Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology(MJET)

1

Study of torsional response of modified reactive powder concrete beams containing coarse recycled aggregates, and reactive powder concrete beams at different cross-sections

Salahuddin Qusay Imran, Abdulamir Atalla Karim

Pages: 136-145 English

Abstract

This paper examines the torsional behavior of Beams made from Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) at different cross-sections. It also examines the torsional behavior of modified reactive powder concrete (MRPC) beams that contain coarse aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate (at different replacements) with a maximum particle size of 9.5mm. The study examines the mechanical properties of modified reactive powder concrete in the fresh and hard states and the effect of replacement.

All modified reactive powder concrete beam mixes are cured in standard curing treatment conditions, and RPC beams are placed under a hot water curing bath with different cross sections (Solid Square, hollow, and deep rectangular). The modified reactive powder concrete group, modified reactive powder concrete beam at 30% replacement of coarse recycled aggregate, gives the highest torsion moment among the three replacements. A solid square beam gives better results than hollow cross-sections or beams with rectangular cross-sections, and the result shows that RPC beams under heat curing conditions provide better structural torsional strength than standard curing conditions.

Keywords

Coarse recycled aggregate heat curing. Modified reactive powder concrete torsion ultra-high strength concrete

2

Efficient lead remediation with Fenton oxidation in produced water

Ali salih, H. A. Ibrahim

Pages: 127-135 English

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Abstract

Wastewater contains multiple pollutants in different forms that may be biodegradable or non-degradable. Therefore, it was necessary to find different methods and processes to remove these pollutants, as Fenton oxidation (FO) processes were commonly used for commercial and residential operations. In a glass batch reactor, a Fenton oxidation process was performed for the purpose of purifying the produced water (PW) and removing the contaminated lead metal. Depending on the batch system used, the effect of operational process variables such as pH (3-10), oxidation time (20=120) min, concentration of hydrogen peroxide (25-100) ppm and ferrous sulphate (5-25) ppm was tested. Through the results obtained, it was demonstrated that the possibility of applying Fenton oxidation technology in removing lead metal contaminants from the produced water (PW) was successful. Lead elimination of 94.18% was achieved when using the Fenton oxidation technique, where a time of 120 minutes was taken at a pH of 6.5, 62.5 and 25 ppm for hydrogen and ferrous sulphate concentrations, respectively.

Keywords

Fenton Oxidation processes. Heavy Metal Produced water Wastewater treatment

3

Studying the modification of asphalt binder by using sasobit additive

Atheer Muhammed Ali

Pages: 121-126 English

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Abstract

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) binders with varying amounts of Sasobit additive are made using two kinds of asphalt binders (PEN80-100 and 60-70). The Sasobit content was from 0.4% to 2.0%, with a range of 0.4 by mass of asphalt binder. Penetration, Rotational Viscosity (RV), and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests were performed. In addition, the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) and the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) tests were carried out to simulate the short-term and long-term aging of asphalt binder, respectively. Furthermore, for both asphalt binders, the complex shear modulus (G*) was determined in order to calculate the rutting factor (G*/Sinδ) and fatigue factor (G*. Sinδ). The results obtained reveal that, the asphalt performs better at higher temperatures and worse at lower ones. Because excessive amounts of Sasobit will negatively affect the asphalt binder, it should be added to the asphalt binder at a mass percentage of no more than 2%.

Keywords

Asphalt binders Dynamic Shear Rheometer Fatigue factor Rolling Thin Film Oven Warm mix asphalt.

4

Methods to enhance compatibility in designing of campus facades

Zeina Abdulhaq Hammoodi Al-jarah, Asmaa Hassan Al-Dabbagh

Pages: 100-120 English

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Abstract

Universities are experiencing a state of visual chaos that affects the campus environment, due to the diversity of design practices and the varying morphological and visual characteristics of their facades. This arises from the continuous need for universities to change in order to accommodate future developments. Achieving compatibility among the facades creates an integrated and cohesive environment. The study aims to identify the variables that designers focus on to achieve compatibility in the facades at the level of the aggregation (a part of the university’s master plan that includes at least three buildings and the space they contain) and to rank these characteristics according to their priority. The study proposes a theoretical framework that includes variables such as: finishing characteristics, relational characteristics, geometric characteristics, along with their secondary properties. To achieve this goal, four aggregations from the University of Mosul with cumulative construction were selected. The study employed quantitative measurement methods to assess the research variables, where the dimensions and areas of the facades were measured within the geometric characteristics variable using AutoCAD software, and the proportion and diversity were evaluated. Fractal3 software was also used to measure fractal symmetry within the relational characteristics variable. The research concluded that the facade characteristics encompass two levels of variables: some of which holistic and detailed. It was found that in aggregations where designers focus on specific facade detailed variables, the holistic variables are and less concentrated by the designers, and vice versa. Additionally, there are cases where designers are able to achieve of balance between focusing on both levels (detailed and. holistic), which is influenced by the area of the aggregation and the functional requirements of its buildings.

Keywords

Campus. compatibility Geometric properties Relationship characteristics Termination characteristics

5

Large deformation theory of thin steel cantilever beams under free end load cases

Jaafar Salman Abdulsada, Enaam kareem jawad, Rami Alawi Rahim

Pages: 90-99 English

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Abstract

In this research, the large deflection of a cantilever tested steel beam of linear elastic material under the action of an external vertical concentrated force at the free end was numerically investigated. The definition of large deflection behavior indicates the inherent nonlinearity found in the response analysis in these beam systems. The analysis pertains to the domain of geometric nonlinearity, often expressing the equilibrium equation in a deformed structure. Numerous authors have implemented various numerical methodologies to address these issues. This paper investigates Rang-kuta numerical techniques for the numerical simulation of the problem. To achieve this purpose, a cantilever beam of length 1 meter and an isotropic thin steel plate with a rectangular cross-section were used. Assuming the beam material is isotropic, with a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio equal zero. The performance of the tested beam was assessed considering deflection and deflection angle. A parametric study is also included to investigate the effect of cross section dimensions (width x height) of steel plate on the bending and the deflection value of tested beams. The assessments indicate that the proposed method can be widely applied to measure large deflections in thin steel plate materials under concentered load at the free end of cantilever beams.

Keywords

Cantilever beams; Large deflection; Thin material; Steel plate; Analytical solution; Bending.

6

Strengthening concrete slabs rest on soil grade using steel fibers

Ola Mazen Makki, Enaam kareem jawad, Jaafar Salman Abdulsada

Pages: 80-89 English

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Abstract

Concrete slabs are the most construction members which is in touch with soil. The applied load on concrete slab causes a deformation in slab and soil which making a relative movement between the two medias and that’s what named by soil-structure interaction. Improving concrete slab strength allows the designer to get the required strength without increasing slab thickness and necessary for safety purposes when the slab exposed to unexpected loads. The study investigated this interaction by casting three concrete slabs and applied a static load on them to discuss their behavior and the soil response. Three plain square slabs of 600 mm sides and 40 mm thickness were casted and tested to investigate the concrete enhancement. The first slab is conventional while the second was of 0.5% percentage of steel fiber and the third specimen was of 1% of steel fiber. It was concluded that, the center of slab deflects downward, while the corners go upward then settles. Adding Steel fiber enhance the concrete compressive strength. The development in slabs bearing capacity were enhanced by 44.7% and 67.03% after adding 0.5% and 1% of fibers respectively.

Keywords

foundation Slab soil Soil-Structure Interaction Steel fiber.

7

Isolation and damping of footing subjected to seismic loads: a review

Ahmed H. Shubber, Basim Jabbar Abbas

Pages: 73-79 English

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Abstract

Seismic isolation achieves its purpose by making the structure functionally independent from the ground through seismic isolators, which are devices that mitigate the horizontal earthquake motion that can be transmitted to a building. The adoption of seismic isolation is not only limited to new structures but also included in many existing structures— major earthquakes demonstrated the effectiveness of these systems, so such is adopted. Most past research on seismic isolation techniques have been confined to regional studies; this paper proposes a historical review on evolution of isolations methods chronologically. Classification of seismic isolation techniques is done based on their mechanism with brief descriptions of their advantages and disadvantages and any recent innovations or alternative methods widely used under this category noted at the end of each classification provided within the study. Earthquakes are considered one of the most dangerous natural conditions, so they claim thousands of lives and property annually to reduce these damages to the facility, several studies and research have been conducted on the possibility of reducing the effects of seismic waves either by absorbing that energy or dissipating it using different techniques to isolate the foundations or to isolate the entire building, but the problem of these techniques needs a special work environment with a high material cost. The research aims to study the different methods of seismic isolation or damping for the design of foundations separately or multi-storey buildings as a whole with retarded waves according to the nature and strength of the seismic intensity as well as the materials available in the country and to find the best way to reduce the vibrations resulting from seismic movement.

Keywords

Damping Earthquakes. Isolation for footing Seismic isolation Seismic load

8

Utilizing orthogonal frequency division multiple access technology to mitigate carrier and symbol interference in wireless communication networks

Nabil Abdulwahab Abdulrazaq Baban

Pages: 62-72 English

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Abstract

Wireless communication networks often face challenges from carrier and symbol interference, leading to degraded signal quality and reduced data transmission efficiency. This interference occurs due to overlapping signals and multipath propagation, creating challenges in maintaining reliable communication. To address this, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology can be utilized. By dividing the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, OFDMA reduces interference between symbols and carriers. However, current methods can be further improved through innovative techniques, such as dynamic subcarrier allocation, adaptive modulation, and advanced error correction algorithms, enhancing network performance and minimizing interference in diverse environments. OFDMA surpasses traditional techniques by reducing interference through orthogonal subcarriers, preventing signal overlap. Its dynamic resource allocation optimizes frequency usage, while adaptive modulation like Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) adjusts to varying channel conditions. These factors collectively enhance signal quality, improve spectral efficiency, and minimize interference compared to conventional methods like FDMA or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). This paper introduces a novel approach to enhancing OFDMA by integrating advanced techniques like dynamic subcarrier allocation, adaptive modulation, and improved error correction. These innovations reduce carrier and symbol interference more effectively, optimize spectrum usage, and significantly improve signal quality and network efficiency in diverse wireless environments. Simulation and analysis results show the capacity of OFDMA over traditional techniques in reducing levels of interference and improving the quality of a signal. These findings underscore the great promise of OFDMA in redefining wireless communication systems further, OFDMA enables greater system performance with dynamic resource allocation under various interfering scenarios when contrasted with other methodologies like frequency reuse, adaptive filtering or adaptive power control.

Keywords

AMC BER CP ECC FDE FFT ICI IFFT. IoT ISI LTE MIMO OFDMA PSK QAM SIR SNR TDE

9

Landfill site selection using analytical hierarchy process and GIS: a case study in Al-Zubair district, Basrah, Iraq

Qasim Mohammed Khudair Salman, Ahmed Naseh Ahmed Hamdan

Pages: 50-61 English

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Abstract

Al-Zubair district is located in the southwestern part of Basrah governorate and is considered the largest region administratively. Due to the rapid urbanization, rapid population growth, high waste productivity, and inexistence of landfills in Al-Zubair district, a sanitary landfill is needed to accommodate the produced solid waste and avoid any potential environmental problems. Hence, this study has been conducted to propose the best location for the sanitary landfill in Al-Zubair district and solve the waste problem scientifically, thus, a total of nine influencing criteria were adopted (water surface, agricultural lands, residential area, soil types, slope, roads, railways, power lines, and the oil fields) then processed using the Geographical Information System (GIS) to generate the map of suitability index and find the most candidate sites for the landfill based on the weights of criteria that derived from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. This study expected that the cumulative volume of solid waste through (2025-2050) would be about 18658259 m3, requiring a landfill’s area of at least 9.33 km2 to accommodate this volume. The most suitable candidate site for landfill was identified in the middle of Al-Zubair district with an area of 124.63 km2 in a way safe enough from the restricted zones of all criteria reducing the aesthetic destruction, physical pollution, travel time, construction cost and demonstrating the ability to accommodate the cumulative solid waste even after 2050 sustainably. The prior advantages of the proposed landfill’s location would benefit the solid waste management in the study area effectively and efficiently.

Keywords

Al-Zubair District Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Geographic Information System (GIS) Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Sanitary landfill.

10

Land use land cover change detection in Baghdad city for the years 2000 and 2024 using random forest algorithm

Basheer S. Jasim

Pages: 39-49 English

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Abstract

Rapid population growth is one of the serious and common issues in Iraq, and parts of this country have been facing an increase in the number and density of the population in recent decades, putting much pressure on Iraq’s natural resources and sometimes economic activities. The growth of residential constructions and industrial zones has caused direct or indirect destruction of ecosystems and their natural lands. Landsat satellite imagery, TM sensors for 2000, and the OLI-TIRS sensor 2024 were used to detect land cover change. A supervised classification technique by Random Forest (RF) method was used for image classification, and the land cover map was obtained in two different years (2000 and 2024), with overall accuracy of 88.33% and 90.83%, respectively. The analysis results have shown that during 24 years, there has been an increase in urban areas: Urbanization increased significantly from 45.24% to 67.98%, indicating significant population and economic growth. Whereas there was a decrease in green spaces, the percentage of vegetated land decreased from 32.56% to 9.09%, which indicates the diminishment of agricultural and green spaces due to urban expansion.

Regarding the relative stability of water bodies, the percentage of water bodies decreased slightly from 3.08% to 2.53%. Finally, there was a slight increase in arid lands; the percentage of barren land increased from 19.12% to 20.40%, which may reflect land degradation and increasing desertification. Comparing land use and land cover changes over a long period shows the impact of human activities and climate change on the environment, allowing for a deeper assessment of environmental degradation and identifying the most affected areas.

Keywords

classification Land Use Land Cover machine learning Random Forest Algorithm.

11

Behavior of structural members under oblique impact loads state‑of‑the‑art review

Muna Gaber Arean, Alaa S. Al-Husainy

Pages: 29-38 English

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Abstract

During the life time of the structural members such as beams, columns and slabs, they are expected to be exposed to impact loads from falling objects, hit by cars, and ships with different weights, shapes and impact velocities. The previous studies were intensively studied the behavior of the structural members under lateral impact loadings. Yet very little attempts to understand the influence of the impact angle on the structural behavior of the members. Since failure of structural members can lead to the collapse of the entire structure, this study aims to understand how these members, behave and what causes them to fail under non-axial or lateral impact loads. Beams subjected to an inclined impact load are affected by several factors such as the speed and the mass of the impactor, the height of the dropped weight, the total impact energy, and the stiffness of the entire structure at the moment of impact. Previous studies shown that when the reinforced concrete slabs subjected to an oblique impact load the local damage occurs at a greater rate when the impactor hit the slab with angle of 20 degrees. However, the effects of the oblique impact load are still under research and more studies are required to understand that behavior.

Keywords

critical load angle. Impact Angle Impact Load impact velocity Oblique impact

12

Torsion behavior of self-compacting reinforced concrete beams produced from recycled aggregate: a numerical investigation

Ahmed Fadhil Kadhim Alfuraiji, Jamal Abdulsamad Khudhair

Pages: 19-28 English

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Abstract

In the study of reinforcement beams, the behavior of reinforcing beams under torsion is challenging. The use of numerical approaches has been extensive for this purpose, particularly in relation to experimental research, which is usually associated with costs as well as very significant difficulties. This study aims to investigate the torsional moment behavior of the properties of concrete beams, where beams are tested by subjection to torsional moments that come from the eccentricity of the applied load.

The experimental 12 self-compacted reinforcement beams models adopted for analysis in this study are tested, all beams are geometrically similar, have a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of (200×250) mm2 with 1000 mm length, within parameters considered include the recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) content, (0,25,50 and 75 %), The amount of longitudinal reinforcement and the number of stirrups.

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the convenience and efficacy of utilizing ANSYS software for modeling and performing nonlinear analysis on reinforced concrete beams subjected to pure torsion. The fracture threshold of each specimen was reached by applying a monotonic force. The identical specimens were additionally examined utilizing the methodology proposed by ACI318 to determine their torsional capabilities.

Where the application of FEM analysis allows for the assessment of cracking and fracture torques with a high level of accuracy. The torsional capacity achieved with this method was superior in precision compared to the method described in ACI318. Also, the torsional cracking morphology and the crack propagation trend were properly predicted through to the point of the crack.

Keywords

Angles of twist crack Finite Element Method (FEM) Longitudinal bars Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RCA) Self-compacting concrete (SCC) SOLID65 Stirrups torsion Ultimate Load.

13

An optimization study on enhancing the vacuum distillation unit using MPC in comparison with PID controller

Ashraf A. Salih, Thaer A. Abdulla, Ahmed S. Abdullah

Pages: 9-19 English

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Abstract

This research examines the process of choosing between the reliable proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and the recommended model predictive control (MPC) controller for the vacuum distillation unit (VDU) by analyzing its dynamic behavior. Aspen HYSYS V12.1 and MATLAB Simulink Environment (2021 A) software programs were used in this study to compare the performance of the PID and MPC controllers to analyze the overhead temperature response. The temperature response in the middle of the tower (stage No. 15) is both a basic factor in improving product quality and quantity through a set point (SP) step change in the mass flow rate of the feed stream, feeding temperature, and flow rate of stripping steam. In addition, to study the effect of a disturbance step change on the feed pump efficiency, as well as making a change in the overhead temperature and the temperature of stage No. 15 to clarify the performance difference between the (PID) and (MPC), The study result showed that MPC is better than PID in reaching the desired value and overcoming the turbulence effect, The overhead and (stage No.15) temperatures response time to reach steady state, it is found that the MPC response time shorter than the PID with respect to the efficiency disturbance by (81% and 293%), step change in feed flow rate by (43% and 47.2%), feed temperature by (440% and 158%), low pressure steam (LPS) (81% and 290%) and set point (86.6% and 218%), In the overshot and raising time, the MPC shows better temperature overshoot and raising time in all step change cases taken than the PID except the overhead temperature in feed temperature step change shows that PID is better in small temperature difference, and steady state error percentage for the MPC shows that it is zero or approximately zero in the inputs step change but for the PID the steady state error is not zero like in step change in feed flow rate and temperature which are 0.01 and 0.02 respectively.

This study shows how the efficiency of the distillation separation process can be increased through the prediction disturbance, overcoming it and high response time to reach the desired value, which increases the production quality, and quantity and reduces the energy associated with the production process (steam, fuel, electricity, etc.).

Keywords

Heavy vacuum gas oil light vacuum gas oil. LPS Model Predictive Control proportional integral derivative vacuum diesel oil Vacuum distillation unit

14

A comparison study on CNN-based brain tumor detection systems: proposed vs. pretrained models

Ahmed Saaudi, Riyadh Mansoor, Salah Alheejawi

Pages: 1-8 English

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Abstract

A brain tumor is a serious disease that requires a talented specialist to differentiate the tumor types (benign or malignant) accurately in the early stages. Artificial intelligent (AI) can participate in facilitating the specialists’ task by performing deep learning algorithms on MRI-based images to achieve an accurate decision. There are many pretrained models that are developed based on deep learning algorithms to tackle brain tumor identification issue. In this work, the weights of three pretrained models: Xception, Inception-resnet50, and VGG 16 are adapted to develop brain-tumor detection systems. The structure of each system is upgraded by adding an input layer and two dense layers of 32, and 16 nodes, respectively, with one output layer to classify the input samples, (MRI of brain tumor). Later, a comprehensive comparison is conducted to evaluate the behavior of each model according to the ability to identify the tumor type (Healthy or malignant). The comparison study reveals the superiority of the VGG16 model in terms of accuracy. Moreover, the structure of the VGG16 model presents less complexity regarding the number of CNN layers and training parameters. Reducing the complexity participates in saving the consuming energy and reducing the execution time. The latter is crucial since it helps specialists to identify the tumor type easily and in, relatively, less time. The main aim of this study is to develop a highly accurate and less complex CNN-based model to recognize the brain tumor type. A model of three CNN-based layers with 719281 trainable parameters is suggested. The proposed model shows 96% accuracy in approximately 8500 seconds. Even though the accuracy of CNN-based model is less than the VGG16 model, the proposed model surpasses the VGG16 in terms of complexity and execution time. Also, the proposed model shows a better performance compared to the Inception-resnet50 v2 and exception models.

Keywords

AI deep learning Healthcare. Transfer learning

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