Hammurabi journal for studies

Political parties have formed the most prominent feature in Iraqi political life since 2003, after decades of one-party dominance over political work in Iraq. Iraq has widely known party pluralism, pluralism and an atmosphere of political freedom have provided a wide space for the expression of different and varied political opinions freely and sometimes without any Restrictions, so political parties proliferated in a very wide way, taking advantage of the absence of a law regulating partisan life until 2015, specifically when the Parties ’Law No. 36 of 2015 was issued.
Therefore, political parties are considered the most capable and influential party in the political reality of Iraq, since 2003 until the present time they were and still represent a wide and complex map of forces and personalities that have played influential roles in political life, and the share of national issues has not been as much attention as it or it was for the sub-national issues, especially those related to sectarian and factional mobilization and gathering for this or that party.

New media, or what is known as social networking sites, are among the media platforms that provide free media services and functions, which allowed people, organizations and bodies to use these platforms for the purpose of delivering their messages to a large number of audiences, interacting with them and knowing the characteristics and trends of the audience, and what draws our attention to the topic of using communication sites: the social for propaganda purposes is their employment by terrorist organizations and militant organizations in the process of spreading their ideas and beliefs, imposing the ideologies that believe in them, and making them a means of propaganda for these organizations.

The Strait of Hormuz, which is the focus of the world\'s attention today, is one of the ten most important geopolitical, strategic and economic straits and waterways in the world, as oil tankers carrying Gulf oil pass through it to most countries of the world, and it has become the vital artery that supplies energy and returns prosperity and wealth to All the countries bordering on it that have ports over it, such as the Arab Gulf states, and the Islamic Republic of Iran that is using it today as a pressure card on the major countries in the event that it`s subjected to economic sanctions or is threatened by war, it will strive to close the strait before the crossing of all ships, oil tankers and warships, Its military defense force has carried out numerous maneuvers on its waters to highlight the development of its ships and warships, the efficiency of its war fleet equipped with aircraft and long-range missiles, and its ability to mine the depths of the strait and prevent the major warships from advancing towards its territory, or to impose more international economic sanctions on it that threaten the pillars of its economic, social and political life, and all of these developments complicated the region to prepare for any emergency in the event that the Iranian authorities close the Strait of Hormuz.

The emergence of computers has changed the way of life in the world, and the dependence on modern information technology means is increasing day by day, whether in financial institutions, public facilities, educational, security or other fields, but even if it is for modern electronic means what is difficult to quantify from the benefits, the other side, which is the bad and harmful uses of these modern technologies, including electronic terrorism, has become a threat that threatens the entire world. The threat of electronic terrorism lies in the ease of using this weapon with its severe impact and harm, so the user performs his terrorist act while he is in his home, or his office, in a cafe, or even from his hotel room.
The most advanced and fastest technical systems are the security systems, and despite the speed of their development, they are the least stable and reliable systems, due to the acceleration of electronic crimes and their tools and security gaps that cannot be reduced in the long term, as the field of information security in the Internet is developing in a significant way in line with the development in cybercrime.
Among the manifestations of the threat of electronic terrorism to state security is the work of terrorist groups to spread their ideas and values on social networks, to include as many individuals as possible and to recruit and teach them how to use explosives, penetrate websites and other illegal criminal operations, in addition to penetrating sensitive networks of countries, spying on them and sending them threatening messages to states to accept their demands.
As a result of the combination of these various threats, the international community, in its various forms, must adopt a set of strategies to confront electronic terrorism, and achieve the security and stability of states.

Women\'s rights are part of human rights that cannot be separated from them. The protection of women\'s rights is a protection for the entire society, and the task of defending women\'s rights stems from the urgent necessity to protect them from all abuses and manifestations of abuse that are practiced against them. Societies ’view of women has differed according to the culture and progress of these societies, as the advancement of society is measured by the rights enjoyed by women in the social and cultural aspect, as the social and cultural rights of women are no less important than their civil and political rights, and international conventions have had a great role in concern In the equality of women with men in social and cultural rights, due to their belief that discrimination between them is a violation of the principle of equality in rights and respect for human dignity.
In previous constitutions, Iraqi women suffered from many manifestations of discrimination between them and men. However, the 2005 constitution of Iraq came to recognize rights and freedoms for women according to the social perspective and according to citizenship rights. However, Iraqi laws differed in the issue of protecting women\'s social and cultural rights, and some of them were wasted part of her rights, such as the Iraqi Penal Code and Personal Status Law, and this is what we explained in the course of this research.

For decades, the Sultanate of Oman has proven its ability to embrace issues at the regional and international levels. It was able to preserve for itself freedom of movement and witnessed credibility in managing many crises in which it was not a party, which earned it the confidence of regional and international parties, away from the narrow lines and alignments that prevail in the regional political scene. Its geographical location also made it important for international trade and seaborne oil, which made it a founding state for the grouping of countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and in return it refuses to interfere in its internal affairs. The Sultanate of Oman has chosen its clear approach, with firm and solid rules seeking to build lasting relationships based on friendships and lasting cooperation.