Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

This study aims to reveal the effect of some generative learning strategies on developing university students' productive thinking skills in English language. Also, to reveal which generative learning strategies have more effect on students' productive thinking skills. The participants were 57 male and female students from 2nd grade at the Department of English, College of Arts, University of Anbar during the second semester of the academic year 2023-24. An instruction based- summarizing, mapping, drawing, imagining, self-testing, self-explaining, teaching, and enacting proposed program was used to train the students to develop their productive thinking skills. A pre-test and a post-test were used to collect the data of the study. The results revealed a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in favor of the experimental group students. Additionally, there was no significant difference at (α=0.05) between the productive thinking skills of male and female students due to the generative learning strategies. The most effective generative learning strategies for developing students' productive thinking skills were ranked as follows: mapping, self-explaining, self-testing, summarizing, teaching, enacting, drawing, and imagining. It is concluded that students preferred strategies that provided more positive facilitation compared to others in enhancing their productive thinking skills. The selection of strategies was influenced by factors such as ease of use, usefulness, and those that saved time and effort for the students.

This study presents the role of 'pleonasm and tautology' in the text. Pleonasm is a linguistic phenomenon which refers to the use of redundant and repetitive words or expressions. Tautology is a particular type of pleonasm which requires the similar notion or meaning in different words within one expression. This phenomenon exists in many languages and may cause misunderstanding and misconception of the message. In English, repeated affirmation can be used to add emphasis to an affirmative statement. The problem of this study is pleonasm and tautology may cause misunderstanding ,confusion or boredom. This study aims at identifying the role of pleonasm in the text and discovers the influence of their use. It hypothesizes that pleonasm may affect the structure and meaning of the sentence. They may be deliberately used to emphasize a particular point. The model adopted for this study is Farouq (2024 ).
This study concludes that pleonasm and tautology encourage clarification and precision in written and spoken the message. They can present complete understanding of the message.

The present study aims to explore the contributions of Arab scholars to the field of education. Focusing on the intellectual and cultural impact of their work. It also sheds light on some aspects of Arabic society, the educational institutions, and several notable scholars who paved the path for modern educational methods. Despite the profound impact of these contributions, the educational theories of Arabic scholars have received limited attention in modern academic discourse. This study seeks to address this gap by re-evaluating philosophical, pedagogical, and ethical aspects of Arabic educational thought, demonstrating its potential to improve modern education. The study starts with an overview of the historical developments of education in Arabic society, with a specific focus on what is called “the Islamic golden age” and the views of those scholars concerning: the selection of content; the manners and styles of the teachers; the purpose of education; the emphasis on freedom of learning; and the theory of knowledge. The study concludes with some teaching methods that Ibn Khaldun has put forward.

This study delves into the fascinating realm of explicit and implicit commands in the English language, exploring their nuanced roles within pragmatic studies of directive speech acts, performative verbs, illocutionary force, interpretation dynamics, and the influential factors shaping these commands. By dissecting the linguistic and pragmatic complexities of commands, the study seeks to unravel the distinct features of directive speech acts, the role of performative verbs in command construction, and the nuanced illocutionary forces at play. Moreover, it explores how individuals interpret explicit and implicit commands, shedding light on the contextual and social factors that influence their understanding.
The research explores how explicit commands, using verbs like "close the door" or "please take a seat," differ from implicit ones, such as "it's cold in here" or "can you give me a hand?" Factors like social context, power dynamics, speaker-hearer relationship, and cultural norms influence how these implicit utterances are interpreted as commands.
The analysis examines potential for misinterpretation and ambiguity arising from implicit commands, considering pragmatic principles and conversational maxims. It also investigates how intonation, facial expressions, and gestures contribute to
conveying the intended illocutionary force in both explicit and implicit forms.

The current study aims to propose a strategy based on Matthew Lipman's cognitive theory and explain its effectiveness on the achievement of fourth-stage EFL students in the subject of testing. The proposed strategy has been applied on a sample of 100 male and female students in the Department of English, distributed into two groups. The first experimental group is taught testing by using the proposed cognitive strategy, while the second control group is taught the same subject by using the conventional method. The obtained result indicates that experimental group students, who have been taught by using the proposed cognitive strategy based on Matthew Lipman's theory, outperformed the control group students, who have been taught by using the conventional method. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis is accepted, stating that there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental and control groups achievement in testing, and in favour of the experimental group. The effectiveness of the proposed cognitive strategy is attributed to the engagement of the students' minds and the arbitration of knowledge to achieve a deeper understanding of the studied subject. The effective role of the mental trial for the experimental group in the cognitive, emotional, psychomotor aspects. The study stressed the need to employ learning theories in the field of teaching, especially cognitive theories.

Language proficiency is dependent on numerous factors, one of these critical factors that have emerged as key influencers which is motivation. Motivation refers to the internal and external forces that direct and sustain behavior related to learning. Understanding the relationship between Language proficiency and motivation, can shed light on effective strategies for enhancing student language proficiency. The present study is conducted to determine the correlation between Iraqi EFL university students’ motivation and language proficiency. The present study aims at finding out: 1-Iraqi EFL university students’ level of motivation toward language proficiency. 2-The correlation between Iraqi EFL university students’ with motivation and language proficiency. The total population of the study represent 300 college students who are studying in morning studies in the departments of English at the colleges of education of the universities of Tikrit and Samarra during the academic year 2023-2024. The sample of the present study is 160 third- year college students who are randomly selected from the department of English at the College of Education of the University of Tikrit. The study instruments include a motivation questionnaire and language proficiency test. The language proficiency test is prepared and all instruments are submitted to specialists in the field of teaching English as a foreign language and linguistics to ensure its face validity. The reliability of the study instruments has been secured by using Alpha Cronbach method. The values obtained are satisfactory to ensure their reliability. Then, the study instruments are administrated to the sample students. T-Test of one coefficient and multiple regression are used to analyze the data obtained and achieve the study aims. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows: 1.Motivation in the research sample is at a low level. 2.Language proficiency in the research sample is at a high level. 3.The correlation between motivation and language proficiency is statistically significant. In the light of the results certain conclusion are formulated, most important of which are: It is found that the correlation between motivation and language proficiency is a positive and statistically significant relationship. Motivation refers to the cause of the organization to force students to do or learn things. Also motivation is vital to support goals that related to language learning.

Input cognitive strategies are necessary for teaching literature in general and short story in particular as they are the used in the process of teaching to facilitate the understanding of the literary text. When teachers have the ability to use varied input cognitive strategies in teaching, their students will be able to treat the literary text easily and as a result their learning of literature in general and short story in particular will be enhanced. The present study aims at investigating the kinds of the input cognitive strategies used by teachers in teaching short story. The researcher uses the questionnaire to collect information about the use of input cognitive strategies; the sample of the study is the academic teachers at the English Department/ College of Education/ Tikrit Universities for the academic year 2021-2022.

The morphological structure of words is one of the important properties of a language and is thought to be a determinant of its word-building patterns. This study examines the morphological structure of words as a supplemental area of vocabulary knowledge for EFL learners measuring both the breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge (DVK and BVK). The study aims at (1) investigating students’ proficiency in recognizing the new words meanings (2) examining how students' morphological knowledge affects their capacity to produce new words and change ones that already exist. It’s hypothesized that (1) EFL college students are unable to recognize the meanings of the new words and (2) they face serious difficulties in producing new words. The population of the current study was chosen from the second stage at the university of Diyala, College of Education for Humanities, Dept. of English, which consists of 140 male and female students, whereas the sample was only 100 students. After doing the diagnostic test and using the suitable statistical means, the results showed that the students face serious difficulties at both production and recognition level of the morphological structures of the words.

This paper investigates Arabic ESL speakers' perception of English short and semi-vowel sounds, exploring the influence of age of arrival in an English-speaking country and gender on their ability to perceive these sounds. The study specifically examines speakers from diverse Arabic dialect backgrounds, including Iraqi, Saudi, and Egyptian speakers. The research is guided by two hypotheses: (1) ESL speakers who arrive in the United States at an earlier age demonstrate greater proficiency in perceiving and producing English short and semi-vowels. (2) Male ESL speakers outperform female ESL speakers in the perception of these sounds. Utilizing the Speech Learning Model (SLM) by Fledge (1995) as a theoretical framework, the study reveals significant variations in perception abilities across different Arabic dialects. Key findings indicate that age of arrival plays a crucial role, with speakers exhibiting varying levels of perception skills across dialects. However, gender appears to have a negligible impact on performance, as both male and female participants demonstrate comparable abilities in perceiving English sounds. Consequently, both hypotheses are refuted by the study's findings.

News outlets can manipulate media discourse to promote their hidden ideologies regarding specific cases, such as human rights. Language is no longer a mere means of communicating information; but it also generates and shapes the social interaction with such issues. That is, Language used in newspapers can influence the readers' view on the issues published in them. This could be achieved through the effective representation of these issues using linguistic structures and choices. Therefore, this study investigates the ideological use of rhetoric structures in selected American online newspapers (Washington Post and New York Times) reporting human rights violations through 2019 protests in Iraq as a Muslim and Middle East country. This study employed a qualitative approach to analysis 12 news articles, focused on metaphor, parallelism and hyperbole as rhetoric structures. The findings revealed that the American newspapers used the rhetorical structures based on their ideology in reporting the protests in Iraq, supporting Iraqi protesters and portraying them as the positive "Self," emphasizing their actions and calling for government change, while criminalizing the Iraqi government and its forces and portraying them as the negative "Other," de-emphasizing their reaction and violations against the protesters.

Intonation is a key supra segmental feature that transmits strategies for communication in political language. It is critical in representing implicit meaning since it depicts the movement of pitch or melodic patterns, as well as the various motions that are employed by people's voices in conversation .This study fills a gap in the literature since it seeks to identify the role of dominance and non-dominance factors in shaping the ideological strategies of self/other in Bush’s speech after September 11 attacks based on an eclectic model of Van Dijk's (2006) model of ideological square and Brazil’s (1997) model of discourse intonation. The major findings show that Bush takes on the role of non-dominance during his speech with the audience. This means that Bush seeks to capture Americans' attention by expressing sympathy, compassion, and a sense of support for the majority of them throughout his speech. It has also meant developing a negative attitude against terrorists, particularly Muslim people. It is represented through the use of more impressive lexical expressions that positively help to portray the self-representation, particularly the good characteristics of the Americans to affect psychology of his listeners in contrast to the bad actions of the terrorists. Such an act gives the Americans the feeling of strength and encouragement towards the community and intense hostility towards Muslims. It has further been noted that Bush uses pathos and a religious language with the public to make people safe and to comfort them.

This study investigates the different morphological patterns, syntactic structures and meanings of the selected versatile verbs. This study analyses these verbs linguistically, providing a holistic view of their usage and versatility within Qur'anic texts. A qualitative approach is used to analyze data. This study aims to investigate the influence of the context on the morphological forms, the syntactic patterns and different meanings of these verbs. Furthermore, it aims to investigate how the translators transfer the linguistic characteristics of these verbs into English. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher adopts an eclectic model. Accordingly, three versatile verbs are chosen as the study sample, namely, تَلا, حسَّ and سَألَ. The main findings of this are as follows: firstly, the verb “تَلا” is considered versatile due to its meanings only; it has different meanings with fixed syntactic structure (it is transitive in all the selected ’Ayahs). The verbs “حسَّ” and “سَألَ” are considered versatile in accordance with their meanings and syntactic structures; that is, they have different meanings and syntactic structures. Secondly, all the different meanings are considered polysemous senses of the same selected roots. Thirdly, the context is the most influential factor that makes these verbs versatile. Finally, concerning the renderings of the selected Arabic verbs into the TL, it is concluded that sometimes translators have taken the context into account and have rendered some of these verbs into the equivalently TL. Some other times, they do not render these verbs equally.

James Joyce is renowned for using functional shifts creatively to add new words and meanings to his novels. Converting words through altering their classes is considered as Joyce’s distinct method of playing with words, which reflects his capability of linguistic creativity. The problem that should be tackled in this study the reader is neither able to determine the grammatical class of the word after converting it nor he is able to perceive its meaning after converting it, which is also wrapped up with metaphor. Accordingly, this study aims to figure out words which underwent functional shifts in the selected novel. It is postulated that converting the class of the word brings about semantic change in that word as it might undergo metaphoric extension which should be examined precisely. Methodologically, (8) converted words were selected randomly from this novel for the purpose of qualitative analysis. Brinton and Brinton’s Model (2010) has been applied as a tool to analyze functional shifts on morphological and syntactic levels. The merit of this approach is that it identifies the morphosyntactic change that occurs to the word when converting it. Lakoff and Johnson’s Approach (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory was adopted to uncover the metaphoric meaning that accompanies any functional shift. The results indicate that the syntactic pattern ‘noun changes into verb’ was the main pattern of functional shift recruited by Joyce in Ulysses. The meanings of converted words are also changed whose meanings cannot be grasped from their individual forms unless they are interpreted within their contexts. Joyce converted words of different fields including body parts, abstract, concrete and physical objects.

Linguistics is based on syntax, and syntax is essentially based on units. these unites are associated with meaning or function. The form of unit can be active or passive, this is based on the context, that means we understand the sentence via the meaning, this study is an attempt to reveal the role of developing third grade female students' Lexical competence and measure its effect on students' communication performance. The participants were 162 female students from 3rd grade, Department of English, College of Education for Women, University of Anbar. The participants are distributed to section A and section B. Section B was chosen randomly to represent the experimental group, and section A to represent the control group. An instructional Lexical Approach based teaching programme was prepared to train the students to develop their Lexical competence. A pre-test and post-test were prepared to collect the data of the study. The validity and the reliability of the instrument was verified. The results revealed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and the control group students' communicative performance for the favorit of the students of the experimental group. The effect size was medium. It can be concluded that focusing on the Lexical Approach in teaching productive skills is very important which equips students with the communication techniques and skills.

Describing Shakespeare as a feminist or misogynist is a debatable issue. While some feminist critics believe that Shakespeare's plays place women as equal to men, others suggest that they enhance the subordination of women. However, The Merchant of Venice enables one to argue that Shakespeare writes back 16th century women's emancipation through challenging women subalternity that confined them to nurturing and domestic sphere. This article tackles The Merchant of Venice from a feminist perspective aiming at highlighting feminist concepts that appeal to power dynamics and destereotyping. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the role of women in Elizabethan era as represented in The Merchant of Venice. As such, this article answers the question of literary representation which parallels in importance the thematic issues the play tackles. It, furthermore, follows a structural approach that comes across the different layers that constitute the contextual system of meaning in the play.

Graeme Simsion's Trilogy: The Rosie Project, The Rosie Effect, The Rosie Result is a significant fictional work in its depiction of autism within the framework of disability literature. Simsion's trilogy serves as a gentle critique of societal norms that often marginalize those who do not fit the neurotypical mold. Through Don and his son's experiences with autism, Simsion addresses the readers to reconsider the social model of autistic identity and thus to reevaluate its performance. The study relies heavily upon theoretical frameworks of narrative prosthesis, metamodernist and Aristotlian rhetoric through which Simsion represents the autistic identity. The study follows a structural approach which enables the researcher to come across the layers of the examined literary work through emphasizing the collaborative relationship between content and form.

This paper examines Erin Jade Lange’s Butter through the lens of the "docile body" concept by Michel Foucault. It highlights the complex interaction between body politics, societal norms, and psychological turmoil. Lange’s novel focuses on this issue through the presentation of Butter, an obese teenager who plans to eat himself on a live broadcast, to reflect the pervasive impact of fat shaming, binge eating, and emotional neglecting as well as isolation. Relying heavily on Foucault's concept, the analysis shows how Butter's body becomes a site for both resistance and submission. It reveals the unjust reality of societal norms of beauty and health that are used to discipline teenagers' bodies. Lange’s novel critiques societal beauty standards, body shaming, and fat stigma, revealing how bodies become objects of scrutiny and control. Lange's portrayal underscores the devastating consequences of unchallenged societal norms while suggesting the complexities of resistance within the constraints of body politics. Ultimately, the study calls for a reevaluation of cultural attitudes towards fatness and individuality, advocating for empathy and inclusivity.

Cyberbullying, a pervasive and damaging form of harassment, has become an urgent issue in the digital age, affecting millions of adolescents worldwide. Sarah Darer Littman’s novel “Backlash” delves into this complex and often devastating phenomenon, providing a stark and insightful exploration of its effects on young people. This study examines the theme of cyberbullying in “Backlash,” analyzing its portrayal, the psychological and social impacts on the characters, and the broader implications for readers and society. The study relies heavily upon the conceptual framework of psychological manipulation which is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive, deceptive, or underhanded tactics. By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at another's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative, abusive, devious, and deceptive. The study is analytical , it follows a new critic approach that focuses on the way the content of any literary work is represented by a particular form . Furthermore, it follows a structural approach as it highlights the layers of the examined work so as to foster its discourse which aim at raising the collective consciousness about cyber bullying and its after effect.

This paper tackles the role of women as second-class citizens in Iraq. It aims to highlight the concept of gendered subaltern in terms of Iraqi culture and literature. The study argues that Iraqi literature has successfully pinpointed strategies of violence and subalternity, practiced on Iraqi women. It significantly shows that wars, bloodshed, and economic hardship have traumatized Iraqi women, making them an "Other," "oppressed," and "muzzled." Some literary works by Iraqi writers are cited as examples of how the subaltern female has been depicted in their works of fiction and nonfiction. The study examines short tales written by Iraqi writers of different ethnic backgrounds to shed light on the many ways in which Iraqi culture is commented upon and portrayed in literature.

Since the eighteenth century, gothic aspects seep into the fictional representation of traumatic experience, be it individual or collective. Representing trauma through gothic aspects places the reader in a direct confrontation with the uncanny; it faces him with traumatic feelings that powerfully haunt and unsettle the present. The study argues that Burhan Al-Shawi's Baghdad's Mortuary is a gothic novel that figures out violence and rupture in the aftermath of 2003. Al-Shawi, in other words, situates the suspense and grotesque of gothic mode to represent the apocalyptic sociopolitical discourse of physical and psychological ruination which contour Iraq in the aftermath of the American invasion. Symbolically, the location of the novel, namely the mortuary, is a gothic chronotope where the repressed returns to haunt Adam's consciousness by means of ghostly corpses who speak for and about their traumatic death. The study aims at answering the following question: how does the author represent the conflation of life and death in post invasion Iraq? The study significantly reflects on the collective traumatic identity that the whole Iraqi people share regardless the details that differentiate one experience from another.

This study delves into the intertwining themes of ethical vegetarianism, trauma, and resistance against patriarchy, and explores the themes of ethical vegetarianism and vegan poetics in Han Kang's award-winning Korean novel, (The Vegetarian). The study will examine the novel's portrayal of the traumatized vegan identity, the cultural context of Korean food and traditions, and how the author's language evokes the protagonist's journey of self-discovery. This analysis deals with ecocriticism theory. The study aims to find the forms of vegan identity and to investigate women’s resistance toward patriarchal domination. It also focuses on the precisely on the various underlying shades of trauma that a woman’s body and mind undergo while trying to live up to the expectations of contemporary society.

The fundamental pivot of multicultural discourse is the poetics of identity. It entails the issue of otherness, which illustrates the prospect of cross-cultural intellectual exchange of different cultures. In order to change the image of Arabs, contemporary Arab-American poetry heavily draws on the poetics of exile, culture, identity, race, and gender misperception. The research examines the issue of identity which is skillfully represented in Zaid Shlah’s poetic collections, Taqsim and Clockwork , via the prisms of intellectual plurality, cultural diversity, and the effects these have on individual and societal identities.

Hybrid resonance is a defining feature that highlights the poetic prowess of Palestinian poet Fady Joudah in representing dual identities as an Arab-American that manifest in the original poetry. The paper aims to demonstrate the way that Joudah employs the mixing of rhythmic language, derived from natural and cosmological elements that express the essence of Self as divinely Other, with earthy Self or, the prevailing language to articulate a hybrid identity. The research investigates the techniques employed in his poetry, assessing their directness or indirectness, through the analysis of selected poems from various collections such as Textu (2013),), Alight (2013), The Earth on the Attic (2008) by depending on dialogism theory of Michael Bakhtin who stressed on translingustic notion, through adopting a qualitative approach with critical and textual methodologies. It concludes that Joudah utilizes integrational techniques of the upcoming codes to replicate hyphenated identities such as imagery that reflected the Palestinian identity within a hybrid community, indirectly conveyed through linguistic discourse targeted to the American audience.

Teaching the rules of English grammar at the level of university for the non-departmental students should be an ease task because the students learn English from the primary schools to secondary schools. This study aims to reveal the role of Social Grammar Learning Strategies (hence GLSs) in improving second grade male and female students' grammar performance at the Department of Arabic, College of Arts, Mustansiriyah University during the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024. The researcher suggested using teaching strategies that students were not exposed to in studying grammar during the primary and secondary stages for the purpose of developing the level of grammar. A proposed Social Grammar Learning Strategies based on the Imitation, Feedback, Joint attention, and Scaffolding strategies and pre-posttests were used to collect the data. The results revealed that the female students' performance was higher than the male students, and there was a statistical significance difference between the students of the experimental group and the students of the control group in the post- test achievement in grammar and for the favorite of students of experimental group. The study conclude that GLSs have positive effect on the non-departmental students' grammar performance, and learning via strategies that are familiar with the students' social life are very significant and consider lifelong learning.

Recently many learners have started using ChatGPT in many disciplines of life or different sciences learning where it showed its importance in facilitating learning and saving time and efforts. This study aims at shedding the light on the use of ChatGPT application at university level by EFL learners at Garmian University. The Sample of the study are one hundred students and twenty instructors from English Department at College of Languages. The study tries the answer the question: ‘ can learners’ get benefit from ChatGPT application while learning how to use cohesive devices in narrative texts ? what is the role of ChatGPT and to what extend ? to answer the question of the study a questionnaire has been constructed that involves twenty items. The items of the questionnaire refer to the techniques or strategies used by learners’ and teachers’ to produce accurate or coherent texts and compare it with ChatGPT. This study is limited to university level learners , the use of Chat GPT application, narrative texts. After collecting data and analyzing them statistically some conclusions are drawn.