Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The current research aimed to identify positive thinking and its skills (self- talk, imagination, and positive expectation) in children according to the variables of age (8, 9, 10, 11) years and gender (males, females). The significance of the differences in it is known according to the variables of age and gender. The research has adopted the Daniel (2018) scale of positive thinking skills. After the researcher verified its standard characteristics, the scale was applied to a sample of (200) boys and girls, who were chosen by stratified random method, with (50) boys and girls in each age group, equally between males and females. The results of the research showed that the positive thinking and its three skills (self- talk, imagination, and positive expectation) among children at the age of (8) years was weak, and at the age of (9) years the children had positive thinking with its three skills at an average level. As for the ages of (10 and 11) years the possessed positive thinking with his three skills at a high level. The results also showed that positive thinking and its skills develop with age, and take a continuous path. The gender variable did not appear to have any effect on this thinking.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of faculty member in Jordanian private universities in promoting social security concept among students according to some variables. To achieve the aims of the study, the researchers selected a random sample consisting of (1150) male and female students from public universities in the northern region, out of the population totaling (14850) male and female students. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method, where a special questionnaire was developed for the purposes of the study and transferred electronically, dealing with the role of the faculty member in private Jordanian universities in promoting the concept of social security among their students in the light of some variables, and it included (15) items, and its validity and stability were confirmed. The findings of the study showed that the role of a faculty member in private Jordanian universities in promoting the concept of social security among their students in the light of some variables was high with a mean of (3.94), and the results of the study showed that there were no significant statistical differences at the level of significance (a = 0.05) due to the variable of gender and college. The study reached a set of recommendations, such as: the necessity of conducting educational and awareness programs for university students to warn them of negative behaviors and practices in society through the Deanships of Student Affairs.

The current research aims to identify the memory beliefs and the statistically significant difference in memory beliefs and academic resilience according to the gender and grade variables and the relationship between memory beliefs and academic resilience among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences at the University of Mosul, The research sample consisted of (683) male and female students and the two tools used in the research were: a belief scale which was prepared by the researcher and the Academic Resilience Scale (Cassidy, 2016). And those students have academic resilience, and that the statistically significant differences were significant depending on the gender variable and in favor of females and were not significant according to the class variable in academic resilience, and there is a positive correlation between memory beliefs and academic resilience.

None of the names of (Allah) were distinguished by a number of matters that no other names could share with it, including: magnifying and diluting its letter ‘lam’. As the reciters and grammarians are unanimously agreed to exaggerate the ‘lam’ in the name of Majesty if it was after the diacritical marks the ‘fathah’ and the ‘dammah’, and to dilute it if it was after the ‘kasrah’ due to overburdening. However, there are places in which the two sides are explained in this research, in which: some of its rulings arise from the composition; and the ‘lam’ of name of Majesty is followed by the accentuation or dilution when it adjoins other sounds, some of which are magnified, and it has the right to dilute, depending on the influence of the nature of the synthesized audio context.
In this study, the focus will be on the points of magnification and dilution, and the consequent multiplicity of pronunciations in the name of Majesty, with an explanation of the reasons that called for the multiplicity of rulings as well as the stance on the points of extension in which more than one way is permissible.

The novel “Diary of D” is a new fantasy extension in the worlds of novelist Ahmed Saadawi, and it is a new feature that is an evolution of the fantasy formation that his previous novels came aboutOur study is the pioneer in critical theorizing of this novel, especially since it was published in 2020, so there is no critical study about it.
The importance of our study appears in the rooting of the aesthetics of fantasy through the narratives that constitute various mirrors of reality, and the hypothesis is that the main theme in the novel describes the struggle (masculinity and femininity), through the identification between the mirrors of reality and the aesthetics of fantasy at the level of objective construction. With the adoption of metasraditional employment as a structural, experimental, modernist system, at the level of narrative construction, all of such is employed to form the novel's stylistics in shifting away from the traditional levels of the novel.
We have adopted the hermeneutical analytical approach in revealing the novel's themes, and we have also benefited from the metasradic theory, especially that which Saeed Yaktin looked at in his book (Issues of the New Arabic Novel: Existence and Frontiers) and Dr. Jamil Al-Hamdaoui in his book (Forms of Metasrudic Discourse in the Short Story in Morocco).

The aim of the present study is to identify the level of gratitude among university instructors and recognize the differences between males and females, and age group (30-40, 41-50, 51-60, over 60). And identify the level of Conscientiousness among the research sample, and the correlation between gratitude and conscientiousness. A random sample of (256) University instructors has been selected (107males and 149 females) and (48) for age group (30-40), 76 for age group (41-50), and 98 for age group (51-60) and 34 for age group (over 60). Two scales have been used in the study. The Gratitude Questionnaire - Six Item Form (GQ-6), and the Conscientiousness Scale, by John, OP, & Srivastava, S. (1999) and consists of 9 items, which is one of the dimensions of the Big Five Factors scale, has been translated and adopted and used in this study. The results showed that the level of gratitude is high among the research sample and that there are no significant differences in gratitude, due to the gender (male and female). ) and that there are differences attributable to the age and in favor of a category (60 years and over). The level of Conscientiousness among the research sample is very high, and that there is no correlation between the two variables.

The research aims to demonstrate a fundamental fact that the Central Asian region is of strategic importance, as the Caucasus was a place of political, military and economic conflicts and the competition of international powers represented by the United States of America and the Russian Federation, as well as China in the Central Asian region to achieve its international interests, and the most important conclusions reached by the research are that each of the international strategies has strategies of different political, military and economic dimensions towards conflict or cooperation to achieve the desired goals in the Central Asian region.

The research examined religious discourse in the light of linguistic usage. It defines the concept of politics linguistically and idiomatically as well as the concept of linguistic planning. The concept of religious discourse is defined as a term and a linguistic item. Bilingualism and the levels of classical and colloquial in a language, were explained and clarified in relation to contemporary religious discourse. A title was devoted to the vision of the linguistic policy of religious discourse, and the successful linguistic planning of religious discourse, and then analyzed two models of religious discourse: the first is an example of the moderate eloquent religious discourse (the sermon of the religious authority) in Najaf and the second example was for the religious discourse that mixes classical and colloquial Friday Sermons by Sheikh Hasanin al-Khaqani.

This study focused on the use of pure water for irrigation of green areas in the city of Al-Kut, which is intended for human use and not for watering green areas. The study included the percentage share of pure water in the city of Al-Kut in 2015. It was 421 liters / day, which is close to the standard quota per capita in the governorate center, which is 450 liters / day, but after the waste of pure water by several reasons, the per capita share in the city decreased to 324 liters / day. The study also included the area of using pure water in the field of irrigating green areas in the city of Al-Kut in 2015, the area of this use is (2821910) m2 of the area of the city of Al- Kut, which is (87312968) m2 forming a percentage of 3.3%, while the amount of pure water used in this field amounted to (5643820) liters / day in 2015. A study also included the geographical distribution of the uses of pure water in the field of irrigating green areas in the city of Al-Kut in 2015, according to the plans drawn up by the Al-Kut Municipality Directorate, which are: First: The northern part of the city of Al-Kut includes the areas (1, 3). Second: The southern part of the city of Al-Kut, including areas (2,4). The study confirmed the determination of the amount of pure water used in the irrigation of green areas in the city of Al-Kut in 2015. Through the study, the most important results were reached: The quantities of pure water produced by the projects and complexes equipped for the city were exposed to a decrease as a result of the use of pure water in irrigating the green areas, a problem A percentage of 16% of the quantities of waste, and the decrease of the share of one person in the city of Al-Kut to 321 liters / day in 2015, and the northern part of the city outperformed the southern part in the quantities of wasted water by irrigating green areas with pure water.

The present study aimed to identify the level of fear of negative evaluation, openness to experience, verify the link between them, reveal differences in fear of negative evaluation, and openness to experience according to the variable of sex. The study sample reached (200) persons who visited a Mental Health clinic in Rafah. The researchers used the fear of negative evaluation scale prepared by Liri (1983), translated by the researcher, and the scale of openness to experience, which is derived from the External Care Scale for Medicine, was hosted at a high level on the fear of negative evaluation scale, and a medium level on the Openness to experience, and the results showed that there is an inverse relationship between fear of negative evaluation and openness to experience, and the inclusion of results, there are no differences in fear of negative evaluation, and openness to experience according to the variable of sex.

One of the most important events in history is the functioning of men, and greater than that is his deeds in his accidents and leaving the trace revival as the eternity of his knowledge and jurisprudence.
The most wonderful thing that the researcher is proud of and the historian rejoices in writing about a Sheikh of Islam is that he finds a summit of the great and distinguished scholars of jurists formulated by the hand of God and embraced by his generous family.
Writing about a famous Imam and introducing him and his scientific standing in hadith and jurisprudence is a revival of this great heritage. Therefore, this study began to write on the authority of great Imam who is well-known and is considered one of the sources. He deserved and won many titles from historians, scholars and authors.
Abu Bakr Al-Jarjani ((Al-Faqih Al-Shafi’i)) is a figure of great importance and has a distinguished place in the sciences of hadith, jurisprudence and interpretation. Writing about this character is great for what he deserves from his scientific position in the science of hadith and jurisprudence and his high reputation and great standing among the men of hadith and jurisprudence, and this is what was stated during this study from the opinion of scholars, media, jurists and speakers of his right.

This study aims to verify the obstacles facing computer teachers in the intermediate and preparatory stages of Iraqi government schools during their teaching of the curriculum. An electronic questionnaire consisting of (50) questions was adopted and distributed in four different fields: human, educational, technical and environmental obstacles. The study sample was formed. Of (76) teachers in the third Al-Karkh Education Directorate in Baghdad governorate.
The results showed that there are many problems and obstacles facing computer teachers that affect the ability of teachers to deliver information to students as required. The study proved that the most prominent obstacles facing computer teachers from their point of view is the lack of an assistant technical person in the computer lab, who provided computers that do not meet the students' ambition to learn and innovate in addition to assigning computer teachers to teach in more than one school, as well as the frequent breakdowns of devices in the computer lab. Computer lab, with the small size of a computer lab room. This study presented a set of conclusions and suggestions that help in finding solutions to these obstacles.

Religion had an important role in the countries of the Nile Valley. There was no force controlling the life as religion did; they used religion to explain the phenomena surrounding them. Man's life is not affected by religion only, but it was mixed with the nature which was the first preacher of religion. Man interpreted the natural phenomena that he was unable to understand as belonging to supernatural powers far from the scope of his thinking; he feared from those phenomena which called him to respect them and offer the sacrifices. From here the religion arose.
Although man did not see these powers except that he believed in their existence, he created in his imagination images of them, and conceived them as human beings that could be satisfied with offerings, until he settled in his awareness of the spiritual connection between himself and the gods. So, he loved them and relied on them. Egyptians did not have a single religion, there was an official religion, and there were beliefs and popular sanctities for every village or city that go side by side without fanaticism or rivalry.

The research assumes that the manifestations of the image of the mind among the poets of Andalusia did not receive the attention it deserves due to the lack of research and studies that have been dealt with, whether those studies were single for these manifestations, or they came within other researches that dealt with Andalusian poetry in general.
The induction proved that the units and structures of the poem are imbued with loads or manifestations bearing images of values that are based on the principle of knowledge, foresight and contemplation, and their historical and artistic repercussions in the consciousness of the Andalusian poet, and his ability to employ the details related to it, through the emotional diagnosis and embodiment of its symbols, in the light of the texts that the researcher subjected to contemplation. and the study. Those manifestations of the images of the mind, as the research proved, seemed elusive images that do not give themselves easily, as they are a fertile world and revealing dense poetic connotations, and this matter is not far from poetry, as it is an artistic perception embodied in language, dealing with the world, its things, people, events and relations in a qualitative manner that reflects the desires of The self in nostalgia or joy and sadness, and this research will address those manifestations within psychological approaches, as well as an attempt to mature a perception of how poets build their meanings with artistic dangers. This research distinguishes between two forms of the mind: the first is related to the realistic reference that surrounded the poet's knowledge and perception, and the experiences he went through to filter his psychological awareness. in which they see the divine beauty; So contemplation, contemplation, and a sense of the unity of existence and the divine presence became the guide for these images and manifestations, and for the sake of the topic, we decided to choose poetic models of poets belonging to different eras; Each poet represents the era to which he belongs.

The aim of the research is to study and analyze the effect of temperature on the consumption of electrical energy in Diyala Governorate to see the extent of the effect of heat on the consumption of electrical energy, which is one of the climate elements represented by (solar radiation, temperature, wind, relative humidity, rain, thunderstorms) and the extent of the effect of heat element on the size of the amount of electrical energy consumption in the study area.
The research found that there is a close relationship between the consumption of electrical energy and the extent of the change of the influence of the heat element on the rise and decrease in the volu Key words: temperature, consumption, Diyalame of the amount of electrical energy consumption

The curriculum of the linguistic study is the link between the young learner and the study of the Arabic language, as well as being responsible for transferring Arabic language sciences to the young learner. It is a granular tool to clarify the importance except the performance of the teacher in his presentation of the linguistic material.
On the basis of that, the examination of the subjects of these curricula according to the principle of (feedback) to present critical studies on them was of great importance, which this study entitled "Critical and linguistic reading in the interrogative style, the Arabic grammar book for the sixth grade of middle school as a model", as it came with an introduction Three topics and a conclusion.
The first topic included what is permissible and what is not permissible in the interrogative section, the second topic was included in the parsing of interrogative tools, the third topic included disparaging brevity and tedious redundancy in the presentation of the interrogative section, and the conclusion included the important findings of the study.

DE familiarization is exit of simple and common language. It refers to ways that by using it speaker or reader try watch to his (her) environment by unusual type or new vision until surprised his (her) reader or contact. DE familiarization is not Quran’s Literary language but is a way that prepare space for contact, in, this situation contacts for better receive content do mental probe, also be excitement by receive it and more impression. Aim of this research is a deep review of Noah’s story by stylistic method and with DE familiarization Replacement that emerge in simile, metaphor and allusion. Another goal of this paper finds out some of unique and endless marvel of Quran’s literary language. This research has many results that some of that as follow: create exaggeration in mean and concept of verses, generalization of implication of verses, create excitement in contact, create tendency of thinking in contact, use of language emotional role and developing on mean and concept of verses that to cause put down pagan’s excuse and doubt.

The research aims to identify the large-sized industries in the province of Diyala and their spatial distribution to the administrative units, as well as to know the important locational factors that contributed to signing them in their current locations. Hence the question is: Have the large-sized industries in Diyala province invested all the potentials available for the activity? Is there a discrepancy in the distribution of large-sized industries at the level of the districts of Diyala Governorate? And that their investment was not efficient and was not distributed in a balanced and fair manner in the districts of the governorate, due to several problems related to industry and development.
The research adopted the spatial approach represented by studying the spatial variation of large-sized industries in Diyala governorate for the year 2019, and the research concluded that large-sized industrial facilities in the governorate Diyala is one of the facilities that has a vital role in providing the local market requirements of its industrial products, as well as its active contribution to The development and development of the economic and social sectors at the governorate level, such as the agricultural and commercial sectors, the education sector, transportation and the rest of the service sectors, as well as their role in the development of reconstruction and construction projects. For the large industry sector in the province.
There is a large and clear variation in the distribution of large-sized industrial projects in Diyala governorate. While we find that most large-sized industrial projects are concentrated in Baquba district, we find other districts that are empty of them, and this is clear and tangible evidence that there are great and wide potentials in the governorate that have not been properly invested.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, an educated national elite emerged in Afghanistan, who left an important impact in the political and diplomatic history of Afghanistan, and played an important role in achieving the country its complete independence from the British dependency. His most important cultural products, as he shows his political role after his appointment as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1919, and the treaties he concluded with the two largest international powers in Asia, which made his country enjoy complete independence for the first time in its modern history, and then shows the circumstances that led to his resignation from his position, his departure from Istanbul and his death In which.

The study constitutes an element of scientific defense of our true religion (Islam) and the people that represent it. And stand on the means adopted by the Islamic religion in building man and social life. The result come up with a set of criteria that contribute to the formulation of the Islamic identity and express the culture of Islam in all aspects of life.

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of a program based on reading strategies in developing reading comprehension and productive thinking skills for fifth grade students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher followed the experimental and descriptive approach to suit the conditions of her research, and chose a sample of (65) male and female students divided into two experimental groups. As a control, the researcher prepared a reading comprehension skills test that included (20) objective tests, and a test in productive thinking skills that included (16) test items, and after applying the two tests on the research sample and analyzing the results statistically, it became clear that the experimental group was superior to the control group in Posttest of reading comprehension skills and productive thinking skills.

In line with a series of studies in Ibn Faris' Dictionary of Language Standards, the three roots are survived whereby Ibn Faris attributed their meanings to more than three meanings, trying to attribute these original meanings into one original meaning.
This study is concerned with the linguistic field (words indicating the giving) - and it was preceded by two studies, the first study included the linguistic field: (expressions indicating solidarity) and the second study included the linguistic field: (expressions indicating the going).
This research is marked by (the triple roots that have more than three meanings in the language standards- expressions of giving for example). This research consists of (أ م ر), (ب ر ر), (ج د و), and (ع ر ق). Then each linguistic material is divided according to the original meanings (the four, or the five) mentioned by Ibn Faris in his standards, and a number of uses are listed that are mentioned by Ibn Faris - between one linguistic use to four linguistic uses - as needed.
At the end of each meaning, the linguistic use of relationship is explained to that concluded original meaning. To originate the derivation theory, the possibility of linking linguistic uses with a single linguistic meaning is emphasized.

The study of the hydrological characteristics of groundwater in the governorate is prepared by showing the concentrations of salinity and the main elements by adopting fifteen water models collected from several sites in the governorate in different periods representing the increase and decrease of water, as the spread of saline and nitrate pollution in the groundwater in the open reservoir as well as the spread of pollution The salinity is only in the water of the confined reservoir, whether in the sediments of the Quaternary age or the reservoir of the Muqdadiya and Bey Hasan formation. The analysis models were based on the Geological Survey Office in Wasit Governorate to obtain the results of the analysis for the selected samples. As it was observed the spread of hydrochemical pollution with salinity and the nitrate ion in the surface waters of the Kalal Badra, Tarsakh and Al Shihabi River, as the high concentration of salinity of its water, which is likely to be affected by the geological and agricultural environment within the Iranian and Iraqi lands, as the concentration of nitrate ion in the river water upon entering the Iraqi lands was characterized by an increase and then began to gradually decrease Towards the bottom of the valley. Agricultural operations and land uses for agricultural purposes And the purposes of grazing, as well as the washing of sediments contaminated with nitrate ion, led to the spread of salt and nitrate pollution within the open reservoir water after feeding it with percolating water with high salt and nitrate concentrations. Hydrochemical contamination of groundwater was restricted to the reservoir confined to salinity, where the nitrate ion could not move to the confined reservoir layers, the most difficult areas of exposure.

With its sweetness and bitterness, with its fantasy and reality, literature is the soul of human culture. It graces civilizations with beauty, morality, and the love of humanity. It seeks to prompt human culture to march towards excellence and elegance and maintain distance from vileness and wickedness. With its stress on diversity, it strives to curb violence and arrogance. Its ideal lies in bestowing love, peace, and integrity upon the chaotic and materialistic existence to deliver it from meaninglessness and vulgarity. Thus, this article invokes Mathew Arnold's idea of culture to bring into light the contribution of two classical Persian poets: Rumi and Sadi, to the promotion of the humanistic culture. To this end, firstly, this article will briefly discuss the enemies and defenders of literature. Then it will dwell on the notion of culture from the perspective of Mathew Arnold. Secondly, it will highlight how Rumi preaches his faith in the humanistic culture by advocating tolerance and critiquing zealotry and fundamentalism in religion. Finally, it will illuminate how Sadi brings into fore his conviction about the humanistic culture by taking sides with the disfranchised maiden as well as by satirizing the older man desiring to marry her by the power of his wealth and the gift of gab.

The paper offers a new insight into the global perception of vampirism as cultural diversity tradition lens in the British writer Kim Newman’s novel Anno Dracula, published in 1992. The historical allusions throughout the novel presents the discourse of intercultural concepts that does not only speak to the Western Dracula tradition and the 19th Century English historical setting but also to our own 21st Century with its multicultural emerging societal relations. In a politically charged destruction of a fictional setting, the writer shows a kind of prevailing evil that defies the existence of mankind. The paper presents different points of view to interpret the role of both historical and fictional characters drawn by the novelist to create an image of horror. The paper also traces the cultural encounters with the Dracula tradition and how far this has contributed to build a political rebellion in a police state that might exist anywhere in the world.

Since Allah sometimes speaks of the location of historical stories in the verses of the Qur'an, understanding some of these verses requires historical archaeological and geographical studies. The advancement of science in the new age and the existence of spiritual crises due to the distance from religion require interpreters to interpret with a scientific perspective. Social and cultural developments and the expansion of the field of science due to the relationship between the Islamic world and Western civilization have created some innovative factors that have had a profound effect on the content and style of interpretation. This is why contemporary Islamic commentators, in accordance with the specific characteristics of this era, have optimized the knowledge related to the Qur'an in order to convey the messages of the Qur'an to the people with a new face. Based on this, the present study has examined archaeological and historical geographical studies in the interpretation of the Qur'an and has researched in six contemporary interpretations. Historical geography in cases such as the Holy Land, the Land of the Aḥqāf, the Land of Gog and Magog, the Cave of the Companions of the Cave, Mount Judi, Majmaʽ al-Bahrayn and Adna al-Arḍ (i.e. Nearby Land) have shown the spatial dimensions of the lands where the events took place. And from this study, it was concluded that the Qur'anic stories, mentioning specific geographical places, are real and historical stories, and the ancient relics of these stories can be seen on earth today.

أصبح نشوء شعر الإعاقة في العقود الأخيرة من القرن العشرين اتجاها ادبيا بالغ الاهمية في الأدب الأمريكي المعاصر، وذا عمق ادبي وتأثير اجتماعي يوازي بأهميته شعر الاحتجاج ضد التمييز العرقي أوالاثني أوالطبقي أو الجنسي. وقد وجد الشعراء المعاقون في الشعر أداةً فاعلة للتعبير عن خبراتهم المريرة ومعاناتهم الجسدية وسط ثقافة تهيمن عليها سياسات الهوية التي تُصنَفُ المكونات المختلفة على أساس اللون أو العِرق أو الجنس أو الدين .
متحدين كل أنواع التحجيم والتهميش، أسس الشعراء الأمريكيون المعاصرون من ذوي الاعاقة مثل لاري إيجنر (1927-1996) وفاسار ميلر (1924-1998) ولورا آن هيرشي (1962-2010) وجيم فيريس (1950-) وكيني فرايز (1960-) وجيليان وايز (1981-)، أسس شعرية جديدة عن الاعاقة كوسيلة لمقاومة المجتمعات التي تعتمد على معيار التمييز بين الشخص السليم أو الطبيعي وبين الشخص المعاق وفق نوع الإعاقة الظاهرة في جسده من عدمها. تعمل أعمال شعراء الاعاقة على إبراز منظور جديد نابع من منظور ذوي الإعاقة انفسهم، منظور يفكك المعتقدات والاحكام الثقافية التوصيفية الجامدة والسائدة حول الاعاقة الجسدية لخلق ثقافة قبول الإعاقة.
يهدف هذا البحث الى دراسة قصائد الإعاقة لجيم فيريس المختارة من مؤلفه قصائد المستشفى (2004)، مؤكدة أن الإعاقة في المجتمع الامريكي هي قالبا نمطيا إجتماعيا وثقافيا أكثر من كونها إعاقة جسدية. ويسعى البحث الى التأكيد على أن شعر الإعاقة هو شهادة على الابداع الشعري وليس دليلا على اليأس الاجتماعي والشخصي. ويناقش البحث التجربة غير المعيارية للفرد المعاق كعامل أساسي لبناء ثقافة الإعاقة.

According to Qur'anic scholars Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Saiyyār Baṣary, commonly known as Naẓẓām, the great Muʿtazila theologian is the first person to formulate and develop the theory of Ṣarfa about the miraculous aspects of Qur'an. Contemplation and focus on the biography of Naẓẓām Baṣary, as well as the historical, social and geographical conditions of Baṣra, his hometown, opens a new chapter in understanding the active factors in the formation of the theory of Ṣarfa. The results of the paper confirm the Communication of Naẓẓām with Hindu Brahma and the widespread presence of Hindus in Baṣra in the ninth century further reinforces the possibility that Ṣarfa is retrieved from Indian Braham's thought, found in the book al-fida. His encounter with philosophers and the emergence of philosophical thought in his theological perspective, on the one hand, and the dominance of philosophical thought in Baṣra, suggests that the theory of Ṣarfa is influenced by philosophical thought. Moreover, the coincidence of Naẓẓām's life as a proponent of Qur'an's creation with a significant amount of challenges on the idea of the Greatness of Qur'an, reinforced the effectiveness of the theory on Ṣarfa on the idea of the Greatness of Qur'an.

There are two aims in the present study. The first is to find out the effect of reciprocal teaching strategy on reading comprehension performance of EFL preparatory school students. The second is to check out the effect of the same strategy on Students’ retention of the reading texts. This study is limited to the fourth scientific preparatory school students in the city of Ramadi during the first course of the academic year 2019-2020. Two hypotheses are set. The first assumed that there is no significant difference between the mean score of the experimental group and the mean score of the control group in the post reading comprehension performance test at the level (0.05) of significance. The second hypothesis states that there is no significant difference in the mean scores of the reading retention test between the experimental group and the control at the (0.05) level. The selected sample includes 72 students who have been selected randomly. The sample is distributed over two groups (36 for the experimental group) and (36 for the control group) after equalizing. The experimental group is taught reading comprehension material according to reciprocal teaching method. The researcher depends on a reading comprehension test to be the main instruments for collecting data and has been exposed to jury members. After the final applications of both tests, results concerning the first hypothesis show that there is a significant difference in the mean scores of the performance test between control and experimental group in favour of the experimental group. Also, the results about the second hypothesis reveal that there is a significant difference in the mean scores of the reading retention test of the experimental group upon the control group. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are set.

The current research aims to investigate the effect of the interaction between the two types of infographics in terms of presentation and cognitive style in developing digital graphics design skills and motivation towards it among undergraduate students in the Department of Educational Technology, College of Education, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. To achieve this, the experimental method was used and the study sample consisted of (109) students, who were divided into four experimental groups according to the cognitive style and the infographic technique used in education. The research reached a number of results. The most important of which are: the absence of statistically significant differences at the level (α < 0.05) of the interaction between the two types of infographics in terms of presentation (static, motion) and cognitive style (tolerance\ intolerance of ambiguity) in the development of cognitive aspects of digital graphic design skills and motivation towards it among students of Educational Technology in experimental groups at the University of Jeddah. In the light of the foregoing, the research presented a set of recommendations, most notably: the necessity of employing infographic technology in its static and motion patterns in teaching the digital graphics design course and other courses.

There is no doubt that there is a strong relationship between history and literature. The first step of literature starts with registration and recording the history of heroes, and the upper layer of society. This research is an attempt to shows the link between these two majors. This research entitled (Using the History in the Novel (Shiri Musa) by (Sabir Rashid). The first section forms the similarity and difference between novel and history. Also in the second part, the features of the historical novel displayed, and in other sections the historian and novelist deal with the subject and language of the text. The second part of this research entitled (the use of history in the novel (Shiri Musa)), in five different sections talks about historical starts of the novel, mixing reality, imagination, and history in an excellent way and the impact of history in the novel. The outcome of the research has put at the end of this research.

The city is the basic building block for the trip at Bassem Furat because of its urban and natural construction, which qualified it to be an attractive place for personalities, especially for travelers "Bassem Furat", and for tourism in general. and distinguishing it from other cities as attractive places, so our research included a city with natural "geographical" characteristics such as "Misawaji" and "Cuzco and other Asian cities. Then we stopped at the cities that are located on the coast and contain harbors for ships because of the great cultural diversity they contain because they are cities that receive incoming tourists from different cultures and linguistic and religious moods. development and civilization as well as its cultural and religious advantages.