Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering

Corrosion in steel bars is considered a big problem because corrosion is mainly responsible of decrease virtual age of structures and many risks indicated by deterioration. In addition, corrosion increases the cost of maintenance, particularly structures exposed to harsh environmental condition. FRP bars (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) became an alternative material from traditional steel bars. FRP had properties made it used in civil engineering sectors which are lightweight, non-corrosive, non-conductive made it a preferred alternative from steel bars in aggressive environments. FRP bars don’t have yield made it con not bind outside its linear behavior to make ties, because of the brittle behavior of FRP bars up to failure. So that, the new innovative manner by using CFRP sheets stirrups immerged by sikadur330 for produce beams can resist the harsh condition and purely reinforced with FRP in a new manner can provide stirrups in full different sizes and with lower cost. Twelve beams reinforced with GFRP bars in three different ratios of tension reinforcement (four beams for each ratio). Three control beams with steel stirrups: two beams were designed to fail in shear. Whilst, the residual nine beams with shear reinforcement made from CFRP sheets strips, immerged by sikadur330. The main variable were studied is the change in type and amount of secondary reinforcement and change in amount of primary reinforcement. The test was conduct under four point loading and in simply supported conditions. The result of tested beams illustrated that, beams had a higher percentage of tension reinforcement and shear reinforcement displayed an increasing in ultimate load about 38.1% from related control beam. While, an equivalent amount of shear reinforcement displayed an increasing in carrying load capacity up to 10%. In maximum ratio of CFRP sheets immerged by sikadur330 stirrups convert failure mode from shear to flexural indicated by crushing in cover of concrete. In addition, increased energy absorption, changed cracks orientation, increased energy absorption, decrease principal strain and increased concrete tensile.

The phenomenon of random housing in Ramadi city is one of the important planning challenges facing the city, especially after rapid growth rates of urban and population grow thing in the city, hence the importance of research is to prove that sustainable transport planning has a prominent role in addressing this problem and producing many social economic and environmental problems. This study aims to determine the role and importance of transport and sustainability planning criteria for the proposed strategies to address the informal housing spread in the city neighborhoods and sectors within and outside the boundaries of the master plan of the city. The use of Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which combines descriptive and quantitative analysis, will depend on the available data for city at the present time ; as well as, on the expertise of specialists and persons concerned in the subject through a questionnaire to reach the most important factors that affecting random housing from the point of sustainable transport on one hand and in addition to prioritizing treatment according to the proposed strategies presented to planners and local authorities in the city. The research encountered a number of difficulties and obstacles, the most important of which is the scarcity of data and information available in the subject, which led to personally analyze data and resort to the use of geographic information systems (GIS) for the purposes of quantitative and geometrical analysis. The main results for the basic criteria affecting the role of sustainable transport on Ramadi city by gradation from top to lowest ,( i.e. environmental criterion, followed by economic, social, and finally schematic). As for secondary standards, the highest value was the share of the standard of treatment of residential destroyed areas, within the environmental criterion, and the lowest value is the calibration of road efficiency within the planning criterion.

The influence of concrete mixing water quality on the compressive strength of concretes was investigated in this study. During the study, the compressive strength (CS) of the concretes was determined at 7, 14, and 28 days age. This study used 8 types of water of varying qualities as concrete mixing water (water with 71 UTN impurity level, water with 250 UTN impurity level, water with 1000 UTN impurity level, well-sourced water, acidified water, and alkaline water). Potable water was used as reference water. The results indicated that the lowest CS has been obtained by using alkaline water at a concrete age of 7 days while the usage of water with 250 UTN impurity level as a concrete mixing water yielded the highest CS. in addition, the lowest CS has been obtained when using a mixing water of alkaline at a concrete age of 14 days while the highest CS resulted from using water with 71 and 250 UTN impurities levels. Furthermore, the usage of water with 71 UTN impurities level and an acidic water as a concrete water mixing gave the lowest CS at twenty eight days concrete age, while using magnetic water and water with 250 UTN impurities as concrete mixing water resulted in the highest CS. The use of water with 250 UTN impurities as concrete mixing water favored CS development at all concrete ages. These obtained results have shown a various effects of different impurities which significantly indicate that only a few water impurities affect the concrete’s CS seriously..

The Impact of silica fume existence and its content with the duration of curing on concrete compressive strength (ordinary and high) has investigated experimentally. Two mixture sets were done in this work to examine the concrete ordinary and high strength. Every set involved four mixtures with varied silica fume proportions as a substitution of cement with (0, 5, 10 and 15 percent). Ninety-six cubes of concrete were prepared and cured by immersion in water to the required age (7, 28, 90 and 150 days). In ordinary concrete and high strength concrete, the results demonstrate that when silica fume used as a substitution with 15 %, the compressive strength of concrete gave the highest value. As compared with concrete having nil content of silica fume, the earned strength for high compressive concrete consisting of silica fume was relatively less than the corresponding ordinary concrete strength. However, continuously curing with water after 28 days produced a considerable increase in the compressive strength of concrete; such an increase in compressive strength was greater in the existence of silica fume