Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

Nahj al-Balagha is a book compiled by Al-Sharif Al-Radi, featuring selected speeches, letters, and wise sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him). It encompasses eloquence, rhetorical marvels, and profound expressions of both religious and worldly wisdom. The book contains 237 sermons and speeches, 79 letters and covenants, and 480 short sayings.

The history of humanity is filled with various types of people, differing in their inclinations and contrasting in their thoughts. With these differences and contrasts, their destinies and fortunes also vary. The most fortunate among them are those whose faith is sincere, whose creed is strong, and whom God has guided away from deviation and falsehood. When a person\'s creed is firmly rooted, it manifests in many aspects, and perhaps the most evident and influential manifestation is that of the poet\'s creed. This is one of the most effective means of spreading faith and solidifying convictions.

If a poet possesses the necessary tools of his craft along with a sound and steadfast creed, he can achieve immortality across ages and generations. Poets of faith serve as its guardians and the bearers of its ideas to its followers, and our poet is among them ([1]).

Talking about superstitions is deeply engaging. The Holy Qur'an indicates in its verses that superstitions have accompanied humanity for a long time. From the pessimism surrounding the prophets Salih and Moses (peace be upon them) to successive nations and peoples until the advent of Islam, superstition and bad omens thrived whenever reason reached a state of bankruptcy. However, when reason and religion took control, these negative practices disappeared.

It is truly unfortunate that today, despite living under the guidance of religion, the wise Qur'an, and the Prophet (PBUH) and his pure family, we still witness the dominance of superstitions and bad omens—practices that were denounced by the Qur'an and the noble Hadith—persisting among different nations and especially within the Muslim community.

May this article have a profound impact on its readers, working like magic to eradicate superstitions and bad omens from the face of the Islamic society. My success is only through God; upon Him, I rely, and to Him, I turn in repentance.

### The Structural Aesthetics of Composition in Modern European Painting

Structuralism in modern art schools represents a study of the most significant transformations throughout the ages, allowing us to trace artistic trajectories during that period and the influencing factors. Such research leads to a broader understanding of modern art developments and the intellectual and artistic transformations that took place within it.

The study consists of four chapters. The first chapter introduces the subject by presenting the research problem, its significance, and objectives, which aim to identify the structure of modern art and establish a set of concepts followed by art movements, from Impressionism to Surrealism, which defines the study’s timeframe.

The second chapter comprises the theoretical framework, divided into three sections. The first section discusses the concept of structure and its application in painting, defining its mechanisms through a set of concepts. The second section examines the cultural context of modernity and its influence on the artistic context, focusing on the evolution of intellectual concepts and scientific and philosophical discoveries that played a major role in shaping an art distinguished by its significant and relatively rapid transformations. The third section presents general concepts on the structural outcomes of modern art following the environmental and philosophical influences discussed in the second section.

In the third chapter, we address the research methodology, where scholars rely on indicators derived from the theoretical framework to analyze the sample and achieve the research objectives. The methodology is based on examining artworks through elements such as color, line, perspective, and time, following a structuralist approach.

The study concludes with a discussion of the results in light of the objectives, defining the structure of each artistic movement based on its treatment of the mentioned concepts. The research ends with references and a summary in English.

The study of Arabic grammar contributes to refining learners' language skills and enriching their vocabulary. However, students' weakness in grammar has become an undeniable issue, even among some teachers. Researchers attribute this weakness to the reliance on traditional teaching methods based on rote memorization, making grammar a challenging subject, especially in secondary education, where students pass without mastering it. Furthermore, the lack of formative assessment as a teaching tool has contributed to the decline in students' proficiency. This raises the research question: What is the impact of formative assessment on the achievement of Teacher Training Institute students in Arabic grammar?

With the collapse of the dictatorial regime in Iraq and the liberation of the Iraqi people from its oppression, vast opportunities emerged for all citizens to actively participate in rebuilding and developing the nation. This effort aimed to rescue Iraq from the stagnation and backwardness imposed by the former regime. The reconstruction process, which began immediately after the fall of the previous system, is a significant historical undertaking that spans multiple fields and levels. The most crucial aspect of this process is the collective participation of all citizens, both men and women.

Political life and electoral participation are among the most vital areas of this reconstruction. They require reorganization and restructuring to ensure the establishment of a sound political system and the foundation of an Iraqi state based on democratic and constitutional principles that uphold human rights and respect the Iraqi people.

Iraqi citizens must recognize their role in this process, particularly by actively engaging in the electoral process through voting and candidacy. This participation should be driven by a sense of national duty and an awareness of the individual's role in parliamentary elections, ensuring the selection of competent and righteous representatives for the Council of Representatives.

The importance of this role stems from the critical functions performed by parliamentary members, including enacting, amending, and repealing laws in accordance with society’s needs. Parliament also plays a key role in preventing the recurrence of dictatorship by electing the President of the Republic, overseeing government performance, and holding officials accountable. Furthermore, Parliament ensures the peaceful transfer of power according to the people's will by nominating the Prime Minister, supervising public funds through budget approval and oversight, and guaranteeing equal opportunities for all citizens. This ensures that every segment of Iraqi society is fairly represented in Parliament, granting all components the right to participate in political life as candidates and voters while safeguarding their rights.

The research examines the role of Sheikh Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi in opposing the British referendum (1918-1919) and its impact on both internal and external affairs. The first chapter focuses on his stance against British schemes, while the second discusses British attempts to win him over. The study highlights the role of religious scholars in leading society beyond sectarianism and racism, relying on various historical sources such as the works of Abdul Razzaq al-Hassani and Ali Al-Wardi. In conclusion, the research sheds light on al-Shirazi’s significant social and political role during that period.

There is no doubt that Qur'anic expression possesses secrets, aesthetics, artistic touches, and imagery, all of which indicate that the Qur'an is a meticulously crafted and uniquely woven literary work.

This research aims to study Surah "Sad" using a stylistic approach based on general linguistic principles. It examines the phonetic level, the rhetorical and musical roles of sounds and words in the Surah, and analyzes the semantic level, focusing on word selection and precision. The study also explores prominent stylistic phenomena in the Surah and their rhetorical meanings, such as repetition and interrogation. Additionally, it highlights artistic imagery based on similes, metaphors, and realistic depictions.

Through this study, it becomes evident that the Surah exhibits a deliberate balance in rhythm, with repetition playing a crucial role in enhancing its beautiful cadence. Moreover, the phonetic harmony and the precise choice of words contribute to its powerful impact on the audience. The artistic coordination between different types of imagery—both rhetorical and realistic—is also distinctly apparent.

The study examines the role of arbitration agreements in resolving disputes related to foreign investment contracts, highlighting its importance in providing a neutral legal environment for investors, free from the potential bias of the host country's judiciary. It emphasizes the advantages of arbitration, such as the speed of dispute resolution and confidentiality, which protect investors' reputations and safeguard sensitive commercial information. Additionally, the study discusses the impact of state sovereign immunity and the necessity of arbitration as a mechanism to ensure justice in investment contracts.

The study examined the use of irony in Al-Jawahiri’s poem *The Lullaby of the Hungry* and its impact on conveying the poet’s ideas to the audience. The introduction emphasized Al-Jawahiri’s stature as a great poet, drawing comparisons with Al-Mutanabbi and highlighting his role in immortalizing human concerns, particularly those of the deprived.

The research included a prelude showcasing Al-Jawahiri’s dedication to human issues, followed by three main sections: the first discussing the poet and his poem, the second analyzing its style, and the third exploring its themes. The study concluded with findings that underscored Al-Jawahiri’s mastery of irony and its effect on shaping the audience’s awareness, ending with a list of sources and references.

Over the centuries, art has evolved in various forms, incorporating diverse talents and studies. It has become closely associated with the broad meaning of drama, where any artistic work—be it painting, poetry, sculpture, or others—includes an event, conflict, and purpose without losing its coherence and function. Drama, as an independent art form, has developed through storytelling and theatrical performance, emphasizing growth, intensity, cohesion, and the imitation of action. It has emerged as a comprehensive and evolving literary genre that seeks exceptional creative abilities.

Drama, defined as a literary work intended for performance by actors before an audience, shares elements with epic, narrative, or lyrical poetry as long as it reveals an event or emotional expression. Unlike other art forms, drama is based on the exchange of ideas through dialogue, acting, and the progression of events. A person experiencing internal and external conflicts, if gifted with expressive abilities, can produce high-quality dramatic works and construct a philosophical interpretation of life based on firsthand experience and deep reflection.

Poetry has evolved over centuries, incorporating tragedy—one of the finest expressions of great poetic talent. Dramatic poetry holds a distinguished place among literary genres, as it represents both the visible and the hidden worlds, embodying history, nature, and the human psyche. It flourishes in highly civilized societies and is considered the most complete form of poetry.

Theater, often described as a powerful medium for promoting human action and enlightening entire nations, has been regarded by thinkers like Bernard Shaw as a "laboratory of thought, a voice of conscience, an interpreter of social behavior, an arsenal against despair and apathy, and a temple for human progress." Drama, born from a shared human consciousness, represents a sublime and indivisible creative force of the human mind.

The origins of dramatic texts, criticism, and interpretations trace back to the Greeks, with additional evidence of epic and narrative works from Mesopotamian civilizations and early theatrical attempts in the Nile Valley and other parts of the world. Aristotle’s *Poetics* served as a fundamental starting point for literary criticism and remains relevant today. The questions it raises about tragedy, comedy, and epic poetry continue to be significant in contemporary discourse, inspiring extensive debates and interpretations by literary critics.

Due to the outbreak of the First and Second World Wars, which swept most of the world's nations into their tides, resulting in millions of deaths, injuries, and disabilities, along with immeasurable material losses, an international organization emerged to maintain global order. Initially represented by the League of Nations and later replaced by the United Nations, this organization continues to work diligently and steadfastly to preserve international peace and security and to protect humanity from future catastrophic wars.

The United Nations was established on the ruins of the collapsed international order represented by the League of Nations. However, the League's existence served as a historical precedent in international organization, and the United Nations is considered a revised version of it. Many fundamental principles and structures of the League are reflected in the UN, with modifications made by the drafters of the UN Charter to address the shortcomings of the League. Consequently, the founders of the United Nations adopted many of the structures and institutions of the League, most notably its council. To ensure its effectiveness, the UN established the Security Council, granting it the authority to issue binding resolutions and intervene in international disputes regardless of the consent of the disputing states.

In recent years, many nations have repeatedly emphasized that the United Nations, particularly the Security Council, is experiencing one of the most severe crises since its inception. The Council has lost much of its authority, or rather, its most critical powers have been stripped away—namely, preventing wars and maintaining international peace and security. This is especially true in light of the dominance of a major power over global decision-making and its continuous violations of international treaties, particularly the principle that prohibits the use of force or the threat of force in international relations outside the framework of international legitimacy.

The Security Council's interventions in various international issues in recent years and its overreach beyond the powers granted by the UN Charter have reinforced the growing demand among the majority of the international community for its reform. This has placed increasing urgency on the issue of Security Council reform, particularly regarding its voting system and, most notably, the veto power.

Given the significance of this issue and the legal challenges it poses at the international level, this study examines the topic through three main sections. The first section addresses the concept of the veto power, including its legal basis and its different types. The second section explores the use of the veto, discussing its operational mechanism and the possibility of restricting its application. The third section evaluates the veto power by highlighting its advantages and disadvantages, as well as reviewing attempts to reform it. Finally, the study concludes with a summary of key findings and recommendations.

Talking about scholars and their biographies means discussing the civilizations and histories of nations and their peoples. They are the pinnacle of excellence and the shining example that represents the pride of contribution and distinction. Every nation has the right to take pride in its glories and geniuses, as this serves as a motivation for progress and renewal.

In this research, I have examined some of the lectures delivered by the late Dr. Hussain Ali Mahfouz to the students of the Arabic Language Department during the academic year 1971–1972 in Persian language and literature courses. The study focuses on four Iranian poets: Ferdowsi, the author of *Shahnameh*, Saadi Shirazi, Omar Khayyam, and Jalal al-Din Rumi. I have selected examples that highlight the role of the late scholar in promoting Persian culture in the Arab world in general and Iraq in particular.

Ancient historicism has emphasized building bridges between art and belief, reflecting both actual and social realities, which have shaped the emergence and succession of symbols, signs, and artistic experiments conceived by humans and depicted by artists. These expressions were not only shaped by transformations in artistic representation but also by the struggle to document reality and its evolution. Among the most influential factors in art were belief systems, religion, ethnicity, and tradition, all of which contributed to the development of narrative structures as a means to model events and embody both mystical and tangible realities.

This study explores sculptural pottery artifacts from ancient Iraqi civilizations in the prehistoric period, specifically from the Jericho, Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, and Ubaid phases. It adopts a historical and artistic approach alongside established archaeological studies but diverges by focusing on the mechanisms that shape thought and translate it into formal systems influenced by dominant structural factors. The descriptive-historical method highlights the formal structures of sculptural pottery, analyzing size, material, function, movement, and exaggeration in line-based relationships to define artistic styles and thematic representations. These elements collectively reinforce the interaction between form and aesthetics.

Qais bin Sa'd Al-Ansari is considered one of the prominent poets of the Islamic era, in addition to being a brave warrior. He participated in the battles of the Islamic call alongside the Noble Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) and carried the banner of the Ansar. He also fought alongside Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in all his battles, to the extent that his adversaries regarded him as one of their fiercest enemies due to his unwavering stance.

This study aims to shed light on this poet, who has been largely neglected by historical sources. It introduces him and his esteemed status, beginning with his participation in battles alongside the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), followed by his companionship with Imam Ali (peace be upon him), his defense of him, and his allegiance to Imam Hasan (peace be upon him).

The research examines the thematic performance in his poetry, discussing pride as the most prevalent theme in his collection. He devoted this theme to praising the Muslim army from the early days of the Islamic call and later to glorifying Imam Ali’s (peace be upon him) army, with whom he fought in various battles. The study then addresses the theme of praise, which he dedicated to Imam Ali (peace be upon him), and finally, the theme of threat and warning, which he directed at the enemies of Islam. The research also includes a table presenting the number of poems, fragments, and odes, followed by a conclusion summarizing the key findings, and finally, a list of sources and references.

Before starting this research, I do not intend to repeat what scholars have already said about women in Arabic poetry, as this topic has become widely discussed. However, I will approach the subject from a different perspective that deserves study, under the title: **"Stations of Pain in Al-Sayyab's Poetry: A Psychological Study."**

By "pain," I do not refer to physical suffering or physiological changes, but rather to the psychological aspects reflected in Al-Sayyab's poetry. Despite the numerous studies on his life and works, there remain obscure aspects that have yet to be uncovered. This is common among many poets who experience psychological struggles that they do not openly express for various reasons.

This study aims to explore these stations of pain to better understand their impact on his poetic experience. I chose this topic for two main reasons: first, its novelty; and second, the psychological struggles Al-Sayyab endured both within and outside his family, and how these struggles shaped his poetry.

This study examines the stance of the Hawza in Karbala and Najaf regarding nationalist issues between 1925 and 1956, highlighting its religious and political role in Iraq and the Islamic world.

The research is divided into four sections. The first section discusses the Hawza’s position on the Great Syrian Revolution, while the second explores its relations with the Arab Emirate of Ahvaz. The third section focuses on the support of the holy cities for the Rif War in Morocco, and the fourth highlights the Hawza’s honorable stance on the Palestinian cause.

The study relies on significant historical sources, most notably Dr. Hassan Issa Al-Hakim’s manuscript Detailed History of the City of Najaf, in addition to books, newspapers, and Iraqi magazines.

This research aims to document the Hawza’s national and political stances, emphasizing its support for Arab and Islamic causes, contributing to the historical record of this esteemed religious institution.

This study explores the concept of style and its various definitions throughout history. The term originates from Latin, where it meant "pen" or a writing tool, and later evolved to refer to different modes of expression in writing and speech.

The term "style" is used in multiple fields, including literature, architecture, behavior, language, and fashion. However, there is no single unified definition due to differences in researchers' perspectives and personal preferences.

In classical Latin, style is defined as "a person's way of writing and expressing," and it is often used to describe the styles of writers such as Shakespeare and Joyce. Practical linguists, on the other hand, consider style as the ability to write clearly, accurately, and in an engaging manner. However, this definition is considered rigid and inflexible, as linguistic analysis of style is not confined to writing or literature alone, nor can it be classified as simply "good" or "bad."

Galperin defines style as the relationship between thought and expression, reflected in how sentences are structured to convey ideas and create the intended impact. Style can also be seen as a linguistic quality that precisely communicates emotions and thoughts or as a writer’s ability to manipulate language to align with their personal experiences.

From another perspective, the term is used to refer to "individual style," meaning the unique linguistic features of a writer that serve a specific purpose. Chatman argues that style results from individual choices in language use, making it a "linguistic fingerprint" that reflects the writer’s personality, experiences, education, and understanding—ultimately distinguishing them from others using the same language or one of its variations.

This study explores the development of grammar learning theories in applied linguistics. In the mid-20th century, it was believed that grammar learning occurred through verbal habit formation. However, in 1986, Noam Chomsky introduced the concept of Universal Grammar (UG), which suggests that humans are born with an innate understanding of how languages work.

Universal Grammar is a complex theory that focuses on the internal structure of the human mind, making it psychologically oriented. This theory posits that speakers possess knowledge of a set of principles that apply to all languages, as well as parameters that vary within clearly defined limits across different languages. Thus, acquiring a language means learning how these principles apply to a particular language and determining the appropriate value for each parameter.

This research paper highlights one aspect of Universal Grammar, namely "Binding Theory." Unlike Chomsky’s other models, Binding Theory does not rely on specific rules but rather on general principles from which individual rules are derived.

In general, Binding Theory explains the relationships among anaphors (e.g., himself), pronominals (e.g., him), and referring expressions (e.g., John) and their possible antecedents in sentences.