iklil for Humanity Studies

The science of medical weights is of high scientific value and reflects the scientific and cultural reality of the Arab-Islamic civilization in the Middle Ages. The importance of studying and achieving medical weights by Doctor Al-Qalanisi is a basic rule in understanding medical weights in the Islamic scientific heritage and the method of using them with precise standards and scales to preserve the patient’s health and ensure his recovery by determining Reasonable proportions of medications to ensure their effectiveness, The aim of the research is to highlight the cultural role of Muslim doctors in using the science of weights in their medical prescriptions, which is a cultural and scientific phenomenon that characterized Islamic civilization, The methodology was based on comparing the amounts of medical weights in Islamic times with their equivalent in the modern era by knowing the standard on which those weights are based, which is the weight of a grain of barley, on which the amounts of Islamic weights of dirhams and mithqals were based. The weight of a grain of barley was measured using modern standards, which amounted to 42. 21 illigrams, and on the basis of this weight, the amounts of Al-

The manuscript of the Epistle of Love by Ibn al-Arabi (d. 638 AH/1240 AD) is a copy of an unknown copyist. He relied on what was contained in the Book of Meccan Conquests (M. 3) by Ibn al-Arabi, Chapter (178) and its title (On Knowing the Station of Love), from which he copied excerpts that included one sheet (1A, 1b), without explaining the reason for his selection of this information, which included the titles and attributes of love, and the copyist in the last paper contented himself with mentioning that what he transmitted was copied in Mecca.

This study aims to uncover the depth of rhetorical meanings in the "Basmala" as mentioned in the manuscript "Hashiyat Al-Amir ala Sharh Al-Malawi fi Al-Isti'arah" by shedding light on the rhetorical and linguistic usage of the Basmala in the text.
The study chose to analyze various contexts associated with the sentence, such as literal and figurative meanings, within the framework of the concept of metaphor. It also highlights the role of metaphor in guiding the reader toward intellectual connotations related to rhetorical meanings.
This importance stems from the study's focus on the precise rhetorical utilization of the Basmala, contributing to enriching the literary library with studies on heritage and rhetoric while demonstrating the impact of heritage texts in enhancing the rhetorical understanding of the Arabic language.

The shrines in the city of Baghdad were distinguished by the fact that they contained the remains of important religious figures who had a great impact on people's lives. We noticed during the field visit that most of the remains of these religious figures were surrounded by a wooden box, in addition to a metal clip that protected them and preserved them from damage. The caliphs, sultans, rulers and prominent figures in society were interested in these shrines from an architectural and decorative perspective. The shapes and sizes of the shrine windows varied, in addition to the types of decorations that adorned them. In this research, we will discuss models of shrine windows in the city of Baghdad, and the methods of implementing these metal windows.

This research deals with evaluating the efficiency of traditional structural systems in sustaining archaeological buildings during restoration operations. The study focuses on the importance of preserving archaeological buildings as part of cultural and environmental heritage, noting the advantages offered by traditional structural systems such as the use of local materials and adaptation to the surrounding environment. The research also reviews the challenges facing these systems, such as material deterioration and the difficulty of obtaining materials similar to the original materials. These systems are evaluated using techniques such as structural modeling and numerical simulation to analyze performance under various loads, in addition to studying their environmental sustainability using environmental life cycle criteria. The study aims to find solutions that balance between preserving the historical value of buildings and achieving their sustainability in light of contemporary challenges.

The topic of "Arab Worship Rituals Before Islam" holds significant importance in historical and cultural studies, as it reveals the foundations upon which the concept of religion was built among the Arabs during that era. It also sheds light on their methods of worshiping deities and their religious perceptions, especially in the period preceding the birth of Jesus Christ (peace be upon him). The importance of this research also stems from the scarcity of available pre-Islamic religious texts, which makes the knowledge related to Arab myths and religious rituals before Islam limited and in need of further study and analysis.
Study Objective :

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of prophets and messengers, the one sent as a mercy to the worlds, our master Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and upon his chosen family and companions. The scholars of the Islamic nation worked to preserve, study, scrutinize, and publish religious and worldly sciences, generation after generation. They wrote books on sciences, knowledge, and arts, including education and its methods. The most prominent of those who dealt with it was Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Tusi al-Shafi’i al-Ghazali. He memorized the Holy Quran and traveled in search of and studied jurisprudence, grammar, philosophy, and logic. Al-Ghazali practiced the teaching profession since the year (484 AH / 1092 AD) in the Nizamiyah of Baghdad and classified various sciences and arts. His writings amounted to four hundred and fifty-seven works and letters, including ((The Book of Al-Basit) and the book (The Book of Al-Wajeez). The most beautiful thing that Al-Ghazali classified in the field of education is the book (The Message, O Child), which is an answer to a question directed to him by one of his students. Al-Ghazali cited verses from the Holy Quran and the Noble Prophetic Hadith in his advice to his student, all of which indicate the importance of work and striving for it, especially if the striving is related to knowledge. Gain in this world and the hereafter: Al-Ghazali did not spare any advice or scientific benefit for his student except that he benefited him with it. The sayings of the imams, scholars, righteous people, and wise men were the basis of the advice that Al-Ghazali directed to his student.

Islamic legislation, on the one hand, and man-made laws, on the other, are in agreement in classifying crimes according to their special nature into ordinary and political crimes. the ruler. This research aims to shed light on the position of Islamic jurisprudence regarding the murder of Imam Ali bin AbiTalib (peace be upon him) at the hands of Abd al-Rahman bin Muljim al-Muradi al-Kharji in the year 40 AH / 660 AD according to the aforementioned classification, and to identify the nature of that crime, whether it is an ordinary crime or a punitive crime. Through a historical- jurisprudential study, by reviewing the texts, narrations, and opinions of jurists within Islamic legislation. It became clear through the research that what IbnMuljam did in killing the Imam cannot be counted among the diligent transgressors and interpreters. Rather, his rule was the rule of the warrior who cuts the path seeking corruption in the land, although there is a second opinion that sees the opposite, but the owners of this opinion lack the emerging evidence

Islamic law has guaranteed all human rights, and Islam has given Jews and others all their rights and freedoms. This was represented by the Medina Document, which was dictated directly by the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace - and is one of the best Islamic constitutions that organized the lives of Muslims and Jews. It organized internal and external relations, religious, financial, social, political, military rights, and all aspects. This document was an example of peaceful societal coexistence in Medina, and it is one of the best treaties throughout time, with the wisdom and leadership of the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace.

Holidays and celebrations are occasions for public and private weddings until they became one of the natures of nations and the customs of peoples Transoxiana and Khorasan celebrated many drawings and social manifestations and it was within the care of appearances in which the interest in holidays and celebrations and organized within certain rules.
They had multiple celebrations and holidays such as the celebrations of the advent of the month of Ramadan, celebrations of Islamic holidays, special celebrations such as marriage and circumcision, and celebrations of national holidays such as Nowruz and the festival feast. The holidays and celebrations were many and varied with the diversity of races and religions in this country, as people from different sects shared each other celebrating the holidays and their holidays were known and similar and part of these holidays and celebrations remained to this day as national holidays, or as a kind of heritage for the Eastern.

The content of this article falls within the topics that have been overlooked by researchers interested in the history of the Islamic West. While this field has been covered by research on topics related to politics, economy and society with its customs and traditions, the role of the horse in the history of the Islamic West is one of the topics that have been absent in historical research, which forces those interested in the topic to collect information scattered between the pages of sources despite the fact that the Islamic West is one of the regions where horse breeding flourished for purposes and needs related to sports and participation in decorative wars, so research on this topic has its own taste in terms of difficulty due to the scarcity of information

Through this study, we review the most important political events of the Fatimid state as addressed by the Dutch orientalist Reinhardt Dozy in his book "History of Muslims in Spain", which he wrote in French in the year (1278 AH / 1861 AD), and was translated into Arabic by the Egyptian historian Hassan Habashi and became titled "Muslims in Andalusia". The orientalist spent twenty years of his life collecting, arranging, presenting and criticizing his material. This book is considered an important reference for studying the history of Andalusia, and it is distinguished by covering different aspects of the life of the Andalusians. In addition, we had to compare the accounts mentioned by the historian Dozy with other sources to clarify an accurate picture of historical events. We focused on the most important events of the Fatimid state that the orientalist Dozy addressed regarding the history of the Fatimids in Andalusia, and we clarified the relationship that existed between the Fatimids and the Umayyads, and we criticized the historical accounts that addressed the beginning of the Ismaili call and mentioned its most important advocates, with clarification of the texts and their interpretation in their historical context. He highlighted the position of the orientalist Dozy on the Fatimid state, which was accurate in conveying information, and at other times he showed a non-neutral position, the reason for which was his failure to refer to reliable Fatimid sources

The outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war caused the re-emergence of a security issue on the European scene that was prevalent in the Cold War era (1945-1991 AD). Issues of security in its narrow sense, that is, military security and the issues related to it, have returned to the European arena once again The prevailing perception of security in Europe after the end of the Cold War was that the European continent had passed the stage in which security issues prevailed in its narrow military sense, with issues such as the balance of power, conflict between countries, the mutual nuclear threat, the conflict of ideologies... and others, and that it was able to put Solid foundations for security in its sense The comprehensive (broad) war between them, but the Russian-Ukrainian war came to change that prevailing perception, and to prove that it changed the nature of the concept and issues of comprehensive security in its broad sense, and the nature of its issues that prevailed in Europe after the Cold War, to return once again to the issues of European security in the war era. Cold. The study sheds light on the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and its repercussions on national security and the international position on the issue .

The research deals with the position of the British leaders and politicians on the occupation of Iraq between(1914-1918), which took place within the operations it carried out to control the Arabian Gulf region to end the Ottoman presence there during World War I. The research sheds light on the opinions and positions of the leaders and politicians in the Middle East and the Arab Levant, represented by the British East Indian School and the Western Egyptian School, on the occupation of Iraq and the type of government of the country.

The research dealt with an important and vital issue in the life of the Iraqi people , past and present , which is the issue of oil trade , the position of the Iraqi Parliament regarding granting concessions to foreign oil companies and the circumstances in which they were granted ,and the call to amend concessions for the purpose of increasing the interest accruing to Iraq from its oil , especially after the changes that occurred In the world , the expansion of the oil market and the rise in its prices , which prompted the oil – producing countries to modify the concessions granted by new agreements called equitable profits ,and this is a qualitative leap in the interest of the oil peoples . Therefore , the continuous demands by the Iraqi peoples representatives elected in the House of Representatives to amend these concessions, like other producing countries , for the purpose of exploiting the large sums that will accrue to the government in contributing to raising the standard of living of the Iraqi individual and increasing the national income , so the amendment of the oil concessions and the demand for this had a large space in the Discussions of the Iraqi Parliament and on various occasions , as a means of putting pressure on the government to speed up its negotiations with the oil companies to amend the concessions and approve a new agreement that will benefit the people and provide the material capabilities of the state to contribute to the process of construction and reconstruction,especially because of the urgent need for the necessary infrastructure and services to raise the standard of living of the Iraqi people .

This research paper is an attempt to prove the realism of pre-Islamic texts and their creativity through the rhetorical image, which in turn is considered the central structure of poetry, its spirit, and the poet’s means of expressing his meanings and influencing the recipients. It attempts to reveal the poet’s degree of awareness in expressing his meanings, and the extent of their truth in their agreement with his struggle with life through his investment of the elements of the rhetorical image inspired by reality, to bring its different images closer to us. The approach adopted in this research was based on investigating and analyzing the examples selected from the Arab Collection of Poetry ‘Diwan Al-Arab’ related to reality and its elements associated with the rhetorical image, such as simile, metaphor, and metonymy, then extracting the most important results through analyzing the poet’s utilizations of these elements.

The present paper aims to study the intertextuality, which is a manifestation of openness to several cultures in the poetry of Ibn Unayn al-Dimashqi (630 AH). He is one of the second Abbasid era poets, by studying some selected models. It is an applied attempt to clarify the intertextual interactions in his poetry, monitor them, collect their semantic foundations, the extent of the artistic benefit that the text has produced within the poet’s vision, and present it with an aesthetic reflecting the depth of his experience and the amplitude of his knowledge.
The results of the study can be summarized as:
-The presence of religious, literary and historical texts indicates the amplitude of his culture.
-Praise, satire, and complaint are the most intertextual purposes according to Ibn Unayn.
-Diversity of intertextuality.
The intertextuality gave Ibn Unayn's poetry new dimensions of meaning.

In this research, we seek to shed light on the most important reasons that made grammatical assignments permissible, and because of which grammarians departed from the established rules known to the Arabs. Through that, I explained the rule of grammarians and their argument after the dispute, after which I concluded that some grammarians did not adhere to the controls based on accuracy, whether this was in Collecting the linguistic material or narrating it, as they preferred the intellectual and doctrinal background that they had to defend the opinions they adopted, so this matter increased the complexity of grammar. And Its issues are intertwined, most of which are based on interpretation, estimation, and hypothetical perception, especially after the arrival of eloquent audio texts

This research deals with the concept of subject and predicate in the Arabic language, and the concept of definite and indefinite in the context of parsing, so that the subject is the subject of the judgment and must be definite, while the predicate is the focus of interest and is often indefinite; because definiteness is associated with clarity and statement, while indefiniteness indicates ignorance and lack of specificity. Therefore, grammarians agreed that the origin of the subject is to be definite, but it can be indefinite if there is benefit in the speech, and this matter prompted grammarians to differ about the permissibility of starting with an indefinite, as some of them saw that it is not permissible except under certain conditions; because focusing on the context makes the distinction between definite and indefinite more clear, and enhances the benefit of the phrase. The research indicated that the phrase (Peace be upon you) is more common than (Peace be upon you) because it carries a connotation of perfection and expression of exaggeration and completion, and thus the phrase (Peace be upon you) and its use in the Holy Quran appear in multiple contexts, and is often indefinite, which indicates the preference of this formula in the Quranic discourse. This is the subtlety that Al-Razi intended in his words, despite its fame, it is extremely precise, as if he wanted to reach the idea of the permissibility of using the indefinite noun in cases of beginning, adapting the phrase to the meaning of supplication, so the phrase (Peace be upon you) was considered a supplication that deserves to be started with.

This study delves into the heart of the critical lesson, as the critical term is important in the acquisition of sciences, because it is the key that determines the meaning of the researcher and the backbone of all critical fields, and with it each science is distinguished from others. The term is a word that indicates a special meaning when it moves from its general meaning to its special meaning, as it is known among specialists in the various fields of knowledge (science), provided that the special meaning is clear and explicit and avoids ambiguity and confusion. Despite the prestigious position it occupies in the critical scene, this axis today suffers from a real problem that strikes at the heart of modern critical effort, and the meaning of the problem lies in combining the subject of criticism and terminology, Therefore, we tried hard in this research to show the problem that faced the critical term in ancient and modern times, the reasons that led to this problem, the results resulting from it, and the researchers’ attempt to find a solution to it. This research shows that this problem is ultimately nothing but a cause that leads to a result. The absence of creativity, vision, innovation, and defining the method leads to ambiguity, confusion, and the exclusion of significance, and then there is an imbalance in use and circulation.

This research addresses an important topic in the field of modern phonetic studies, namely the unusual phonetic terms that have appeared in the works of contemporary scholars. These terms have been collected from their original sources, with precise definitions provided, along with references to the scholars who mentioned or used them. The sources were diverse, and some terms had multiple definitions. This work aims to present a solid scientific material that combines accuracy and clarity, to facilitate the understanding of these terms for students and researchers. Despite the effort exerted, this research is considered a first step in this field, opening the door for more future studies on this important subject in modern linguistic studies.

The novel is the most prominent prose genre in addressing social and moral issues, likely due to its extended form and ability to resonate with diverse societal groups, irrespective of cultural, class, or gender backgrounds. This feature has paved a clear path for writers and novelists to explore various directions to express their beliefs and exercise the freedom granted by the art of the novel. They oscillate between the intertwined methodologies of commitment and liberation, at times merging them and at other times diverging to the point of contradiction.
The selection of “Papa Sartre” by Ali Bader for this study stems from its explicit nature and the author’s deep engagement with societal issues, aiming to expose its symptoms and depict them realistically to the readers. Through this attempt, the novel achieves its artistic goal of uncovering a society that is either committed or liberated, guided by genuine convictions or by goals cloaked in material and moral interests.

Arabs paid a huge attention to the poems they wrote and paid a greatest concern over them ever since. Most of the poems began with an introduction, then a description of the journey, followed by the basic purpose of the poem.
The orientalist Susan Pinkney Sienkiewicz worked to criticize the criticism by not sticking to previous studies of the structure of the Arabic poem, showing its flaws, proposing a different approach, and then presenting typical counterparts that parallel the poems in structure and imagery in order to get an explanation of the amazing presence of the tripartite poem's structure. She asserted the ritual function of poetry in tribal society by deconstructing the classical poetry and analyzing the form of the Arabic poem through the rite of passage. It is worth noting that "Imru’ al-Qays" composed his Mu’allaqa when got more matured and abandoned amusement, pleasures and marginality in which he was living , and re-integrated into society and quitted all pleasures in order to take his revenge on Bini Asad tribe who killed his father.He endeavored to restore his stolen rule.

The Qur’an remains the primary source from which grammarians and literary scholars draw their ideas and styles, as it serves as the fundamental reference for the Arabic language. Thus, linguists continuously direct their pens towards this revered book, interpreting it, formulating rules from it, and solidifying the uses that never cease to amaze with its miraculous nature. One of these uses is the word “humiliation,” which carries sensory connotations beautifully illustrated through its Qur’anic usage.
The methodology I followed in my research is both descriptive and historical. I traced the historical connotation of the word “humiliation” in Arabic dictionaries and explored its semantic meaning through linguistic interpretations of the Qur’an found in books known as Ma’ani al-Qur’an (The Meanings of the Qur’an). Additionally, I described the use of this word in every occurrence within the Qur’anic text, along with its derivatives.
The study concludes with a summary of the most important results reached. I ask Allah Almighty to grant me sincerity in my efforts and to forgive the slips of my pen

Arabic poetry is the mirror of society and a direct image of everything related to life in general, and the feelings in the human soul that express its inner being, as a tool used by the poet, to highlight his religious, worldly, social, racial and ideological inclinations, and through it he expresses the rejection, discontent and acceptance of a certain matter that is afflicting him. It is an effective and direct means of affecting many aspects, such as the political aspect, for example. Poets have used it to support one side over another, as a tool through which to ignite a war that extinguishes another in an attempt to mobilize their spirit to defend their race, tribe, sect, authority, or personal goal. It is more like With motivational songs that call for moving forward, In the context of this, Safi al-Din al-Hilli employed the purpose of incitement, which is one of the well-known purposes in Arabic poetry, due to its effectiveness in arousing emotion and summoning its energy and mobilizing it, for a purpose achieved by the one who incited, and this purpose was observed in the poet’s poetry, as he is a poet with a sharp and resolute personality and his father refused to submit. Through his mediation, he expressed goals, some of which represented a personal aspect and some of which represented a political aspect. Thus, this study aims to examine this purpose in his poetry, and to clarify the purpose of employing it through extrapolation and analysis of inflammatory texts.

The subtleties of linguistic differences are found in the study of cases where two words differ in their linguistic origin or source but agree in their semantic meaning in certain contexts. The difference between the words can be in the root, the form origins, or the historical development of the language. However, in certain contexts, they may share a common or similar meaning in everyday usage. These subtle differences are studied to understand the nature of language and how it evolves over time. The semantic overlap between words can open new avenues for interpreting texts and rhetoric, as it allows for the use of each word in a way that supports the intended meaning without altering the core semantic essence. Thus, despite the differences in linguistic origin between words, they may converge in meaning in certain contexts, reflecting the depth and multiplicity of meanings carried by language..

The importance of the research comes from the fact that it studies a period in the history of contemporary Iraq through a historical study, the aim of which is to identify the most important economic events and variables that highlighted the economic importance of the port of Basra, as the government of Abdul Karim Qasim (1958-1963) sought to enter Iraq with economic alliances with the socialist world in order to support the local economy, raise the standard of living, and liberate itself from dependence on capitalist countries, as Britain was the first to control Iraq’s foreign trade, especially the date trade. Therefore, the economic cooperation agreement with the Soviet Union in March 1959 was considered an important step in the history of modern Iraq.