College Of Basic Education Researches Journal

Education system in mosul for the period 1932-1939 is of a historical importance . it constitutes an effective dimension on the educational level . the research deals with the status of education in Mosul after the formal independence of Iraq in October , 1932 till the second World war , 1939 ,through the study of primary ,intermediate and secondary schools and the developments which were introduced , the number of pupil s, the curricula , public Examinations systems (Bacheloria) examinations centers ,headmasters and the number of pupils participated in these examinations .

The image of Islam and Muslims in Europe has a typical distorted picture. The major features of this stereotypical image of islam are backwardness, violence and extremism. Western media television, radio and newspapers adopted a remarkable blatant distortion against Islam and Muslims in an orderly and planned process which led to a deepening gap between Muslims and Europeans. Even the secular states are not successful to be exactly secular because of this hostile feelings against Muslims. Practically, Muslims, in these states, didn't receive any ministeral or administrative position for the sympathy with the Christian candidates. The racial phenomenon aganist Arabs and Muslims has been strengthened, in Europe, in the light of declining conditions there. The problem of Muslim communities is a cultural, civilized and political one. there is another proplem which is racisim against muslim. Although Islamic religion comes in the second rank after Christianity, most of the European countries do not recognize the Muslim communities' status. Cousequently, they lost much of their civil and religions rights. The feeling of siege and confrontation led Muslim communities to adopt defensive reactions and enchance their relationship with thear identity. They had also a feeling of superiority as a compensation of being politically on the shelf.

Bernard Louis is belong to a historical elite of thinkers, researchers and the leaders of the strategic thought of United states .
He is a British historian who has an American identity, in his intellectual theses he talked thoughts which are connect rated on the Islam and Islamic religion and generally effected on the social elites especially on political ones, his intellectual effect was also so clear on the American decision makers and on the new group of conservations who have political influence with the last of second thousand and the beginning of the third one.
In this study Iُve talked his curriculum vitae and his personality them I take some samples from his thoughts which he tried to generalized it in the western political reality and the effect of these thoughts on this reality.

The Palestinian question drew the attention of the Arab League establish on March 22, 1945 in which protocols Palestine occupies and essential part, besides its pact which contains a special appendix for Palestine where the historical right of independence of Palestine was emphasized and Lebanon being a founding member of the Arab league, which endeavored to help in the achieving of the goals of the league and has an important role in all the sessions of the political committee of the league.
Lebanon rejected the Jewish immigration to Palestine and also rejected the establishment of a national state for the Jews in Palestine.
It also rejected the report issued by the Anglo- American committee on Jewish immigration.

The Spaniards took over the west Tripoli since 961 A.H/1510 A.D. after they killed a great number of its population. Since then the Spaniards ruled the West Tripoli directly, which continued for almost 20 year. It was under attack from the Mujahdeen who came from Tajoraa and Garean which became the main bases for resisting the Spaniards Besides, it faced a parallel attack from the two brothers Aarooj and Khair adden who formed a real threat for the Spanish influence in the Arab Magrib.

Arab gulf region lived till the twentieth century a period descried as cultural and intellectual un development. At that time the Gulf haven't witnessed any features of emerging of cultural and intellectual awareness such as schools, press, social and literal clubs and associations. a vision for the reality of the region by saying .Even the journals which depended upon a limited group of Gulf's people that reached from the Arab neighbor countries such as Egypt , Iraq and Syria .

The sources of Ibn Al-Zubair Al-Andalusi regarded one of basic programs and contents in the book "Silat-Al silaa" as attempt to induct the source which adopted by Al-Andalusi who regard one of the pioneer biographer in the field of history. The given research concluded double main paragraphs, the first is included the definition of Ibn Al-Zubair, but the second is specialized with the programs of the pioneers and their contents according their death of the Elite, then, we begin with the Indolicians, after them the Magharibas.

Extremism is an old phenomenon in Devine or earthly religions . In most societies it represented a negative phenomenon , Yet it was adopted by followers and advocates for they believed that it was the best way to recognize facts and the Others have a vein understanding of them .

The tribes of the Iraqi-Syrian borders played an important role in the relationship between the British mandatory authority in Iraq and the French mandatory one in Syria between 1920-1932. in order to throw light on this subject, the research was divided into three axes. The first axis tackled the borderline between Iraq and Syria during Iraqi Syrian borderline tribes with regard to their geographical distribution to the two sides of the borders. The second axis handled the disputes among these tribes between 1920-1932 concerning their causes and political sides. As for the third axis, it tackled the attitudes of the British and the French mandatory authorities to the dispute of the Iraqi-Syrian borders tribes; especially the tribal conferences held during the period.

Through the study of the concept of the state in Arabic lexicons it is found that the lexicons haven’t defined the legal and political concepts of the state. Their definition of the concept of the state is restricted to two meanings only: the circulation of money and the circulation of victory in war. In other words, the pre-Islam Arabs did not know the contemporary concept of the state. There existed the link that built upon the real or the pretended kinship (allegiance).

The involvement of army in political is regarded as a prominent hallmark in the contemporary Sudanese history. It has become quite clear in when the commanders of the army tried to cause political changes through the military coups. In the fifties sixties of the last century in Sudan.
It is noteworthy that through these coups revealed foreign influences and pressures in their making on of these coups was General Ibrahim Aboods coup in 1958.

Nosaeba A. Al-Haj Allawy
Kuperlus Family made every effort to reform ottoman state (1656-1702) , which helped to stop the weakness of the state for atime . Mohammed pash kuperlu has taken the first place in the ottoman state , which lives a very difficult circumstance on the internal and external standard .
So that he did his best in the stats functions, put an end to the corruptions in the state, made massive reforms in different fields of state especially the military constitute. He also worked together with the sultana khadijah Tarkhan to terminate the women's power and their continuos intrusions in the state, which made it reaches its fall.
His sons who descends him in the first place , able to continue his reformatory direction , Despite , some cessation in the reformatory process especially when the persons who had taken the first place weren’t like their ability which made the reformatory process Late and reduced its advantage .

In regard, the preaching is one of basic of social reforming and intellectual thought in society. So Allah says " Call unto way of thy lord with wisdom and fair exhortation , and reason with them in the better way . Lo! thy is best aware of him who strayeth from his way , and He is Best Aware of those who go aright."(An-Nahl \ 125)
The preacher Ibi-Al Hussian Ibnsamoon (300. 387. A.H) well excepted in various location in Islamic society, especially during his existence in an embarrassed a atmospheres where the Turkish and Buyahides demonance on Iraq.
So, the research adopted the Analyzing method to improve the historical texts.

The research is an attempt to realise the ways of transferring the textual material(died 334 A.H/994A.D) of "tabaqat muhaddithi Ahl Al-Mawsil" by Abu Zakaria al-Azdi to the later historians especially that the book are not exist at our time.The book is considered one of the lost, yet very important book about scientific and culture history of Mosul. Our Knowledge about that book came from many historical books such as "tarikh baghdad" by al-khatiib al- Baghdadi (died 1070 A.D./463 A.H.) , "Ausd al-ghaba fi ma'rifat-al-sahgaba"by Ibn al-Athir (died 1232A.D./630A.H.),"bughiat al-talab fi ta'rikh halab"by Ibn al-'Adim (1261A.D./660A.H.). Historians had been taking their information

Arabic area pass in policy circum stance led to form regional Arabic organization British has role in form it this organization knowed the Arab league which since it formed until today much of it performance know by failure and frustration in treatment Arab issues in different field so that led to rise the sounds of demands to reform it and put it in right way in order to succeed in his work and to become important center in Arab life in whole field and domains.

The research deals with the important role of sheikhs of Islam in taking decisions in ottoman state. Owing to their high status in society, sheikhs of Islam a great effect on different matters, In fact, they are not only concerned with religious affairs but also with political and social ones.

Industrial Revolution and what has accompanied it of results and financial guarantees, made clear that it has been in need for markets and Consumers to insure the Continuity and the growth of economic development. U.S.A. has decided to be in line with the imperial approach in 1898, and there was the Spanish-American war. That had given the justifications for occupying the near and remote Spanish areas to reach Philippine which had stayed under the American occupation for about half century. Then Came the culture which challenged values of religions being harmful in its nature and could destroy the human environment.

The research focuses to shed light for one of Religious thought in Ancient Iraq, by offering views to Gods. So, the sacred stick was one of offering material which took place in Ancient Iraq.
The research explains the content of manuscripts in Ancient Iraq history, and the symbolic relation of those sacred sticks with Gods, in addition to the form and the core of those sacred sticks.

Darbandgomsban Basinan (an area of 132.5 km2 ) situated (27) kms east and nothern east of Arbil city. Its Geographical borders are Siveen mountion to the east , Jeeshka and Sartaka Mountion to the west , Banabawi Mountion to the south and the heights of Baizeek to the north . Astrologically, it is situated between latitude( َ16 ْ 36 - َ25 36 ْ) to the north and between longitude (15َ 44 ْ- 30َ 44ْ ).

Researchers were always interested in studying arbitrary shops in residential quarters,due to the negative reflections on many aspects such as aesthetic side,the neigh boring residentialunits,traffic jams and their leftovers hike the organic wastes of butcher shops, blacksmiths not to forget mention the noise affecting public health. howerer not all reflections negative such as the extraordinary circuris tances of Iraq in general and Mosul in particular. this positive side is providing locals with the necessary requirements .such cpositive side is the corestone of this research in addition to unalyse the commercial structure.

IBN HAWKAL maps emerged in the 4 th century A.H/10TH A.O as a new break through in Islamic geography science , it is part of islam ATLAS and introduced new concepts. Leaving behind the seven divisions for Islamic countries.
IBN HAWKAL made 21 maps putting the global image at the first page of his book. The rounded image of world known then. Other maps representing division of Islamic world with its administrative boundaries known then at 4 th century A.H. To evaluate maps we depended on basic standards like little direction. Measure and optional variables to reveals both its originality and personality. Its concluded then that the maps are independent from both greek and romantic influnces and belong renovated school Islamic cartiography.

Aristotle is considered one of the greatest Greek thinkers that appeared in the 4th C.B.C he hag a great influence on the development of the Greek civilization at that time, and since he had many achievements in the Greek philosophy, his writings has attracted the researchers attention in the middle ages as well as the present time and many of his works have been translated into many languages.
In light of the importance of Aristotle's philosophical writings, this research aims at disclosing part of his thinking by studying his efforts in the geographical thought.