Journal of the College of Education for Women

Many translators, though flattered at being invited to teach a
course at a university, are hesitant to accept the position due to their lack
of pedagogical knowledge. Many problems regarding teaching translation
arise from the fact that a great number of experienced and skilled
translators who have been asked to teach beginner translators believe that
translation is learned by experience and personal intuition and can by no
means be taught in the classroom. Many of them also believe that
translation theories are all of no use. On the opposite extreme are people
who argue that translation is or (can) become an exact science like any
other.
Accordingly, one can ask the following questions: Is translation
teachable at all? It is better to first define what the real nature of
translation is; is it a science, an art or a craft? (Because it is only then that
one can decide whether it is something to be taught in the classroom like
any other field of study and with the same existing teaching methods.) Do
translators need to be taught in the art or science of translation? Is it
possible to train a translator in a classroom?
The present study deals firstly with some theoretical reflections on
the translation process and the various approaches to teaching translation.
Secondly, it attempts to answer the above questions. Then, a course for
translation is designed and described. Besides, it suggests some
guidelines concerning how to design a translation course that is based
mainly on the university students\\' needs, the best way to choose such a
course and the errors that may be made by a course designer. Finally, it
tries to identify the suitable procedures in the translation process and in
the translation course itself in order to hopefully lead to more
understanding of the learning and teaching of translation and gives the
possible recommendations in this respect.

Allah creates man on earth. Allah grants him mind that
makes a life of plenty and opulence. Man likes to live safely and he
dislikes any thing that ruffles his living
The poetry in Al- Jahiliya expressed various pictures and
images of loving life. Poets took the plunge into their safety.
Hence, loving the life leads to peace as the latter leads to the
former. Both of them are inseparable.

The research contains the identification of gender as concept,
how far it effected by the educational, economic, political
conditions and the inherited customs. It also deals with the concept
of gender in Islam to correct the wrong ideas of many people and
shows the honorable place of women in Islam and puts a spot of
light on the Iraqi women and her suffers as a gender, also refers to
international studies related to the subject. The researcher reached
to several results or conclusions the most important one is
emending the social concept of gender and place it in the right
place of society.

Many chapters of Holy Kuran and one of them –Aladeyat-
has been started with substantive oath and this called (phonetic
oath) that are signified from oath letter or on of its phonetics so
the question is the oath in the beginning of the chapter has effect
in structuring general provisions of the chapter on this question
built the idea of this research.
The purpose of this research is to explore the idea &
occasions for opening the substantive oath and not only to find
the answers.
So we chose –Aladeyat Chapter- by its significance &
structural nature consist of three coordinators and conclusions
and we started with analystic study for the three level of this
chapters I mean (structural, significance & rhythmic).
And this distributed on three sections.
We analyze on the first section the structure of three
significance (oath sentence) that represent the first coordinator
(answer oath sentence) which represent second coordinator then
the rest of sentence chapter and this is the third coordinator and
last the conclusion.
So we found that (answers oath sentence) represent chapter
nucleus that its straightened all the coordinators with grammatical
relations called: confirmation relation & unknown interrogation
relation & belonging pronoun relations) one of them answers
confirmed and negative questioned answer or conclusion belong
by its pronoun & significant for that answers.
At the second section we present a brief display for
coordinators and significant follow one another and after
displaying analyzing and joint each significant with each oather we
found that oath sentence make a significant base buld up and
extend up to the deep of the chapter, so the significant of other
coordinator is a branch of these significants that make us draw a
diagram for a circle in center is (oath sentence) accord in
coordination and consistent with significance of the chapter.
Lastly and through our study for the rhythmic level of the
chapter's syllable we found that the rhythm of oath sentence which
represent the first ryhtheic tone for the chapter has been important factor to attract the audience and preparing to receive the message
that come for (the method of oath).

This research is considered a study a bout the mainly
phenmons in the Islamic community over its different eras, until the
life of the writer (Al- Taoheedi) in the forth century (A.H) .
The research is divided into many subjects : Behaviors and
customs, community structure, family life , luxury and poverty ,
foods, clothes .
The research shows us that the Islamic community
informations are received from this book (Al- Basiar and Al-
thagharr), also we show that the writer is decided to appear the
community pictures for his era (the Abbaside era), and this book is
important because it considered many knowledges in different
important subjects.

Politeness gains a great deal of interest in the past twenty-five
years. Much has been written on politeness principle and theories. The
politeness theory postulated by Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson
was originally published in 1978 and later expanded and republished in
1987 under the title Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage is
considered the most important theory that almost all the linguists depend
on in their writing on this subject. This work consists of two parts. The
first part is their fundamental theory concerning the nature of 'politeness'
and how it functions in interaction. The second part is a list of 'politeness'
strategies (positive and negative) with examples from three languages:
English, Tzeltal, and Tamil.
The purpose of the present paper is to tackle the realization of
positive politeness strategies in language in English language only.

Cleopatra was an Egyptian ancient queen, judged Alexandria -with wisdom, mind and power. She related emotionally in very strong
love with (Antonio), and then there were an argument in Rome
between the (Caesar) and (Antonio). The historical novels says
that (Cleopatra) convent (Antonio) to get into a sea war, it seems
that his army triumph in the first day, so when the two lovers take
their rest , the news of their losing in the war was came. Someone
make a trip to (Antonio) by telling him that(Cleopatra) commit
suicide so he killed himself and (Cleopatra) came to see him , she
was afraid to be arrested from her enemy so she went to the
religious man that gave her a snake and the snake bit her and
she dead. There was many details about their relationship the
historian transferred it with different changes.
Several literati wrote in Cleopatra subject through theatre, story
and novel , and they are talking about Cleopatra' beauty which play
a big rule in history, and called her as playful woman that invest
her beauty to subjugate the leaders.
It has produced plays and novels, 15 in French, 6 English,
and 6 Italian besides many dramas. The most important literati that
wrote about Cleopatra was (Shakespeare) in (Antonio and
Cleopatra), then (John Driden) in (Everything for love) 1678, after
them (Bernardshow) in (Caesar and Cleopatra). It is normally that
these works appeared in western before Arabian, due to what
happened in renaissance, the Arabian were aware on the western
work , so the Egyptian poet ( Ahmad Shawqi) wrote his play
(Cleopatra' Dead) in 1927 , he was impressed technically in
western works even he had a different attitude from them, his
work is a creativeness work.

The adolescent who loses love and care and suffers from emotional
deprivation by his family will seek passion and love outside his house when he
grows older and this leads to strong emotional consequences and this
adolescent might give emotions to whoever severely invest them . the
problem at the present study in to identify the emotional deprivation and its
relation with behavioral and nervous problems for the adolescents . Therefore,
the following questions are put forth:
1) are there differences in the emotional for the adolescent according to
the variable at sex(males-females)?
2) Are there differences in the behavioral and nervous problems for the
adolescent according to the variable of sex(male-females)?
The importance at the present study comes from the importance at the
adolescence stage in the individuals life as it a qualitative change in the
individual growth characterized by acceleration , psychological instability
because of the physiological changes , in addition to dealing with a stratum of
the community that lost the parental care and then it needs problem solving
and that might lead to disagreement between the individuals of this stratum
and their parents environment and society of which they are part in spite of
the special and social limits that might hinder the construction of strong
relations with other people .The present study aims at:
1-Measuring the emotional deprivation of the second intermediate students
(the study samples).
2- Measuring the behavioral and nervous problems of the second intermediate
students (the study sample).
3- Finding out the relation between the marks of the emotional deprivation and
the marks of the behavioral and excitement problems of the sample
The descriptive analytic method was used in measuring the emotional
deprivation and in measuring the behavioral and nervous problems. The
sample included(100 ) male students and (100 ) female students. The sample
was chosen intentionally. The emotional deprivation slandered consisted of(
38) items, while the slandered of the behavioral and nervous problem
consisted of (39) items. The T- test was used in the statical treatments for the
independents samples of the same number and spearman's correlation co-
efficient was also used.
The study came up with the following results:
1) most of the sample individuals were suffering from the emotional
deprivation in addition to the behavioral and nervous problems faced by the
adolescents deprived of one parent.
2) The relation between the marks of emotional deprivation and the marks
of the behavioral and nervous problems was statistically significant at (0,05)
for the whole sample in addition to the samples of males and females .
In the light at such results, the study came into a number of suggestions and
recommendation.

Single of the Koranic special bell in the vocal and influential,
it does not find the signs in other words, since the three met with
the President of features, beauty and signed by hearing, and
consistency in meaning, and implications for the consistency it
usually does not allow signs other words, these features do not
meet In the words of people together, but in the Holy Quran, and
we find some of them in the Word of Rhetoricians and eloquent
Kalimam Shaafa'i and big eye, and Mutanabi.
The single language or Semantically situation evolved over
time, as we find in the Koran that the meanings of words have
acquired a new Muslim were not known before the revelation of the
Qur'aan, Kasalap, Zakat and fasting, pilgrimage and it was mean:
prayer, the development and increase, constipation, and intended
to become show the usual pillars of worship and conditions.

The research aims at recognizing the sharpest family
violence features which Iraqi women face in city and rural area in
accordance with the classification that says, daughter, sister, and
wife and to know the differences, indications of family violence
against women statistically and according to the environmental
variable, educational level, and economical level.
the procedures of the research include the forming of
measurement for measuring violence against women (daughter,
sister, and wife) family The sample of the
research include (400) women from rural area and city. the
researchers have found in the results that there are indeed family
violence features against women according that there are indeed
family violence features against women according to the
classification (daughter, sister, and wife) and there are prominent
differences in filmy violence according to the variable of
educational and economic level. The two researchers have
reached in their results to some recommendations and
suggestions.

Before the year of 1869, the red sea was just internal sea
between West and East of Arab homeland. It's important in
international trade between West and East was very little, and
most of the ships take along route around Africa.
After digging and opening Suis canal in 1869, the Red sea
become in the heart of the world, the Red sea with the
Mediterranean connecting tree continents Asia, Africa and Europe.
Also the importance of the red sea comes from made short the
time and distance between West and East and become the most
important route in international transportation
Therefore; we can say that the Red sea after 1869, open of
suis canal had changed the Geographical and Geopolitical map of
the world and become source of international competition,
especially on international relationship among the supper powers.
To the U.S.A the importance of the Red sea due to its role as
a main and important route ((Master Key)) the U.S.A and its vital
interest regions all over the world such as the Middle East and
South East of Asia.

The surface treatment of the carbon steel is important for the
improvement of its properties, which lead to the improvement the
efficiency during the operation. The laser surface hardening is a
new technique, which used the incident laser beam upon the
surface of metal to cuse local heating and slef quenching result
from the effect of the beam.
There is many application in the experimental and industrial of
the laser technique because of the converging the laser beam by
the lens on a very small spot which its diameter near the value of
the laser wave length. This lead to concentrate high energy in very
small area which lead to high heating in comparison with the usual
heating sources which give lower heating energy density produced
by the traditional heating sources. As an example of solid state
laser such as Ruby laser, Nd-Yag laser, Nd-glass laser and CO2
laser, each type of these has properties, which determined the
applied field.
In this paper Nd- glass laser has been used to surface
hardening of low carbon steel, which study the irradiation and its
effect upon microstructure, surface hardening and wear resistant of
the metal.

These are Islamic ethics. For their position, their domination
over all actions and saying, their control over the people to spread
in all the relations of the individual and society, their possession of
the feature of law to be applied and which is associated with
punishment… they are the reality to be lived and the currency to
be dealt with in the society in all its fields. They are the insurance
to confront the fever of globalization that carries the decay and
some advantage in comparison with the Islamic ethics carry for the
society like welfare highness. Therefore, it recommended to be
back to the "Divine Inspiration" and taking from it the extent of
content to make our societies blooming, strong and well-connected
in the face of globalization and its yellow rotten winds.
The effort of all foundations is to get together, in all their
strength, to bring this project into success.

The fai’ is the income of the bait al mal of Muslims which
come from the Khraj, Jizya, Ushur, Ghanaim and every thing that
within public endowment for all Muslims benefit. The Muslim Imam
could spend it according to his religious duty.
Because of the importance of the land the prophet and the
rightly guided caliphates left it under the name of the (estates in
mortmain). They did not distribute it with the ghanaim.
The feudal began in the time of the prophet in order to restore
the land and to sustenance the people and to support Bait al mal
with necessary money for the benefit of the Islamic people, so did
the rightly guided caliphates.
The military feudal began with the beginning of the Islamic Fituh
in order to serve the territorial army by fulfillment of the food
supply. So the feudal in the prophet and rightly guided caliphates
times appeared for obligatory reasons .it was not a large landed
property but a small land property for life and to serve the Jihad
and to resist the enemies.
In the Umayyade period most Kharraje officials were treating the
people unjustly, and impose a high taxes on the Thana feudal .that
made most of them join the owner of a big land (the feudal), this
way was called Al- Taljia which made the properties bigger than
before and the smaller properties smallest.
The owners of the bigger properties ordered the Dahqans to
direct their properties, while they lived in the cities. That was a
good time for Dahqans in order to treat the farmers unjustly so the
farmers become in abad status and made them to dip in resistance
movements.
The idea of endowment appeared in the time of the prophet and
became more clarity in the time of Omar Ibnal Khattab. It was
arranged in the time of Omar Ibn Abdal Aziz at the beginning of
100 A.H. when he ordered not to sale the land, but it was sold after
his death.