The Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning

The individual is the basis of the emergence of cities, through which the emergence of multiple cities differed in terms of location, history and population, but did not remain in the structure of the initial list until our present time without the transformation and change in the structure of the city and by its various functions such as housing and shopping and other services, whether the social aspect or Economic, political or religious, and therefore we find that the emergence of any architectural model in the city is linked to the individual and society through them are identified the nucleus of the first models and then changes to architectural models influenced by the changing social needs as a result of the spatial and temporal action of the era, Research problem \"The role of the changing social needs that led to the transformation of the market model of the historic city of Baghdad.\" The aim of the research was to \"demonstrate the impact of the social needs of the individual on the transformation of the pattern of basic formations in architectural models (markets) in the historic city of Baghdad.\" The research was based on an inductive analytical approach to a common reading between the virtues of al-Farabi and Maslow\'s hierarchy of needs. It was based on the stages of the emergence of models of the traditional markets of Baghdad as a case study through which the vocabulary of the theoretical framework is applied in order to study the extent of the individual\'s interaction with the changing social variables spatially and temporally, and the reflection on the individual\'s profession in the city and its practice through the professional ethics of the work that is embodied in the city market.

Wars and natural disasters have long been a threat to human life in many ways,
including the destruction and loss of housing and other buildings, which made it
necessary to develop rapid shelter plans to reduce the disaster. Plans to rebuild
affected areas often take a long time, forcing those affected to take temporary
solutions without regard to utility and durability. The shelters were designed in
different types according to need. The previous knowledge dealt with a variety
of species that could be categorized into simple and complex shelters. The first
included shelters that could be carried by humans and the other carried by
different means of transportation. The materials used in manufacturing, It has a
portable shelter such as flexibility, the possibility of integration and rigging of
the structure, adaptation, self-sufficiency and other characteristics. The research
problem was focused on \"the cognitive need to explore the formal characteristics
of portable emergency shelters\". The aim of the research is to identify the formal
characteristics of the portable shelter that distinguish it from other types of
portable architecture. It ensures the efficiency and durability of the shelter in
performing its functions . This requires a three-stage approach. The first is to
construct a theoretical framework on the morphological properties of the
portable shelter and to explore the nature of the vocabulary and indicators of the
formal characteristics of portable shelters. These include visual properties,
dimension characteristics, description and analysis of two-dimensional surfaces,
three-dimensional building block Design). The second is to examine these
vocabulary within selected samples, and thirdly to discuss the results and
conclusions that thus reinforce the theoretical framework of the vocabulary.

result of burning fossil fuel, and because buildings are main energy consumer, studies have been called towards creating efficient buildings, In which digital simulation technology, presented with designer to select efficient design solutions, which is uneasy task, due to the large number of models to be evaluated by simulation, consuming time and effort, due to large number of design variables interacting and conflicting in influence. Limiting the effectiveness of (traditional computer simulation approach). And Emersion (genetic algorithm approach) as an effective alternative to assess and optimize design, by automated steps for exchanging design variables between efficient models and produce more efficient new models, away similar to genetic evolution of organisms. But, lake of what and how to adopting this approach limited its use in local architectural researches and practices, Highlighting a problem: "Lack of cognitive clarity about the genetic algorithms approach in creating high-efficiency domestic compared to traditional approach”, aiming to “determining the nature of the genetic algorithm approach and its application to create accurate and high efficiency domestic designs in less time and effort comparing to the traditional approach”. Research methodology was reviewing genetic algorithm mechanism in solving design problems, making a comparison between traditional simulation approach and genetic algorithm approach on virtual model within local environment, determining the most efficient approach which balances characteristics (windows to wall ratio) and (perfect orientation) to provide the highest rates of natural lighting with minimum solar thermal gain, as well as the time it takes to complete the work according to each of the two approaches. Reaching a number of conclusions about effectiveness to adopt genetic algorithm approach in terms of time reduction and results accuracy compared to the traditional approach.

Traffic congestions is one of the main problems for many cities especially in newly urbanizing countries worldwide. The issue of traffic congestions has major impact not only on the planning of the city, but also on many aspects such as residence overall well-being. Governments often try to address this issue through a number of initiatives, most important of which is promoting public transport in order to reduce the dependency on private cars in the city. This research analyzed state-led public transportation initiatives impact on addressing traffic congestion in developing countries through a case study of the Greater Cairo Region in Egypt. The research specifically focused on two state-led public transportation programs, namely the Great Cairo Transport Authority (CTA) program to improve the existing public transport services in GCR and the GCR underground metro program during the 1990s to early 2010s. The research found that although these programs were successful in limiting the increase of privately owned cars and taxies in GCR, they did not decrease traffic congestions due to a number of issues including malpractice, political and administrative corruption, and rapid population growth and increased population densities that almost doubled in the period from early 1990s to early 2010s.

The construction and buildings sector are one of the most energy-consuming sectors, accounting for one-third of the world's total energy consumption and one-third of the world's CO2 emissions, this leads to environmental, health and psychological damages for humans and society, with an increase in other urban problems in city. This is result of reliance on fossil fuels, construction materials and excessive consumption of natural resources that cause an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Concept of green buildings has emerged with sustainable trends in fields of architecture and urban planning. It is considered an integrated architecture with environment and nature. It reduces pollution rate to 1/6 of world's CO2 emissions. It provides a safe, comfortable and healthy environment for human and reduces the consumption and preservation of natural resources, for future generations by recycling waste, wastewater, roofs and green facades, and use of suitable building materials with the environment, as well as integrated design with buildings and urban context in terms of formation and direction of buildings and use of sustainable building materials and use of renewable energy and others. The climate in Iraq, especially in summer, is characterized by high temperatures. It is more than 50 °c, with winter temperatures dropping and uneven significantly between summer and winter, so we need buildings that consider the requirements of human thermal comfort, reduce energy consumption and natural resources, and provide a healthy and psychological environment, to reduces emissions harmful to environment. There are many obstacles to establishment of green buildings in Iraqi cities, most important of which are laws and legislation that require its legislation to suit technological advances in architecture, as well as technical, and social constraints and others.

development and such as the problem of research, where the goal of the research to build a theoretical framework to fill this gap. The research hypothesis that the development of the residential neighborhood is achieved through (integration of the social, economic and environmental aspects associated with the values and principles of sustainable neighborhood). The research relied on an analytical descriptive method in the description and analysis of selected samples namely , and was the criterion of choice based on principles of sustainable residential neighborhoods in contemporary trends . The research concluded that the residential neighborhood based on the principles of development distinct , by achieving social, economic, environment aspects, as well as the urban design and planning values. The sustainable residential neighborhood pattern emphasizes regional development considerations, and principles that define sustainable features including compactness, mixed use, connectivity, pedestrian oriented built form, , vital public realm, and regulation of the relationship with transit transport.