Journal of University of Babylon

This paper review present techniques about digital watermarking(visible as well as invisible) and a new approach of lossless watermarking techniques with robust security is explained, This apparent security through the use of mixing matrix as a key between the sender and the recipient, as well as the use of the best mixing matrix through accurate selection using genetic algorithm, this paper introduced a new way of treatment that the cover image and watermark image are not equally sized,like this evolution in the algorithm of ICA .
Experimental expected result shows a good results than other methods .

As a digital broadcasting technology progresses, the technology to protect digital products data (video, video clips, songs, etc.) from unauthorized users also needs to be enhanced. Because the data is in digital format, it can be copied, modified, deleted, etc., without proper without a proper authentication and authorization from the original owner of that data. Therefore, the digital broadcasting technology faces a number of challenges including copyright protection, data authentication, and data source tracing. These issues are obstacles and will restrict further usage of digital broadcasting technology. Some solutions are presented to overcome the above challenges. One of these solutions is done by adding a digital Logo (Visible Watermark) to the digital product. This logo is used as a tool for proving the ownership of the original owner of the digital product. This solution is not enough, since anybody can replace this Logo by a fake Logo and consequently, the original owner of that product can't prove his claim. This paper proposed a new watermarking algorithm by adding an intelligent Logo, which is a visible watermark, to the product. This Logo will distort the product if anyone replaces it with a fake Logo (the details of the algorithm are listed in the section of the paper). The proposed algorithm is applied in the digital video.

In the present study , the effect of green tea extract (GTE) on cadmium induced toxicity was studied in albino rats.Four groups of rats were used in this study: group I (control group) fod daily with diets for all time of experiment, group II ( Cd – group ) received daily 6ppm of cadmium chloride ,group III(GTE + Cd)rats were given daily the cadmium as in group II in adding the GTE at concentration 0.02 gm/kg, group IV(GTE group ) received daily 0.02 gm / kg of GTE.Cadmium and GTE were given orally to the rats with diets daily for ten days .
The animals of different groups were weighted after the end of treatment , then all animals were scarified , liver and kidney were excised immediately,weighted by senstive digital balance and histological preperation would be done to examine the pathological changes by hematoxylin and Eosin staining.Liver index and kidney index would be calculated for comparsion them among all groups of this study .
The result of this study demonstrates that Cd has a cytotoxic effects on liver and kidney cells of rats and GTE consumption can effectively reduce the injury of the cells in these tissues .

Oxidative stress can be induced in different ways, some of which are connected with known pathologies. Deficiencies in antioxidant or related enzymes are the factors which can result in oxidative stress. Genetic polymorphism is the most common cause of these deficiencies. There were statistically a highly significant elevated (p<0.001) in total antioxidant status(TAS) , Bilirubin(Bil.) and uric acid(UA) in β- thalassemia major with diabetic patients(No.51), when compared with β- thalassemia major(No.55) and control groups (No.50). The results showed a highly significant increase (p<0.001) of Mn-SOD (SOD2) and EC-SOD(SOD3) activities in β-thalassemia major with diabetic patients when compared with β-thalassemia major patients and control groups. The present study was performed assess whether there is a genetic association between a functional polymorphism (Ala-9Val) in the human Mn-SOD (SOD2) and EC-SOD(SOD3) genes in major β- thalassemia, major β- thalassemia with diabetic and control using PCR/RFLP method.
The results shows frequencies of the Ala allele (64.1% vs. 51.1%, p < 0.001) and the Ala/Ala genotype (29.39% vs. 23.51%, p < 0.001) of the SOD2 gene were significantly lower in major β- thalassemia with diabetic patients than in major β- thalassemia. In contrast, the Val allele (35.9% vs. 48.9%, p < 0.001) of the SOD2 gene were significantly increased in major β- thalassemia with diabetic patients than in major β- thalassemia and the Val/Val genotype (13.76% vs. 13.76%, p < 0.01) were no significantly between groups. Significance difference in the frequencies appears in Arg213GlySOD3 ,Arg/Arg, Gly/Gly genotype between major β- thalassemia with diabetic and major β- thalassemia. The present study provides some evidence that genetic polymorphism in the SOD2 and SOD3 genes associated with increased risk of major β- thalassemia with diabetic among major β- thalassemia with high levels of oxidative stress .This suggests that the Ala(-9)Val dimorphism in the SOD2 gene is associated with major β- thalassemia with diabetic.

A total of 41 alleles were detected among the tested varieties using 10 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) loci distributed on 9 chromosomes of maize.The molecular size of bands obtained from amplification of SSR products ranged from 91 to 288 bp. Alleles ranged from one in umc1653 to ten in bnlg1189 loci. The values of heterozygosity for each locus varied from 0.46 for umc1641 and umc1069 loci to 0.88 for bnlg1189 locus with a mean of 0.55. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values for the SSR loci ranged from 0.17 to 0.85, with an average of 0.44. The highest PIC values were observed in primers bnlg1017 (0.85) and umc1038 (0.79) and the lowest PIC values was observed in primer umc1946 (0.17).The study revealed that, the lowest genetic distance was (0.2410) between varieties IPA 5011 (lane 6) and Sarah (lane 8), while, the highest genetic distance was (0.7853) between varieties DKC 6120 (lane 15) and Manlcet (lane 19). The genetic similarity values ranging from (0.2147 to 0.7590) depending upon the genetic distance values that ranging from (0.2410 to 0.7853), which indicate the larger diversity with percentage of (24 to 78%) among the tested varieties. Analysis of the obtained results from genetic distances and Neighbor-joining dendrogram (unrooted tree) revealed that, the 20 tested maize varieties can be grouped into two major groups: one small cluster A containing 4 varieties and a large cluster B containing 16 varieties. The results obtained in this study may assist maize cultivation and in maize breeding programes.

Substantial and important age related change occur in the several hormones such as TSH, T3, T4, cortisol, and testosterone. Physiological aging is an extremely complex, Multiofactorial process, affecting a myriad of genetic, biochemical, and metabolic processes. The present study conducted to evaluate the hormonal disturbances that occurring at advanced age stages. The results of thyroid hormones, showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with significant increase. (p<0.05) in the levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and levels of tetraiodothyronine (T4) in aging human males in a comparison with young human males. Concerning the levels of testosterone and cortisol hormone showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) of aging human males when compared with young human males. Antioxidants levels (such as reduced glutathione and catalase), also involved in this study and their results reported significant decrease (P<0.01) of aging males human when compared with young human males. Data obtained from this study may attributed that at advanced age may be the DNA damage causes the cells to stop dividing or induce apoptosis, often affecting stem cell pool and hence hindering regeneration. Thus, DNA damage is thought to be the common path way causing aging , Hormones and cancer.

The present study focused on the different effects of synthetic glucocorticoids therapies on different hormones and white blood cells of asthmatic patients of both sexes. The present study included 80 asthmatic patients (40 males and 40 females) and sub divided into two categories : first group involved asthmatic patients treated with glucocorticoid therapies (20 males and 20 females) and second group included asthmatic patients treated without glucocorticoids therapies (20 males and 20 females). A thirty healthy subjects were involved in this study to perform comparison (control group) of both sexes (15 males and 15 females). All ages of the subjects ranged between 30 – 60 years old. Result of cortisol , testosterone , estradiol hormones showed significant decrease (P <0.01) in first group (treated with glucocorticoids) and showed insignificant changes in the second group when compared with healthy control group. Concerning values of total white blood cells pointed out significant increase ( P < 0.05) in both patients group when compared with control group. Differential white blood cells of first asthmatic patients group, explained significant increase in the levels of monocytes, neutrophils and insignificant increase in the levels of eosinophils and of lymphocytes when compared with control group.Moreover , results of differential white blood cells of second patients group (without glucocorticoids therapies ) recorded a significant increase ( P < 0.05) in the levels of monocytes , eosinophils, neutrophils , and insignificant changes of lymphocytes in a comparison with control group. In conclusion , changes mentioned above may be attributed mainly to inhibitory effects of synthetic glucocorticoids on axes of hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axes, and of reproduction , growth , maturation , and migration of white blood cells.

A new type of macrocycles of oxazepine compounds have been prepared in this article , the macrocycles has been linked with (maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride ,3- nitro phthalic anhydride)to produce new type which are macrocycles oxazepine.
Macrocycles oxazepine have been investigated by several techniques ((Uv-Visble),(C.H.N)-analyzer (FT-IR)-spectra ,H-NMR spectra ,Melting points).

In this research work natural bio polymer ''chitosan'' was synthesized using fish shells and adsorption of chromium by chitosan was studied. Synthesize of chitosan involved four main stages as preconditioning, demineralization, deproteinization, decolorization and deacetylation. Chitosan was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and solubility in 1% acetic acid. The affinity of chitosan for chromium was studied using K2Cr2O7 solution as the heavy metal solution containing Cr (VI) ions.
The ability of chitosan as an adsorbent for Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solution was studied. The capacity of chitosan to trap chromium ions in aqueous solution was carried out at 30oC using concentration as parameters. Our results show that the adsorption process is concentration-driven with high capacity of chitosan for the adsorption of these metal ions. The Infra red spectroscopic study on the chitosan and the metal-chitosan complexes reveal a metal coordination based on the observed characteristic band changes. At initial chromium concentrations of 1, 3, 5 and 8 mg/L, the adsorbed chromium ion concentrations are 0.74, 2.36, 4.34, and 7.38 mg/L, respectively.

This paper will working on the control valve main signal( demand) and the vibration of the steam turbine .will be putting condition to limiting the vibration increase in the turbine and generator, then when resolved the problem caused the turbine or generator vibration the main demand will return to normal value or normal turbine speed . This paper will take the power plant install from the Ansaldo company to work on this type of power plant . In this paper will us three type of circuit,this circuit contain op-amplifier us as comparator and the electronic relay to be isolate the signal in the circuit used and PNP &NPN transistor, by this working can be avoid the damage in turbine or generator result from vibration of the power plant.

The aim of the present work is to determine the alpha particles concentration in clay bricks samples taken from Hilla, Karbala, Najaf, Baghdad, Diyala, and Samarra governorates, emitted from the radioactive elements (radionuclides) (U-238, Th-232, Ra-226, and Po-218) by using nuclear track detector (CR-39), taken from many places of Iraq. Used one month irradiation time and then etched by 6.25 N of NaOH solution at temperature of 60 oC for 6 h.
The results obtained have shown that the highest average alpha particles concentration in clay bricks samples was found in Najaf region which was 4.65 ppm, while the lowest average alpha particles concentration was found in Diyala region which was 1.26 ppm.

This study focused on the electro - optic properties of a total or a series of polymers that have different molecular weights and are based on the polymer backbone. It is found that low molecular weights reduces the transition temperature and eventually leads to a destabilisation of the nematic phase, the effect of reducing the molecular weight of the polymer is to lower the observed threshold voltage. This may be related to an increase in the intrinsic elastic constant of the liquid crystal polymers. It is found that there is a strong coupling between the mesogenic side chain groups and the polymer chain and that the elasticity of the polymer chain plays a strong role in the static electro – optic properties .

Background: The Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of mortality morbidity, and disability in the world. The Framingham,s risk score had been used for CHD risk assessment that examine the distribution of lifestyle and emerging risk factors by 10 years risk of CHD. Aims of study: To assess the risk of CHD development and to identify the relationship between obesity and the risk of developing CHD. Patients and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study has been carried out on (150) patients with no history of CHD, attending to Merjan Teaching Hospital in Al-Hillah City from March to June 2013. Data has been obtained by questionnaire, measurement of anthropometric indices Blood pressure measurement, Electro–Cardio-Graph (ECG), echo study. With laboratory investigations including fasting blood glucose and fasting serum lipid's profile.
Results:
The average age was meam ±SD (49.64 ± 11.11). (45% ) female and (55%) were male out of which (29%) were diabetic, (22%) were smoker, and (6%) had high total cholesterol level > (above 6.2 mmol/l) , (21 %) have high triglyceride level > (2.26 mmol/l and above), 23% have high LDL-c (4.1mmol/l and above, (71%)have low HDL-c (<1 in male and <1.3 in female), (58 %) hypertension , and (86% )of them were physically inactive, ( 59%) were obese (BMI >30kg/m2)
The Framinghams risk score as total mean ± SD were (97.30±5.65)
The very low risk (<10%) was ( 47%), low risk (10-15%) was (14%), moderate risk score (15-20%) was (18%), high risk score (>20% risk score) was (21%). There was significant association between that risk and physical inactivity and body mass index and waist/hip ratio. There was significant association between that risk and physical inactivity. There was significant association between coronary heart disease risk and body mass index , (68%) of patients with high risk of development of coronary heart disease were pre-obese and obese .
Conclusion
There is a high prevalence of standard coronary heart disease risk factors so need specific lifestyle modification by the people ,community and specific programs from the health authority to decrease these risk factors.

The aim of the present work was to investigate; cryptic & non-cryptic bacterial eye infections. Three disease entities were tackeld ; Conjunctivitis, Dacryocystitis & Lid infections.101eye`s swabs were collected from eyes of these patients who referred to AL-Hessian & AL-Hindiya hospitalsThe results indicated that the rate of bacterial infections were 93% distributed as 73.2% in Conjuctivitis,11.8% in Lid infections& 8.0% in Dacryocytitis . Each swab was cultured by seven methods ,these methods lies in three techniques; serial culture technique , dilution technique &biphasic media to isolate &localize walled & cell wall deficient bacteria (CWDB).Culture results showed that the rate of mixed infections including walled bacteria & CWDB were 18.8% while single infections rates were 73.2% for walled bacteria &1%for CWDB . Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the commonest bacterial cause of eye infections. It was with a percentage of 14.8% in Conjunctivitis,Dacryocystitis & Lidinfections The antibiotic sensitivity was studied for CWDB clinical isolates, The CWDB isolates showed full resistant(100%) to pencillin , ampicillin but were sensitive to ciprofloxacine with a percentage of 70% .

Pre-eclampsia is a disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure and protienurea after the 20th week of gestation. Some supplements are used during pregnancy like vitamin C , folic acid and iron can effect on oxidative stress matter in preeclamptic women and may act as antioxidant . The aim is to demonstrate the effect of vitamin C , folic acid and iron supplements on the values of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde (oxidative stress markers) in preeclamptic, non-anemic pregnant women. The results showed that vitamin C and folic acid reduce the oxidative stress but iron supplements elevate it. Also the results revealed that the larger dose and early starting of vitamin C reduced the oxidative stress more than lower dose and late starting of it but there is no significant differences when using different doses and different time of starting of folic acid , while the larger dose and early starting of iron supplements elevate the oxidative stress more than lower dose and late starting of it. It can be concluded that vitamin C and folic acid are beneficial but there is no need to use iron supplements in non anemic preeclamptic women.

PANI polymer was prepared according to the procedure mentioned in the experimental part. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the molecular structure of synthesized PANI polymer. The X-ray diffraction pattern reveals PANI structure indexed in a pseudo-orthorhombic lattice. The broadening of (110) reflection in the PANI sample has been analysed in terms of domain length and strain using a single-line method employing the Voigt function. The antioxidant activity of the PANI sample has been investigated using a total antioxidant assay by employing UV-visible spectroscopy. PANI exhibited effective antioxidant activity which has been found to increase with increasing concentration. Determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) revealed that PANI polymer has no clear toxic effect on albino mice.

UV – Visible spectrophotometry was used to investigate the optical properties of five different samples of commercial honey. These properties include absorbanc , reflectance , transmittance, absorption coefficient , extinction coefficient , and refractive index . The absorption spectra showed maximum absorption in the uv – region (~ 300 nm). This is due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the honey samples