Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

As far as the holy city of Najaf is concerned, a tremendous number of books, studies, and encyclopedias have been written in appreciation of its historical and religious role. This is mainly due to the fact that Najaf is famous, throughout history, as a center of learning and, most importantly, as a burial place of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) .
In this study , four types of encyclopedias will be dealt with each type is divided into two. The first is the "composition", in which the author states all the information written about Najaf in almost all references, examples of this type are : ( Najaf – past and present ) by Sheikh Jafar Al Mahbooba and ( Najaf – a detailed history ) by Dr. Hasan Moohsen Al Hakeem The second type is the "collective" which is a mere arrangement of material previously included in other encyclopedias. Examples of this type are ( Encyclopedia of Najaf ) by Jafar Al- Doojaili and (Najaf Horizons) Review by Kamil Salman Al- Joobori.

The current study attempted to evaluate the graduation rates of students of certain scientific departments in an Iraqi university as a model from which some indicators can be derived from the factors affecting the graduation rates of students in Iraqi universities. The study included a comparison of the final graduation rates of the top three students for the period 1990-2018. The study attempt to investigate the nature of the change in student rates annually for the considered period. It is conclude that the first, second and third student averages were 77.15, 74.51 and 72.88 respectively, for the period from 1990-2018. The annual rate of graduates of the department was found to be 52 students/ year. The results shows that the overall rate of differences between the first and second, and the first third students were gradual increase. While the differences between the second and third students decreased, which may indicate that one or two students were outstanding from the students in each academic year. The values of annual rates have shown some fluctuation in rates, which is consistent with changes in the administration of the department as well as fluctuations in the political, economic and security situations in the country. The authors believe that the graduation rates of students may be not reflect the reality of mental, intellectual or scientific excellence of the students.

The aim of the research is to analyze the content of geographical studies books in the light of the principles of sustainable development. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method (content analysis), and prepared a list of the principles of sustainable development and analyzed the content in their light after making sure of their validity and stability. The research sample consisted of three books of geographical studies assigned to the eleventh and twelfth grade students. The results of this study were as the following percentages: Eleventh literary grade: research and development 78.8%, knowledge acquisition and use 72.5%, future thinking skills 68.8%, environmental skills and values 67.5%, and self-learning and training skills 62.5%. The twelfth literary grade: research and development 82%, skills and environmental values 70%, self-learning and training skills 66%, future thinking skills 58%, obtaining and employing knowledge 56%. Based on the findings of the research, the researcher recommended preparing training programs to highlight and activate the concepts of sustainable development. And the need to include in the curriculum content of geographical studies the sub-indicators that did not receive sufficient attention.

The study aimed to identify the degree of commitment of social workers working in the Ministry of Social Development to the professional principles of the social work profession in light of the Corona pandemic, and the sample consisted of (135) specialists. The study reached several results: the most important one is the degree of commitment of social workers working in the Ministry of Social Development to the professional principles of social service was great. The other result is the absence of statistically significant differences according to the variables of sex and place of residence. Moreover, the results also showed the absence of statistically significant differences in the principles of ( Acceptance of beneficiaries, the right to self-determination, professional relationship, privacy and confidentiality) according to the age variable. On the other hand, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the principle of self-evaluation according to the age variable in the role of groups less than (30) years old and more than (40) years old. Finally, the results showed there are no statistically significant differences in the principles of (the right to self-determination, privacy and confidentiality) according to the number of years of experience variable. On the contrary, the results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the principle of acceptance of beneficiaries in the role of those with experience (10 years) or less, and (21 years) or more. However, in the principle of professional relationship in favor of those with experience (21) years or more, the results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the principles (beneficiary acceptance, professional relationship, the right to self-determination, self-evaluation) according to the academic qualification variable, and the results indicated the existence of statistically significant differences according to the principle of privacy and confidentiality due to the educational qualification variable in the role of the bachelor's degree.

The research aimed to localize of the Positive Irrational Beliefs Scale (PIBS), codify and investigate them in the Saudi environment, and to derive performance standards, so that they can be relied upon in helping individuals to make an indicative and academic decision The research sample reached (732) individuals, with an average age of (30.59) and a standard deviation of (12.18) where the results of the first experimental sample indicated that the positive irrational belief scale (PIBS) is characterized by stability and stability, where the stability coefficients of Cronbach's alpha ranged between (0.79 - 0.83) The validity coefficients for the internal consistency between the dimension and the total score of the scale were between (0.69-0.87), and all were statistically significant at the level of significance (α = 0.01), and the results of the global analysis of the scale showed that the four factors of the scale explained the variance of (40.19%). And that the paragraphs were saturated on their factors. The confirmatory analysis showed that the Comparative Match Index (CFI) reached (0.878), and in McDonald's Omega’s languages between (0.91-0.92), the performance criteria for the scale were derived according to gender and age. The research indicates the availability of acceptable psychometric properties of the Positive Irrational Beliefs Scale (PIBS) in the Saudi environment.

The study aimed to reveal efficacy of peer counseling in reducing school bullying behavior among middle school students at Khanyounes in Gaza governorates for an intentionally chosen study sample from (20) students, were distributed into two groups: experimental group from (10) students and control group from (10) students while homogeneity was considered in terms of school bullying behavior level, meanwhile researcher used the following to achieve study results, school bullying behavior scale prepared by Mohammed (2020) and counseling program which was applied for (18) sessions on experimental group during 8 weeks, while the main results were: there is statistically significant differences in the level of school bullying behavior between the experimental and control group after applying the peer counseling program in the favor of experimental group, also presence of significant differences in the level of school bullying behavior between pre-test and posttest in favor of posttest among experimental group, also continuation of the efficacy of peer counseling program in posttest after passage of two months from program application on the experimental group, the study recommended the use of peer counseling strategy during education and counseling to reduce school bullying behavior.

The construction occupies a large space in the grammar lesson, almost reaching its half, as it is the presumption of parsing and together they constitute the field of grammar. However, syntax occupied the field of fame until it became synonymous with syntax, so syntax was called the science of syntax, and there is no surprise in that. Syntax is a science that specializes in studying the conditions of the end of words in terms of syntax and construction. Since the syntax was more expressive and more beneficial, they made it synonymous with grammar. Grammarians divided Arabic speech in terms of the change of movement of the last of its words and their stability on the expressive and the constructive, so they called the one whose movement changes at the end of it expressive, and the last of which is established on one movement based on, and these two terms were true of the entirety of the words of Arabic speech, but we have hinted in some citizens that the construction limit is not true. On some words, I mean the pronouns that had a different situation in the syntax and construction, so we wanted to shed light on them in this research, Amen to reach a statement of their position in this duality and the function of its construction or syntax, in two topics: the first is in the concept of syntax and construction, and the second is in the specificity of construction In pronouns and their role in their grammatical functions. In the end, let us reach the most important results that we mention in the conclusion. God is the Guardian of success.

Comparative study a Sustainability is one of the most recent and common concepts at the present time. Since the emergence of sustainable development trends and its applications in urban development, some countries of the world have tried to achieve good results in this field, while other countries have remained without achieving tangible results due to the presence of challenges and obstacles specific to those countries. In this research, we try to show the most important challenges and obstacles facing these countries in this regard. This research paper also seeks to identify a set of solutions and procedures that would achieve sustainability in developing cities. The research problem came in that there is a large gap between the countries of the world in achieving sustainability, especially in developing countries, and the goal of the research aims to identify the most important obstacles and challenges that impede developing countries from reaching sustainability The research also aims to formulate a set of general frameworks that enable developing countries to overcome these challenges they face and achieve sustainability in cities,. The research adopted two approaches, which are the descriptive approach, through which a desk survey is conducted on a group of scientific references, reports, special studies and other basic concepts and terms related to this topic. The research also adopted the analytical approach through analyzing all available data and information and evaluating the current state of the cities of developing countries in the light of the basics, strategies and formulation of group of solutions and measures that enable countries to reach sustainability he research concluded that these countries suffer from seven challenges that hinder them from reaching sustainability, which are the challenges of awareness, knowledge, culture, environmental challenges, economic and financial challenges, social challenges, urban challenges, technological challenges, and administrative and political challenges.

The current research aims to know the effectiveness of the educational pillar's strategy in the achievement and numerical sense of the third-grade intermediate students in mathematics. The government middle and high school in the center of Tikrit governorate for the academic year (2020-2021), which numbered (25) schools. The researcher randomly selected (by lot) among them the intermediate (Umm Al-Momineen Secondary School for Girls), which contains three sections for the third intermediate grade, and randomly selected (by lot) section (B) to represent the experimental group (28) students and section (A) to represent the control group (28). ) a female student.
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher prepared an achievement test of objective tests, and the number of its paragraphs was (30) items (multiple choice), including (26) items of the type of objective items (multiple choice), and (4) items of the essay type and another to measure (sense). Numerical) The number of its paragraphs reached (40) items, and by using the t-test for two independent samples, the research showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the scores of the two research groups in the achievement test in favor of the experimental group.

The aim of the research is to identify if there is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) in the dimensions of parental acceptance-rejection between the images of the father and mother among primary school children. And identifying the withdrawal behavior of the research sample, and identifying the differences in the dimensions of parental acceptance-rejection (warmth/love, aggression/hostility, neglect/indifference) between the two pictures (father and mother), And to identify the extent of the contribution of the dimensions of parental acceptance-rejection, my pictures (father and mother), both to the withdrawal behavior of the research sample, and the descriptive correlative approach was followed in the research. Karkh and Rusafa, Their number reached (500), with (265) male and (235) female students in a proportional, stratified random manner. The researcher prepared the research tools. After extracting the psychometric characteristics, the results showed that the sample members suffer from withdrawal behavior, as it was found from the results that there is a direct statistically significant relationship between (aggression) directed by the (father) and the withdrawal behavior, and a direct statistically significant relationship between each of the (aggression and neglect) directed By (parent) and withdrawn behaviour.

The study focuses on the characteristics of the population receiving social care and protection in terms of their numbers and distribution within administrative units, as well as their age, awareness, social, educational, health, economic and other characteristics, as well as identifying the most prominent variables explaining the specificity of the phenomenon. Based on data from the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and its departments (Department of Social Protection for Women) according to the latest data (2019). The data were presented and analysed in accordance with the scientific methodology in population geography and population studies after clarifying the theoretical definition of the subject and reviewing the concepts and details and data of the study, and the study was based on an inference analysis to reach the most prominent variables and the most influential on the phenomenon, as it included the matrix of analysis (number of families, number of poor families, size of illiteracy, size of unemployment, fertility of families, number of families renting housing).
To find out the economic and social conditions of this important segment of Iraqi society and to know its future directions. Many of the results came out, including that there is a spatial and temporal disparity in the number of caregivers between Baghdad and the central and southern provinces, and the majority of beneficiaries are in urban areas, as well as the majority of widows and a large part of them lost their husbands during the violence and deteriorating security situation, and the average number of their children more than four children, the majority of whom are also uneducated and do not work because of disabilities and housewives. The study also included several proposals that address the problems of this large, important and neglected segment of Iraq, as well as those entitled to the population who were unable to find protection. Indicators of poverty are also on the rise, which is cause for concern about the increasing numbers of eligible persons.
The study included several data tables, an inference analysis matrix, maps, graphs, statistical supplements, as well as approved sources.

Blended learning represents one of the main alternatives that higher education institutions have resorted as a result of the current circumstance that the country and the various countries of the world are going through to limit the spread of the corona virus among university students ,as this type of learning combines traditional face – to face education and E-learning via the internet, the current research aims to identify the effectiveness of blended learning in teaching from the viewpoint of university professors, Are there differences between university professors in effectiveness of blended learning in teaching according to the variable:( gender, Scientific specialization ,scientific degree ,years of service) ,the current research is considered a descriptive quantitative research that is concerned with studying a phenomenon that exists in reality , measuring it and analyzing its data to extract the results and generalize, the research sample consisted of(110) university professors for various scientific and humanitarian disciplines at the university of Baghdad, they were chosen randomly, the search tool consisted of a scale that includes 27 items and the paragraphs were organized in the form of an electronic questionnaire , the results showed the following .the effectiveness of blended learning in teaching came from the viewpoint of university professors ,with a medium degree ,both students and professors effectively practiced educational activities and events in a naturally blended learning method, this is an expected result of the nature of the technical age and cultural openness , it is an indicator that reflects the university professors ability to combine the two educational environment , and there are no similar differences , Statistical significance among university professors in their views according to a variable (gender, Scientific specialization ,scientific degree ,years of service), the research came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions including.

The research aims to recognize the limits of applying the Administrative Empowerment at the Departments Heads in the College of Education for Pure Sciences / Ibn Al Haitham, where, the study society amount to (493) lecturer, while, the study sample has reached (49) lecturer, by the ratio of (10%), to achieve the aim of the study, a questionnaire has been made that constituted from (33) iteme distributed upon four fields ( Ability, Administrative work, Support, Motivation, Authorization, Powers & Administrative communication ) and it has been verified from its validity & reliability by presenting it to a group of arbitrators in different specializations, the researcher used the suitable statistical means for the purpose of analysing & interpreting the results, the research has reached, that the Administrative Empowerment is applied at the Departments Heads in an average degree, while any statistically significant differences for the variable of the degree & gender did not appear at the target group . The researcher recommends to enter the Heads of the Scientific Departments in comprehensive develpment courses enable them to keep pace with the changes in accordance with the world standards concerning the Administrative work .

The aim of the current research is to recognizing the impact of mind and informational strategy on the achievement with the second intermediate students in the grammar of arabic language, the researcher used a partial-set experimental design and intentionally selected a sample out of the second intermediate class from (AL- Markazya Intermediate school) in the district of Hilla, affiliated which belongs to General Directorate of Babylon Education in the year (2020-2021) for applying the experiment. The sample was composed of (50) students, (25) ones for each group, the experimental group and normal one. The researcher balanced between the two groups in various changes including: (the chronological age counted by months, the academic achievement of the fathers, the academic achievement of the mothers, the grades of last year for the Arabic grammar, pre-test achievement).
After specifying the scientific material which is intended to be studied, it included the second and third chapters out of the grammar of Arabic language for the second intermediate class which is decided to be studied in the academic year (2020-2021). In the light of the content of the book, the researcher specified the studying plans and made a test for the achievement which was composed of (36) clauses. The researcher investigated from the validity, reliability, differentiating ability, difficulty factor, and its wrong alternative activities. He also studied the research groups in the duration of the experiment which lasted from (2021/3/2) to (2021/3/18). After accomplishing the experiment, the researcher applied the test of achievement. In the light of the research results, the researcher has recommended many recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to know the impact of the integrative counseling program in developing positive thinking on perceived self-efficacy and in the future orientation of middle school students. The research sample was chosen randomly, amounting to (82) students, distributed equally among the two research groups, the experimental group that is subject to the integrative counseling program, and the control group that was not subject to the program. To measure the future orientation consisting of (40) items, the researcher also prepared a test to measure positive thinking consisting of (50) items, in addition to the guiding program prepared by the researcher, after applying the program and research tools, and processing the data statistically, the results showed the superiority of the experimental group who are subject to the guiding program Integration on their colleagues in the control group who did not undergo the program, in the test of developing positive thinking, and in A measure of perceived self-efficacy, and a measure of future orientation.

Wheat is one of the most important food crops in Iraq because it is the source of food for all societies and has the ability to adapt to many different environments. As a result of the development of the science of geography and the introduction of many techniques in this science in the field of geographical research, including statistical methods, a comparison between the simple and multiple regression techniques was used in this research to measure the prediction of wheat yield in governorates that are not organized in a region and to know the results convergenting from reality. The statistical method (simple and multiple regression) in measuring wheat crop yield in governorates that are not organized in a region and which of the two techniques is closer to the realistic results. We can predict the studied phenomenon. The researcher has studied wheat in all its aspects, so the area, production, productivity and spatial variations of each studied phenomenon were studied, which were divided into categories according to the value of the governorate. In this research, the rural population in the simple regression, the area and productivity, and the rural population in the Multiple regression, due to its direct connection with the phenomenon studied, as the increase and decrease of these factors increase and decrease the yield of wheat. The percentage of steps in it exceeds 10% in the vast majority of them.

The current research aims to identify the level of psychological stress and the level of social isolation among middle school students. It also aims to identify whether there are statistically significant differences between the two variables among students (male - female), and the extent of the existence of statistically significant differences between the two variables. The relationship between psychological stress and social isolation among these students, and in order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher prepared two tools to measure psychological stress and measure social isolation among middle school students. The researcher verified the standard properties of the two tools. The sample of the research was (100) middle school students, (50) students and (50) students from Al-Karkh Education Directorate. The first: It was chosen randomly, and after applying the research tools and analyzing the data statistically using statistical means (T-test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Fakronbach), and the results showed a high level of psychological stress among mediators. School students, and there were no statistically significant differences in psychological education pressure among middle school students (displaced) (males - females). And increase the level of social isolation among middle school students. There were no statistically significant differences in social isolation between middle school students (displaced) (male - female). The existence of a relationship between psychological stress and social isolation among middle school students (displaced).

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of counseling by using the technique of self-talkin developing the habits of mind among middle school students by testing important hypotheses, and choosing the experimental design for the two groups (experimental - control). The classification of "Costa & Kallick" was adopted to measure the habits of the mind, and the scale consisted of (64) items, and after confirming the psychometric properties of the scale, the researcher applied it to the research sample (487) students from middle school students. One of the students who got the lowest marks after answering the scale. purpose of applying the experiment. He divided them into two groups, one of them is experimental (10) students, as well as the control group. At the end of the sessions conducted a post-test to find out the significance of the differences between the two groups and according to the specific hypotheses. The results of the" Man-Whitney" test showed that there are statistically significant differences between the grades of the experimental group members (the group of applying self-talk technique), as well as the absence of statistically significant differences between the grades of the control group members, and the presence of statistically significant differences between the grades of the group’s individuals. The first experimental and the control group in the two tests, the pre and post, on the scale of habits of mind. In light of these results, we can attribute these differences to the effectiveness of the counseling program. The researcher put forward a number of recommendations and proposals.

This research includes the title (The Rhetorical Features of Pre-Islamic Poets), then an introduction in which he talks about pre-Islamic poetry in general. And his great place in the hearts of the pre-Islamic poets and non-poets. The various social aspects of this poetry, which included the aspects of the life of the pre-Islamic man, with his dissolution and his travels, his morning and his soul...etc. That is why it was called (Poetry, the Diwan of the Arabs), and it shed light on the jewels of speech and eloquence of speech and its impact on minds and hearts.Then the research dealt with the life of the pre-Islamic poets in particular, and tried to uncover what was hidden from their creativity in the arts of speech and creativity of systems. And the ability to cast and decorate the grounds and draw artistic images, and their good use of all colors of rhetoric and creativity, and their good expression of all situations, Thus, the research tried to prove that these pre-Islamic poets were not inferior to the ranks of the pre-Islamic poets, especially the stubborn ones. Which is the reason we chose to search, Then we talked about the importance of the research, and then we divided the research into four chapters: In the first chapter: the research dealt with the rhetorical study and the creative analysis of Al-Khansa’. And we divided it into three sections. In the first topic, we studied Najwa and Soliloquy. In the second topic, we analyzed the image of the symbol knight, and in the third topic, we stopped filming the scenes of war. As for the second chapter, we studied the original coloring of the poet Jalila Bint Murra, which we put into two sections: In the first we dealt with the description of the condition of the deceased, in the second we stopped describing the battles, and in the third chapter the research dealt with the artistic decoration of Safiya bint Abdul Muttalib, In the first topic, we stopped at the image of the virtuous father through her lamentation for her father. In the second topic, the embodiment of the positive meanings of the perfectly normal man. As for the fourth chapter, it dealt with the colors of rhetorical art by Safiya bint Tha’laba Al-Shaibani, nicknamed Al-Hajijah. In the first section, we studied the features of social and heroic affiliation. In the second topic, we examined the image of the distress of its people. Then comes the conclusion in which we summarized the literary and artistic issues in which the pre-Islamic poets excelled and their attainment of lofty ranks in the arts of speech, systems, creativity and artistic decoration. In the end, we put the most important sources and references that we returned to in our research, and God is the guardian of success.

Iraq was not isolated from the world during the spread of the Covid-19 crisis and the resulting social, economic and political challenges, so that the scene crystallized into a complex global crisis (health - economic) that was reflected in one way or another on the social reality and caused a clear imbalance in human rights, especially the right to live a safe and dignified life, Especially that the impact of this crisis came unevenly between different societies and within the same society among societal groups as well, as the complex crisis showed the fragility of the existing conditions, to find in this the inability of many societal systems to withstand such a challenge as a result of the accumulations of the past and the rapid changes of the present, To achieve this, the research was divided into two theoretical and field sides, and the research adopted the social research method in the sampling method by building a scale consisting of (18) paragraphs and with triple answer alternatives (agree, agree to some extent, disagree) where it was applied to a sample of (150) Researched by academics specializing in sociology, economics and a group of specialists in medical fields. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: The complex crisis has reflected doubly on the fragile, vulnerable and the poorest groups, due to the fact that these groups do not have the ingredients that would enable them to face crises and challenges. The complex crisis demonstrated the weakness and fragility of the existing situation in Iraq, especially the weakness in the response process in order to contain the crises and reduce the damages resulting from them.

The subject of the return of the conscience and its impact on directing the Qur’anic significance is one of the important topics presented by the field of Qur’anicstudies. The Qur'an has devoted large areas to this topic in its book.
The current research came to monitor what went to the return of the pronoun and its adoption in directing the Qur’anic significance from the grammatical point of view, and it will be divided into three ongoing research, the first on the concept of pronoun. and jobs and the second dedicates. As for the provisions of the conscience, the third relates to the return of the conscience and its impact on the guidance of the Qur’an with the indication of Al-Tarihi, in addition to a summary of what the researcher reached

Tuberculosis is an epidemic infectious disease, so it is necessary to follow the guidelines issued by the World Health Organization, which is one of the goals of countries, and it is a disease that affects the respiratory system and the rest of the body. (2) As for the environment, the highest percentage was reached in the countryside (183) and urban (136) at the governorate level, while the percentage of males was higher than the percentage of females. Females prefer administrative work on the one hand, and spend a number of them at home, which reduces the injury. As for the level of academic achievement, the injuries in the primary stage reached the highest injury (150).

The research aimed to identify: The degree of social interest of the university students. The significance of the statistical differences in social interest according to the gender (male - female) among university students. The degree of psychological compatibility among university students. The significance of the statistical differences in psychological compatibility according to the gender (male - female) among university students. Knowing if there is a relationship between social interest and psychological compatibility among the members of the sample as a whole. The current research is determined by the students of the University of Kufa (male and female) for the academic year( 2018-2019). After applying the measures and emptying the data and dealing with them statistically, the results showed as follows, that the members of the research sample have social interest as it was also shown that there is no significant difference between male and female in social interest, as well as The results showed that the members of the sample have a psychological compatibility, it also turned out that there is no significant difference between male and female in psychological compatibility, and at the end of the research the researcher recommended that the society provide opportunities to develop social interest through opening courses, seminars, social clubs and a proposal to conduct a study. Of the concept of social interest with other variables (such as compatibility marital , job satisfaction).

This research deals with the rulers of AŜŜure wimen preceded the King Ŝhamshi- Adad I, who was about (38) Kings . According to the Assyrian Kings lists it was divided in to (4) groups :The first group includes (17) Kings , ruled Assure and called the Kings of Tents; the second group includes (10) Kings, called the ancestors or grandfathers King, (Ŝhamshi-Adad I), then the third and forth group eres one of them includes(6) Kings,then the fourth group comes (Ŝhamshi-Adad I). for the information of those Kings derived from to principal sources ‘Historical Texts and the Lists of Kings. For the first group (the Kings of Tents), we got a limit picce of information about them. While the second group, as information also; remained the third and the fourth groups,we have almtd in formaton about . Form the results of the research, most of the interest of the pre-shamsi-Adad 1 Kings whien showed that the first was that urban aspect,which i the basis of the structure of the state, and we conclude these Kings interested in foreign military campaigns, but rather focused on the construction of the ashur.

This research aimed at evaluating the textbook ‘English for Iraq’ for the third-year Intermediate grade from the teachers' point of view in the intermediate schools at the center of Mosul city. It also examined the statistical differences between the teachers’ responses referring to gender and years of experience. In order to achieve the purposes of this study, the researchers designed a checklist based on the related literature. A checklist consists of four main domains including 32 items. The sample of the study is chosen randomly from intermediate schools at the center of Mosul city. The total number of samples consists of (103) including (46) males and (57) females. The validity of the instrument was tested by six experts in curricula and teaching methods of English Language. In order to analyze the data, different statistical approaches are used such as percentage, means, standard deviation, frequencies, one sample T-test, independent samples T-test and One Way ANOVA. The study results find out the total score of the textbook evaluation is good for all four domains. The findings also show that there are no statistically significant differences between the views of teachers due to gender and years of experience.

The frenzy caused by the horrific news on the TVs and the social media about COVID19 brings to the forefront the catastrophic epidemics in the past that led to mass deaths and haunt the imagination of historians and public alike. Works of fiction often depict the disastrous consequences of these epidemics, both real and imagined, focusing on the gothic experience the characters endure and their struggle to survive the disasters. This article explores this major issue in a contemporary novel, Laurie Halse Anderson’s Fever 1793 (2000). It chronicles the journey of the female protagonist and her struggle to survive and achieve autonomy during the historical yellow fever that hit Philadelphia more than two centuries ago, which stuck to the memory of people to the current day.

This research paper is a study of the aesthetic use of symbols in Oscar Wilde’s only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) which was published in Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine in 1890. The aim of this paper is not to cover all the symbols in the book, but to offer an explanation of the most significant symbols in the work which add depth and beauty to the text, hoping that this study will help the readers to achieve some aesthetic insight into the text of the novel. The novel’s focus on sensual love and physical pleasure that undercuts Victorian aesthetics and values of order and rationality brought much criticism and heated arguments on both the book and its rebellious author.
The paper begins with an introduction that highlights the social values and the aesthetic concept of the Victorian people. But contrary to their expectations, Wilde used extraordinary ideas and symbols to undermine the Victorian code of values. This conflict led to the discussion of the themes of moral decadence, caste system, corruption, crime, and hypocrisy which were popular in the Victorian era. The study explores Wilde’s creative method in dealing with the moral and the social issues of his society in a superb style which distinguishes him from his predecessors. The book’s violation of Victorian traditional values helped it achieve the status of a valuable modern aesthetic text. Wilde’s nondidactic method creates aesthetic feeling in the reader by using wonderful setting, unusual symbols, extraordinary characters, floral imagery, and sublime figurative language.

This paper is mainly concerned with analyzing the constructions and formation of negation in the Palestinian dialect to describe any patterns that might vary from MSA. It is not a comparative study between the Palestinian dialect and MSA .The data for this study were collected from various sources. These sources are people originated from Palestine , including myself , my family , relatives and my acquaintance . Negation is found in all languages and dialects with variations. The present paper is all about the different popular negation words – مو, مش,ما, لع, لاء, لا, etc., - used in the Palestinian society but it is quite common for anyone to be unsure of which word to use in different scenarios. Another question might also arise ''Why is there variation in forming the negative words in this dialect?'' Thus, this confusion of using the suitable form will be dissolved and hopefully clarified by the end of this paper.

The paper examines the possibility of attaining justice and truth for victims of human rights abuses as represented in Ariel Dorfman’s Death and the Maiden (1991). The paper investigates the validity of the concept of transitional justice, as a national reconciliation policy, in addressing individual sufferings and stories. While analyzing the play, the paper handles certain questions: is transitional justice the appropriate tool to expose the truth and achieve the justice desired by the victims? Is the perpetrators accountability possible? Is retribution more effective if taken by the hands of the victims themselves? Can reconciliation even be possible for the victims? The paper uses theories and definitions of the concept of transitional justice as well as those of Trauma as its main framework of inquiry. The conclusion of the play is open to speculations as it is the case with most of human rights abuses and the process of justice and accountability related to them.

Collocation can be defined as two or sometimes more than two words that often go together for example, impose punishment, do homework, and save money. This study is an attempt to explore an effective method to improve collocations presenting in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. Learning collocation is of fundamental importance in both written and spoken English communications. The reason behind selecting collocation is that collocation is a vital constituent of English vocabulary.
Two groups were involved in this study. The experimental group that followed the input enhancement technique received short passages whose 40 collocations were printed in boldface type. While the control group received a text with the same list of collocations represented without enhancement. The study adopted a quantitative research method utilizing a non- randomized experimental design, which involves conducting pretest, and posttest with experimental and control groups. The findings of this study showed that the input enhancement technique can assist in teaching collocation.

Proverbs are considered as a major source of ancient events and happenings. Similar to other past events related to life, proverbs have many important and famous values in people's life. This study will shed lights on the use of proverbs as short sentences based on long experiences. The aim of the study is to explicate the roles, and the importance of proverbs in our life and how they are used to convey thoughts to people throughout simple words with denotation. Thus, proverbs explicate the truth and experience of our grandfathers when directed for criticism. Few proverbs were used by writers to criticize, mimic and reprint their personalities. Hence, proverbs will achieve portions of the unique roles of understanding. The model to be used accordingly is an eclectic model by Leech (1974), Odebunmi, (2002) and Udofot (1999). The results of the analysis have shown different scores of occurrence of semantic meanings as the following: Denotative meaning as 100%, Connotative meaning as 100%, Thematic meaning as 100%, Affective meaning as 92.307%, Stylistic meaning as 92.307%, Collocative meaning as 76.923%, Reflexive meaning as 30.77%. Referential theory as 92.307% ,and Image theory as 92.307%. Proverbs have been and keep highly and essential tools for the illustration of culture, social morality, manners and behaviors of insisters from one era to another. Proverbs may work as impersonal tool for personal interrogation. Parents can use proverbs to control their sons' behavior or ways of thinking.