of Al-Aqsa Morocco are the body,heart,spirit,and soul.Therefore,Sufism is based on morals and behavior to refine the soul,purify the soul,and get rid of bad morlals.Above all,it is.
Commitment to perforing obligatory duties and avoiding forbidden matters.Moroccan Sufism was concerned with highlighting the practical aspect and improving the conditions of Muslims by consolidating faith in God Almighty hearts and strengthening the bonds of brotherhood,affection,and cooperation in righteousness and piety.

The topic of the research includes a study on a historical figure Who had an effective impact on the administrative ، political and military life in the era of the Umayyad caliphs whom prince Khalid was contemporary with have succeeded in choosing the emirate of some regions ، especially sensitive ones such as lraq ، which was suffering from instability ، especially with the growth of the Abbasid state and the military because it is the right person to manage those regions . Despite all these efforts ، it did not prevent him from being isolated for reasons mentioned at the end of the research .

This research provides a historical overview of the role of Jerusalem in the various stages of the Islamic Crusader conflict after the death of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi in 1152 AD, and until the fall of the Ayyubid state in 1250 AD. The research shows that Jerusalem was the core point in the Islamic Crusader conflict, and had an important role in determining the position of the two parties and its justifications in the contacts and negotiations held between the two parties during the long period of conflict.
The research has adopted the historical methodology through the collection, criticism and analysis of historical narratives that dealt with the different stages of negotiations has been divided this study into two sections dealt with in the first section the importance of Jerusalem to the Crusaders and attempts to restore, and the second section dealt with Jerusalem from the Jaffa Agreement until the fall of the Ayyubid state.
The research was based mainly on historical sources, without neglecting some recent Arab studies that dealt with some aspects of the conflict. The study showed that Jerusalem was always as it was before the central point in the Islamic Crusader conflict after the death of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi even after its last liberation by the Khwarizmians in 1244 AD, as everyone took it as an important card, whether to achieve peace or war alike, and the position of it had a great impact on the negotiations as well as in the formation of the many alliances witnessed in that period.

The emergence of Mohammed ibn abi Amer on the Andalusian scene, e changed the course of political power by moving from hereditary rule to singling out Al_Mansour in power and installing himself as king of Andalusia 4h /10c, he govenrns state positions in the name if Umayyad caliphate, adopting many policies by eliminating his opponents and coxing state notables to control the reins of government, betwewen that and this arab and western studies put Al_Mansour in the balance of historical criticism, some of which praised the genius ibn abi Amer, and others prejudiced the authoritarian policy he practiced ti reach power, among them, we referred these paradoxes to research into a problem about the most prominent studies and the proposals they presented about the person of Al_Mansour m trying to delve into some studies to explore historical facts, thus reaching new problems in Islamic history and removing the ambiguity about the being studies, while giving new insights for research into other similar studies , thus creating a new approach to Islamic history, this problem resulted of recommendations that highlight the benefit of the Alamiriyah experience in managing power, and the attempt to uncover orientalist studies and what they contain within them against Islamic history, and interpretation of historical phenomena through an in_depth reading of Islamic sources.

Professor Dr. Lutfi Jaafar Faraj is considered one of the professors of modern history who has a long history in the field of historical research. He has provided the Iraqi library with solid books on the modern and contemporary history of Iraq, as well as the modern and contemporary history of Africa.
What made his books one of the most prominent primary sources relied upon by researchers and those interested in history is his reliance on unpublished documents, because he believed that documents are the most important source of history, and that history without documents is like a tree without roots.
More precisely, documents add more credibility and objectivity to historical research, and the information becomes more acceptable and reliable to the mind and closer to the historical truth.

It is clear that the hunger strike policy adopted by the IRA prisoners during their struggle, whether in the seventies or eighties of the last century, did not lead to its goals in persuading the British government, headed by Margaret Thatcher, to grant the IRA prisoners the status of political prisoners and what they called "status". Special category "after being promised earlier by the Minister of Northern Ireland William Whatello some privileges to distinguish them from inmates who were imprisoned as a result of paramilitary crimes, but these privileges were gradually abolished by the Minister of Northern Ireland Verlaine Rasmi, and this led to strikes inside the prisons in 1976 And 1978, called the Dirty Protest, was initially opposed by the IRA, but in 1980 the prisoners began to escalate in an attempt to force the British government to grant them political status. This led to the strike's supporters holding a number of protest marches, demanding civil rights.
Bobby Sands is one of the most prominent strikers that ended with his death, and before that he had won the seat of Harry West, leader of the Federalist Party. All this did not discourage Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who declared that she could not agree to granting special status to perpetrators of criminal acts, even if his motives were political.
After the death of Sands and other prisoners, violence erupted in Northern Ireland, in which 61 people were killed.
The hunger strike failed politically because it did not achieve its goals at that time, but the paramilitary prisoners were able to take the status of prisoners of war.
The strikes led to the escalation of Sinn Féin's popularity, due to the sympathy of the nationalist masses with them, and their obtaining more seats in the Northern Ireland Council elections, and despite that, the nationalist movement was unable to win the sympathy of the British government represented by its Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who described the strikers as terrorists and that she You will not submit to terrorism. On the other hand, Sinn Féin and the republican movement were able to communicate their voice to the whole world in their belief in their cause, and they were able to direct the world's attention to them and that Britain is a colonial state occupying Northern Ireland.

After the defeat in World War II، Japan turned to industrial boom that required it to obtain energy sources ،so it turned to the Arabian Gulf to obtain those sources
The research problem entailed explaining the reasons that prompted Japan to obtain investments in maritime areas alone the means it followed to obtain those investments and the extent of the benefit.
The research reached a set of results including Japans awarensess of it inability to compete with Arab companies in the Arabian Gulf region because of the latter political influence in the region which made Japanese companies resort to investing in maritime areas .To achieve this ،it worked to give the Arab Gulf countries many privileges during investment contracts.

The Middle East region in general, and the Arab region in particular, witnessed unstable political and security conditions, as the Arab countries were exposed to many wars and crises, the basis of which was the Arab-Israeli conflict, by virtue of Lebanon’s geographical location and its location on the northern borders of (Israel), and that the invasion of Lebanon was of great importance to (Israel) This is due to many factors, including economic factors, which is control over Lebanon’s waters, the Hasbani River and the Litani River. The most important thing was the elimination of the Palestinian resistance presence in Lebanon, as Lebanon was the focus of (Israel’s) political, military, and economic ambitions, and (Israel) carried out many attacks. On Lebanon, the most severe of which was the 1982 invasion, which was known as the(Solemn Peace).

The desire to write this research came not only to provide a comprehensive survey of the development of American citizenship but also to clarify the exact details of how the various aspects of American citizenship developed historically. This study proposes to provide a historical chart of the critical developments of citizenship in American history. Likewise، the research will be devoted to this purpose، but the real goal is to show how citizenship was closely associated with the process of American nation-building and how nation-building aided the growth of the United States of America as a nation-state .hopefully. this brief review of some notes may provide us with some useful historical effects that work to achieve a fused society in the American state، based on sanctifying and glorifying the term citizenship and working to consolidate it and make it a basis for coexistence and understanding between Americans.

The research deals with the study of the position of the Iranian public opinion on the war of June 5, 1967, as the official press, especially the Iranian newspapers Etilat and Kayhan, as well as the Khawandniha magazine (Readers), had a position on the war, in addition to the newspapers and magazines close to the clergy and the Iranian people, especially the two newspapers Naday Haq Wain Islam, these newspapers reported news related to the Arab-Israeli war in 1967, and embodied the position of public opinion by reporting news related to the war and Arab valor in the face of the Zionist aggression, although some official newspapers represented the mouthpiece of the government of Shah Muhammad Reza throughout the war period. And it quoted Iranian official statements and statements from the 1967 war.

The French occupation of Algeria went through several different stages, resulting in many armed clashes that demonstrated the struggle of the Algerian people for their freedom and independence. This research came to reveal one of the famous battles that the Algerians fought against French colonialism, with the help of Libya, it is the battle of Essien, in which it affirmed the solidarity of the Algerian and Libyan peoples in the battle of armed struggle, and it show the martyrdom of the Libyans in order to support the Algerian revolution, and they endured the scourge of repression and murder, and Libya was one of the most important destinations to which the Algerian revolution resorted to provide aid and military support to it.

The research topic dealt with a comprehensive study on: “The internal workings of Helmut Kohl in Germany 1990-1994”, which is an important topic in the contemporary history of Germany due to the fact that it contained major political variables at the internal level and attempts to find solutions to several problems that German society suffered from, especially the problems of unemployment, education, and striving. For the privatization system and the attempt to create a welfare government. These issues were the most prominent difficulties facing Chancellor Kohl's government, for which he sought to find appropriate solutions by all means available at the time.

China witnessed during the middle of the nineteenth century the emergence of many revolutions and uprisings as a result of the deterioration of its political, economic and social conditions, the most prominent of which was the Taiping Revolution, which lasted for fourteen years. It is unfair, in which rights are distributed equally to all groups of people without class distinction, so China was divided into two parts, the Taipings in the south with their capital Nanking, and the Manchus in the north with their capital Beijing. This led us to move towards the issue of the Taiping Revolution, which announced its rejection of the feudal system prevailing in China, and the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which is ruled by the Son of Heaven (the Heavenly King) with divine mandate, taking the Ten Commandments as the constitution for its kingdom. The Taipings were able to attract the attention of foreign countries that believed in the possibility of establishing a Christian Chinese empire, paving the way for their colonial ambitions in order to penetrate all the provinces of China, after the Manchu government determined their areas of residence in the southern ports, which made them go to the Taipings in the hope of obtaining their support with a contract Diplomatic treaties with them, the Taiping opposed the matter, prompting them to take a policy of neutrality.[

One of the most important foundations of the management of the Holy Qur’an is the achievement of its purposes and objectives، and what it aims to achieve in the individual and society. The purposes of the Qur’an are the common issues covered by the Holy Qur’an so that they address its basic purposes that may not be misused. When we delve deeper into the books، we discover that researchers have used many terms to clarify the meaning. About the purposes of the Islamic holy book، but the term the purposes of Qur’an is the first and most comprehensive of them، because it is the compass that guides to the closest meanings and objectives، and secures the interpreter from error.

Each jurist in Islamic law is distinguished by a special approach through which his own style and ideas that express his personality, belief, and direction appear.
In this context, we worked through this study to understand some aspects of the approach of two prominent Shiite scholars, the scholar Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah and the scholar Muhammad Hassan al-Najafi, in two issues that occupied a wide area of research and studies from the emergence of Islam until the present time, namely the issue of the imamate on the one hand. On the other hand, there is the issue of jurisprudential rulings regulating people’s lives.
In order to achieve this goal, the study worked to clarify several axes in general, namely the concept of the Imamate, jurisprudence and its provisions, in addition to providing a brief overview of the lives of both the scholar Fadlallah and the scholar Al-Najafi, and presenting a general framework of their approach with some expressive examples.
This study relied on the descriptive and analytical approach in order to achieve its desired goal.
The study reached several important results, the most notable of which is that there is no difference between the scholar Fadlallah and Sheikh Najafi on the basic issues in terms of content, but rather the difference is embodied in the sub-details related to the issue of the Imamate and its ramifications and a number of jurisprudential rulings based on the authority of each of them.

This paper handles Ibn Qutaybah's preference in his book that entitled ''Gareeb Al-Qur'an''. This book is considered as one of the most important books that is concerned with studying and explaining the meaning of the word and its significance. Therefore، the researchers shed light on his preferences by studying them and showing to which extent his preferences agree or disagree with the previous scholar's statements. The researchers try to see whether Ibn Qutaybah agree with opinions of the majority of scholars and interpreters or not. Then، they give the readers the result with the evidence.
This study aims to show the position of this scholar who serves the science of Qur'an in his works especially his book mentioned above.
The study comes to conclude that Ibn Qutaybah is an important personality in studying and interpreting the holy Qur'an and his views are compatible with what other scholars have said.

It is known that the fundamental books has greatly especially books of the Speaker's school Alfakhr Alrazi book's Almahsool .It is aksi known that one of the resources fir Alfakhr Alrazi book's Almahsool is Alumd book by Alqadhi Abduljabbar Alhamathany as many scholars .That explained why Alqadhi Abduljabbar Alhamathany opinions are mentioned many times in Almahsool book.Some opinions are agree by follow with Alfakhr Alrazi and others are disagreed with opinions of Alfakhr Alrazi.Among those who followed Alfakhr Alrazi the opinion of Alqadhi in the question of disagree with the narrator in his narration .Thus I named the research (The follow of Alfakhr Alrazi on Alqadhi Abduljabbar in Disagree of the Narrator Narration).It is one of the important issues, and its importance lies in resolving the problem of the conflict between the narrator’s narration and his contradiction with it, and also one of the features of its importance is the availability of the fruits that come out on this issue

The research focused on the issue of Saudi-Iranian political competition in the Middle East, which is considered one of the important topics in light of the events and changes taking place in this region. The research also dealt with Saudi-Iranian relations, the conflict between them, and each of them’s desire to impose its influence in the region.
They discussed the various future competition and the objectives of this competition, as each of them has a great influence in the region, and explained their advantages as being two countries that have participated in defining their tasks and possess strong natural resources, and they influence the region, and their role is increasing with the passage of time. We can monitor their efforts to impose their projects, using the tools of power they possess, and all their capabilities to achieve their interests, while following multiple strategies to have an influential force in the region in the future

The days when policy researchers could count upon domestic politics and society to contribute sufficient data for a satisfactory analysis are now a memory. Whether policy researchers are prepared to enter another analytical universe or not, the accelerating flow of ideas, information, goods and money across national borders has affected the nature of policy problems, reshaped the attempts to engage these problems and thus reoriented the way in which explanations of policy-making can be productively pursued. The big questions that animate policy studies may not have changed, but the available data and the concepts needed to analyze them have been shifting. This paper will seek to connect these emerging global dynamics to long recognized drivers of policy-making and present a conceptual framework that can help in understanding the resulting interactions. Enhancing the linkage between theoretical frameworks that have informed international relations and public policy concepts promises a better understanding of policy-making in a volatile universe. This paper will consider the value of applying a network perspective on understanding global influences through four stages of consideration. Initially it will examine the concept of globalization and briefly assess the implications that it raises for studying policy-making. Next, the paper will turn to the literature on policy communities and policy networks to highlight tools that can be used in assessing global influences on policy subsystems. Then, it will consider the concept of policy paradigms and contemplate the role that ideational influences play in modulating global impacts on policy. Finally, a fourfold typology of internationalized policy environments will be presented, in order to illuminate how particular configurations of policy communities and networks can refract the global influences on governance. In conclusion, the dynamic role of policy community mediators in trying to steer subsystem responses to global forces will briefly be considered

A group of political economic and military variables at the regional level have affected Albania’s position in NATO. These variables had a clear and direct impact on Albania which led to it slowing down the implementation of NATO and European Union standards represented by structural reforms at the economic and military level. Among the most important regional countries that influenced Albania were its neighboring countries Such as: Greece North Macedonia Kosovo, and Montenegro, on the political level, a group of regional political Variables occurred, especially in the Countries neighboring Albania, which are located within the Balkan region. These variables have directly affected Albania's position regionally. As for the economic level, each of the Balkan countries neighboring Albania has strategies aimed at developing its economic sectors to create balances in the regions as well as aiming to develop relations between them, and the extent to which these Variables affect Albania’s position. As for the military level, regional military changes have affected Albania, especially after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the demise of the Warsaw pact as these countries changed their Its Soviet military strategy towards the American military strategy.

Since about 1980, globalization has rapidly become one of the most employed and debated concepts of our time. But it has also acquired buzzword status, invoked in a broad range of contexts and for a large number of purposes. Globalization has many dimensions in the twenty-first century. The challenges of global politics include the practice of governance and democracy in a world of diverse economic and social realities. As cultures meet, religions act and interact within core areas, along adjoining borders, and in far-flung diasporas. The encounter between religion and globalization is a crucial feature of our world. In this paper, the phases of globalization and their characteristics as well as religion as a source of opposition to globalization will be examined. There will be a definition of globalization, an examination of the models of the phases of globalization and then a proposal for a personal model. Having established the phases of globalization and their characteristics, effort is turned to describing religion in each phase. This paper will also provide a few brief comments on five dimensions of globalization, and then examine religious complaints against globalization from two diametrically opposed perspectives: Islamism, which has been successful in rallying opposition to globalization, and liberal Christianity, which has not. As different as these two complaints are in style and substance, they are structurally similar. Religious opposition to globalization is based on demands for justice and a defense of tradition.

The research aimed to identify the factors affecting the professional performance of the communicator on Iraqi journalistic websites, as well as identifying the internal and external factors that affect his professional performance.
The research belongs to descriptive studies, and the media survey method was used. The analysis tool was the questionnaire, and the research was applied to a random sample consisting of (58) respondents in (3) Iraqi newspaper websites.
The research reached several results, the most notable of which are:
The results indicated a significant impact of editorial policy on the performance of communicators on journalistic websites.
The results confirmed that one of the most prominent obstacles that affect the professional performance of the communicator is the lack of incentives and rewards.