Journal of International studies

The Iranian nuclear project has been an obsession for many countries in the Middle East and for the western powers as well who see the expansion of the nuclear club in general as a threat to the international peace and stability, especially if the power that owned the nuclear weapons is considered dangerous or has expansionist ambitions and might threaten the stability of regions considered important to the west. The nuclear accord between Iran and the west has come to postpone the devolution of Iran into a state that own nuclear weapons to about 15 years, so it didn\'t prevent it from turning into nuclear power and owning the nuclear capabilities which would be under regular international inspection to guarantee its commitment to the accord . Since Iran is one of the important powers in the region,so every steps it takes has its effects on the rest of the powers in it ,and on the balance of power in it as well .and this is what we are trying to analyze here

Climate change is a global environmental issue and a common concern for humanity, and it is an inevitable result of civilization development, especially after the industrial revolution. All areas of life. At the level of the Iraqi situation , Iraq faces several challenges posed by Climate change Such as high temperature, lack of rain, water scarcity , land salinity , and the increase in the proportion of sand and and dust storms and the resulting disasters, which impedes development and hinders efforts to reduce poverty enhance livelihoods , and reduce conflict to obtain natural resources.
On the other hand, as a result of the growth and development of human societies and the increasing severity of security and development challenges and the degree of their complexity at the national and global levels, these were among the reasons that made the concept of human security an issue that cannot be neglected and prompted it to expand in recent decades and include everything that supports the dignity and security of the individual and his ability to develop and grow to represent a pivotal dimension. Protected by international treaties. Therefore, climate change has become a threat to the global security function through its various negative and multi-dimensional effects on natural environmental systems, which will be reflected in the joints of the social, economic and political life of individuals, groups and countries. With the increase in its severity and pace in the foreseeable future, it is expected that it will represent a factor of instability and insecurity at the local and regional levels, And to be one of the factors that motivate the emergence of patterns of conflicts and disputes, which represents a fundamental challenge that casts its negative effects on the human security system especially since the manifestations and effects of climate change have become a threat to the political, economic and social systems and the environmental systems that depend on them, because the effects of these changes involve economic damage that threatens the living patterns of individuals and human groups. This is what is clear to us at the level of the Iraqi situation and the extent of the reflection and impact of climate change on the human security equation in Iraq, given the challenges it poses, the degree of which is increasingly dangerous at the political, economic and social levels, in addition to its negative effects on the levels of economic development and political stability In addition to its negative impacts on the levels of economic development and political stability, it also poses serious perceived threats related to the mechanisms for meeting human needs, which could crystallize social tensions resulting from natural disasters and environmental scarcity caused by manifestations of climate

After the concept of strategic cooperation between the Russian Federation and China, and this is due to the developments and transformations that occurred in it, it stems from the change and development inherent in the reality of international relations, which is characterized by complexity and intertwining, and in particular the concept of cooperation, and since the international system does not have a central authority, any member has the right to obtain For what he can for himself, and this is what made states seek power, for power is a means but an end, and talking about soft power in the framework of global policies without the presence of hard power is useless talk, because the state does not seek power and gives up its hard power in order to move and attract, and achieving power Effective smart power requires realizing that hard power is necessary, but to maximize the realization of the national interest, a mixture of hard and soft power is required, and this is what we will study in the military and economic cooperation of the Russian and Chinese powers.

This research discusses the legislative foundations of the concepts of governance and politics and what is related to them, overlaps with them and indicates them from other concepts such as government, guardianship, ruler, caliphate, and Imamate, by following the Quranic foundation, historical interpretation, and narrative interpretation in the contexts of Islamic thought with its various trends. The study reaches the conclusion that these concepts and their uses are among the axioms of Sharia and reason due to clear and specific legislative implications and connotations for these concepts and their derivations, functions, and levels that God Almighty has legislated in the Qur'an and confirmed by the Sunnah of the Prophet; notwithstanding the differences in the contexts of historical interpretation of texts and narrations on the one hand, and the denial of this foundation, its uses, and its continuous temporal extensions by the positivist trends on the other hand

We see that Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations have gone through many stages that ranged between disagreement, hostility, cooperation sometimes and cautious rapprochement due to the lack of trust between the two countries. Recently, the two countries are seeking to resolve existing issues, including maritime borders, and each country is trying to gain the other’s trust to benefit economically from the cooperation efforts made to develop the ports in ( Khor Abdullah) and achieving common benefits and interests of the two countries.

The state of Ukraine is considered a strategic depth for the Russian Federation in addition to its economic, cultural and social importance. Most theorists believe that Russia, with Ukraine, is considered an international power, but without Ukraine it is no more than a regional power This reflects the Russian desire to return as an international power. In any case, we can say that Ukraine has become an element of confrontation and confrontation between Russia and NATO. For this reason, Moscow is adopting firm and categorical policies regarding the Ukraine war. This actually expresses Russia’s determination, after three decades, to restore The glory of the 1980s, and the United States of America seeks to preserve the current international system characterized by stability in uni-polarity.

the importance of the elements of global leadership has increased for the American strategic decision-maker, especially after the rise of some powers in the regional and global environment, including China, which has begun to threaten American hegemony in some areas, in addition to the state of instability that the international system is experiencing due to the Russian-Ukrainian war and the Gaza war. However, whatever is said in this regard, the United States still has the upper hand in the world because it possesses the capabilities that make it superior to other countries and gives it the opportunity to control and dominate internationally without competition, through harmonizing the various elements of power and appropriate employment of those elements through meta-strategy, which examines what... After achieving the goal, he analyzes what should be in order to achieve the comprehensive strategic goals of the United States of America.

The internal review team of the former Secretary General Mr. Ban Ki-moon concluded that there was a "systematic failure" in fulfilling the United Nations' responsibilities in preventing serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law . And he called on the team to extract lessons and ensure that the United Nations fulfills its preventive responsibilities in all countries. This led to the launch of the “Human Rights up Front (HRUF)” action plan, which aims to integrate human rights into the structure of the United Nations by making three types of changes (cultural, operational and political).
One of the most important conclusions reached is that the international momentum in support of the (HRUF) declined after Mr. Antonio Guterres assumed the position of Secretary-General of the United Nations.

The Australian and Chinese governments agreed in April 2013 to establish a diplomatic structure as a new form of relationship between the two countries. this diplomatic structure consists of an annual meeting of the leaders of the two countries, participating in economic, foreign and strategic dialogues at the ministerial level. this structure provided an important platform for the government of the two countries to make progress in the negotiations surrounding the Free Trade Agreement, building other trade and investment ties and resolving disputes that may arise between the two countries and in the entire region as well. The economic variable has an importance and influence role in the relations between the two countries clearly .

Research institutions represent think tanks to study political, social and economic phenomena with the aim of providing advice and rationalizing government decisions. These centers may be financially and administratively independent and not affiliated with any party, and they may be linked to official or party bodies or private and official universities. These centers serve as a point of cooperation between academics and experts and between decision-making bodies at various levels and fields. The research centers also have an influential role in systematically transferring the countries that sponsor them from one stage of development to another and with qualitative leaps at various levels. The people and their paper Accordingly, whoever thinks that the renaissance and progress of countries in all its aspects will be without the care and support of the decision-maker for these centers, which are one of the basic and effective elements in determining policies and decision-making in democratic countries, and that they provide the appropriate atmosphere for a collective, transparent and responsible process whose purpose is to analyze data, conduct studies and research, formulate policies and make decisions and evaluation.

Conclusion: Citizenship is an issue with social, political and security dimensions that expresses the standards of belonging and the level of participation by citizens in protecting and defending the homeland. It also expresses the extent of individuals’ awareness of rights and duties, the protection of public facilities and concern for the public interest. It shapes the tendencies of human societies towards cultural, political and national integration and citizenship. It constitutes an integral part of the functions of social institutions such as the family, the media, and the school, which in turn represent the most important social institutions entrusted with the issue of strengthening the values of citizenship so that society becomes a part of it and thus becomes a part of the nation as a whole .

Strategic planning is one of the features of our contemporary world, and every country seeks to ensure a better future, and strategic planning adopts paths and actions to develop its institutions and build its political system, the world has become in an important need for planning in light of modern revolutions and rapid environmental changes.
Strategic planning, through analysis, strategic thinking ,and weaknesses, makes political development compatible with the higher goals and objectives of the state through developing strategic plans, monitoring the performance of their work, evaluating and correcting paths in response to new changes in the local, regional, and international environments.

This research deals with the concept of decentralization in Iraq, highlighting its political, administrative, financial, and economic dimensions, and reviewing its various forms, such as geographic, functional, political, and administrative centralization.
The research discusses the conditions for the success of decentralization in Iraq, emphasizing the importance of agreeing on its concepts, defining the boundaries of the experiment, the belief of democratic elites in it, and an objective approach to the experiences of other countries.
The research analyzes the role of oversight in the decentralized system, reviewing the Iraqi experience under successive eras since the 1970 Interim Constitution up to the 2008 Law on Governorates Not Organized in a Region, concluding that the 2005 Iraqi Constitution overstrengthened the decentralized councils and regions at the expense of the central authority. It also highlights the importance of popular and judicial oversight as guarantees to prevent the arbitrariness of decentralized councils.
The research recommends the necessity of reviewing and amending the Iraqi constitution to achieve a better balance between central authority and decentralization, and to ensure the effectiveness of the political system in Iraq.

The study focuses on the transformations that witnessed by united Russia, after the end of the cold war at the issue of the concept of security, Its vision of the concept of security changed, as did the priorities for that concept. At the beginning it was forced to make peace with west and adopt western ideas politically and economically participating in partnership and cooperation agreements with the west but after coming of Vladimir Putin to the authority, united Russia witness another transformation in its vision to the security ,it begins establishing new formulations of the concept of the security that the matter was reformulating the principle of political intellectual privacy and global domination.

The BRICS group is one of the most important international phenomena witnessed by the world, especially after the year 2000, which seeks to achieve a role opposing American hegemony. Despite the differences in the components of the BRICS countries and their human, political, economic, military and social capabilities, they were distinguished by a single vision of events and variables, which contributed to achieving the group's goals towards a distinguished and greater role in the international system. The BRICS countries appear as a new pole for development by achieving sustainable economic growth due to several factors that contributed to this, the most important of which is the nature of the countries forming the bloc, which individually possess important economic and military capabilities, in addition to human and civilizational capabilities as they belong to different civilizations. This has formed basic data towards confronting Western hegemony, especially

This study dealt with the subject of the green theory in contemporary Western political thought, which is a political and ecological concept that grants rights to man and nature, within a comprehensive vision and a review of human thought and culture towards nature in general and a review of Western political thought. The study also addressed the emergence of the intellectual movement of the green theory and the intellectual roots of political thought. Green in Western thought.