Journal Of the College of law /Al-Nahrain University

The aim of this study is to modernizing the Iraqi penal code in serving and protecting human rights according the principles of democratic rule in the new Iraq. The previous autocracy role had made a large number of amendment in the mentioned code, which included creating crimes most of which are not based on correct criterion of inculpation which are punished by the most severe increase of the punishment of large number of crimes without justification. The study in exuded a preliminary chapter for demonstrating the development of the penal code in Iraq, and first chapter regarding modernizing the code in the inculpation field, and second chapter regarding modernizing it in the field of punishment.

recent legislations and conferences warn of a serious infringement of environment and nature. This infringement will firstly harm humans health and safety. The matter which definitely requires the intervention of the state in the aim of enacting the legislations that aim at protecting the environment and at the same time at encouraging industrial, commercial and agricultural development.
This article focuses on the main dimensions and scope of legal environmental protects Jordanian laws, particularly the Jordanian penal code and the Acts relating to environment.

The first are deals with meaning of the automatic data processing system according to senate point of view. The results which issue from the definition of the senate within the farm work of " crime consideration " were showed.
The second chapter is assigned to study the criminal act which by means of it a crime is committed.
In the third chapter we discussed the criminal intention. In it we showed that the crime can not be committed by mistake so it is intentional crime.
While in the fourth chapter, we show the circumstances which were considered as aggravating ones by legislator and they are defined as delete or erase information, data and computer software. Or make modification in it, and damage of automatic system operation.

The contractual responsibility ascertains despite the difference in its material source. It is a standing responsibility whether the damage inflicted upon the creditor has resulted from a personal action of the debtor or any of its followers or resulted from thing used by the debtor in order to execute his contractual obligation. The contracts, whose execution requires using things that, might constitute a danger threatening the safety of the contract either party, imply an obligation to guarantee the safety of that party, and the responsibility resulted from a breach of such obligation is contractual responsibility. In the same time, this is a contractual obligation covering the damages touching persons safety including physical damages. Hence, we find that such responsibility will cancel one side of the tort responsibility is to make up for the damages touching persons safety.
If a contractual responsibility ascertains for things, the damaged party will have no option opportunity to choose between taking refuge under its provisions of the tort responsibility because considering the option principal exceeds the expansion put forward by the contractual requirement theory which is the basis of obligation to guarantee the safety.

Labour and the conditions of its performance is one of the important criteria that should be organized in labour legislation to issue the safe side of it. Since it should be taken into consideration the independent of the work, specially it has its specialty like labours preparatory and complementary, which are considered its performance important stages in production process in general.
The methods to determine the labours, which are preparatory and complementary, are various, to obtain special regulation in the aspects of groups that are forbidden to practice, to organize the time of work and the professional responsibility of its performer and the consequence of that performance like the financial rights.

Compliance to the soft law is an important issue not only regarding sources corpulence with national regulations, but also national compliance with international environments agreements.
These agreements often address vital global environment issues, which require cooperation and action by many countries. However the legal framework of most international environments agreement provides for voluntary assent by the member states and, the agreement lack any of formal compliance – monitoring mechanism that are found within individual states. Instead, most agreements include some sort of self – monitoring requirements.
However, as the obligation of international environmental agreements become more significant, monitoring compliance becomes more important, because its represent the first step in gaining compliance and facilitating implementation with international regimes is that so establish a regime that is acceptable to the most of the countries that are necessary to make the particular regime effective to protect environments.

THIS RESEACH DEALS WITH A VERY IMPORTANT SUBJECT. IT IS EFFECT OF THE VARIATION OF THE CURRENCY ON THE DOWRY LIMITATION. THIS PROBLEM HAS BEEN REPEATED IN VARIOUS ARABIC AND ISLAMIC COUNTRIES LIKE IRAQ, SUDAN AND LEBANON.
THIS STUDY IS A SERIOUS AT TEMPT TO AUSWER SUCH A PROBLEM WITH A MANIFESTATION OF THE IRAQI LEGISLATURE.

Jus cogens refers to the legal status that certain international obligation.
The term jus cogens means the compelling law and, as such ajus cogens norms holds the highest hierarchical position among all other norms and principles, therefore jus cogens norms are reemed to peremptory and non-derogable.
The ICJ, it it's opinicr in Nicaragua V.United States: military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua relied on jus ogens as a fundamental principle of international law.