JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL & CULTURAL STUDIES an academic magazin

- There are few books about Andalusia, due to the burning it was subjected to after the surrender of the city of Granada. Therefore, the value of the manuscripts that have reached us is extremely important to the Arab-Islamic library, as through them the researcher can touch upon aspects of the life of Andalusian society. Among those manuscripts is the book that is the subject of the study, which is based on a unique copy.

The study of Arab – Islamic military history has a special importance , Because military systems constitute an important aspect of Arab – Islamic civilization . The research deals with word the military organization ( battle system ) That is , the structure of the Almoravid army , And how to form and create this valiant ideological army , based on factors towards the military spirit of the Almoravids , & The Islamic garrisons system ( althogour ) and the military decision – making process . And the elements ( factors ) of this army Due to the narrowness of the situation and lack of prolongation The research did not address aspects of the types , armament , navy , the Alzalaka battle & the military doctrine , where it is replaced by independent research .

The research (The resistance of the Bahri Mamluks in Egypt and the Levant to the Mongols, Tatars and Franks (658-703 AH / 1248-1303 AD) A historical study) is an attempt to trace the details of the reaction of the Islamic forces in the Levant and Egypt against the military challenges coming from the East and Western Europe, and to highlight the Islamic response to the dangers and challenges surrounding the Arab Islamic world during a dangerous historical era, namely the seventh century AH / thirteenth century AD, as the Bahri Mamluk state in Egypt and the Levant and its sultans played the greatest role in bearing the responsibility of resistance and confronting the Mongols, especially after the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad in 656 AH / 1258 AD, and at the same time the Mamluks bore the burden of resisting and confronting the Crusader presence in the Levant. The research sheds light on the conditions of the Arab Islamic world, especially the Levant and Egypt, and the nature of the simultaneous political and military challenges represented by the Mongols coming from the East and the Frankish forces coming from Western Europe, some of which settled for nearly decades in emirates and castles. They established fortresses in the coastal cities of the Levant and controlled the political, economic and military capabilities of those cities. The research attempts to trace the influence of the military background of the Mamluks and their environment on the major role they played against the Mongols and the Crusaders, in addition to their attempt to fill the political and military vacuum after the end of the Ayyubid state in Egypt and the Levant in 648 AH/1248 AD, and the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad in 656 AH/1258 AD, and their success, through the military strategy and methods and fighting techniques they used, in stopping the advance of the Mongols and at the same time announcing the end of the political and military Franks in the Levant, thus announcing the failure of their military campaigns that extended for nearly two centuries .

The Reformation Movement in Europe during the 16th century posed a significant religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and papal authority in particular. The Reformation Movement was not limited to England but extended to several countries such as Germany, France, Sweden, and Denmark. It also dismantled the prevailing medieval belief in penance as a means of absolution from sin and shortcomings.

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Ottoman Empire experienced a state of political, administrative, economic, social, commercial, and military stagnation, followed by a deterioration in the state\\\\\\\\'s basic institutions, leading to a gradual weakening. Although a partial recovery occurred in some areas during the reign of the Köprülü family, the major defeat following the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683 confirmed a significant deterioration in the situation. The main reasons for this decline, which began in the late 17th century, were the transformations witnessed in the world due to geographical discoveries, as the economic, commercial, and cultural center shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean. The religious wars and Protestant revolutions also affected Europe, leading to the spread of the concept of the nation-state, especially in Western Europe. The end of sectarian divisions in Europe enabled European countries to unite under centralized, authoritarian regimes without distinction between Catholics and Protestants. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire failed to take the necessary measures to confront these growing forces.

This research will address the economic policies of the republican regime in Iraq during the years from 1958 to 1968. The scientific, historical and descriptive approaches will also be used to achieve the research objectives. Which is considered one of the most prominent historical periods in the history of contemporary Iraq, as Iraq witnessed important developments in all political, economic and military aspects. The research was divided into three sections, the first of which discusses the 1958 revolution and the political transformation it brought about in Iraq. The second section deals with the economic policies of the first republican era (1958-1963), while the third section addresses the economic policies of the second republican era (1963-1968).

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon His Messenger, the Faithful Prophet, and upon all his family and companions.
This search deals with Hadetha city and its scholars who were born in or originally from it, or who settled in this city, and the scholars who came to it or passed through it and took knowledge from its scholars and students of knowledge from it, from the beginning of the Islamic state until the fall of Abbasian Caliphate.
This research clarifies the importance of the cities located on Euphrates River between Baghdad and Al-Sham at that time. Those cities were places where people descended on their way from Baghdad to Al-Sham and Egypt and upon their return, or during Hajj seasons. So Hadetha city was a model for those cities.
The research was divided into three sections, the first deals with introduction Haditha city and the places that were given this name, which are Haditha Mosul, Haditha Jerash, Haditha Maarat al-Numan, and Haditha (Al-Furat or Al-Nura) in the west of Iraq. Each one is introduced and its famous men. It also explained the history of Haditha Mosul and Haditha Euphrates and who opened them, and mentioned some of the events.
The second section deals the scholars from Hadith Euphrates city arranged them according to the year of death. For those for whom I could not find a year of death, I worked hard to approximate the year of his death through knowledge of the sheikhs and students. I summarized the definition of each scholar and pointed to the sources of translation for those who wanted to learn more.
The third one was about the scholars who visited Hadith city and settled there for a period of time and took science and knowledge from its scholars, and sat telling the students of knowledge about the sciences they had gotten and were famous for. I also arranged them according to the date of their death.
I worked hard to use different sources according to my need, including historical sources, biographies of men and classes, countries and travels, Hadith books, and language and literature books.

The research aims to highlight the personality of Muslim bin Abdul-Malik and his role in political, social and religious life, and the caliphs he was a contemporary of, accompanied by and learned a lot from. And to highlight the great impact he left on society and the internal stability of the Umayyad state.

The study aims to shed light on the companion judges in the Abbasid era who had a direct impact on political life. Some of them were leaders in issuing fatwas, some of them led armies and were martyred in them, and they presented several books that remain present to this day.

The research aims to present the most important schools in Qazvin, the scholars who taught in them, their scientific specializations and their impact on the development of this vital scientific center in the cities and villages of Qazvin, the names of those schools and who built them, whether at the scholars’ personal expense or through the ruling class at that time

The Arab and international position on the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 Through Al-Ahram newspaper (historical study)

The French occupation of the Low Countries brought about changes in the internal conditions of the Low Countries, whether politically, socially or economically. France occupied the Low Countries entirely, and in 1794 and 1795 Belgium and Luxembourg were annexed to France in 1795 as part of the French Republic. As for the northern Low Countries, the Netherlands, the Batavian Republic was declared in 1795 under French supervision. The French abolished the old feudal systems, which affected the aristocracy and the former ruling class. France introduced the French civil law system, and the French implemented a central administrative model inspired by France, where regions were administered by French authorities, in addition to establishing new tax systems that led to the imposition of higher but more regular taxes. French policies and continuous wars led to the depletion of local resources and increased taxes, but despite the crises, some sectors witnessed limited industrial growth, such as the textile industry in Belgium, supported by modern technologies transferred by the French. As for trade, it was negatively affected by the French wars, especially with the imposition of the continental blockade, which affected trade relations with Britain. As for the social situation, the abolition of feudal privileges led to conflicts between aristocrats and peasants, in addition to the imposition of compulsory conscription to participate in wars with the French armies, which aroused widespread popular discontent. The French sought to spread the principles of the French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity), which contributed to limited cultural and educational changes. After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, the Netherlands were reconstituted within the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, based on the decisions of the Congress of Vienna, which aimed to form a strong barrier against future French expansion.

The Justice and Development Party (AK Parti) was founded on August 14, 2001. Turkey was suffering from severe political, economic and social unrest in the period prior to the party’s founding. One year and three months after the party’s founding, specifically on November 3, 2002, the Justice and Development Party came to power in Turkey after obtaining (34.28%) of the votes of voters throughout Turkey and reaching the dome of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (363 deputies) out of a total of (550 deputies). Thus, the party was able to achieve a parliamentary majority and rule Turkey alone without the need for a coalition with other parties. It has continued to rule since that date. The most important element in the success of the Justice and Development Party was the transformations that Turkey witnessed during its reign through the roadmap it set at various levels, especially in the issue of social transformations related to Turkish women, because the Justice and Development Party saw that the issue of women’s empowerment is an integral part of the issue of democracy. Therefore, it is undeniable that the party has sought since its arrival to power in 2002 to Taking many steps, whether through legal and constitutional legislation or through development reforms, to transform the unfavorable situation of women into a better situation, especially since women constitute half of society.

This study aims to reveal the assistants and close associates of the princes of the Gorgan region in the Abbasid era, who held important and vital positions in the joints of the state, including political, military and scientific positions, according to their inclinations and specializations, as the princes relied on them to manage the affairs of the state, placing complete trust in them. What prompted the researcher to choose the subject was that tireless movement shown by those texts, narratives and translations within the historical sources related to the subject.

Local studies, especially the study of cities in their conditions, is an important detail of the history of the country in general and the city in particular, as it deepens and takes root to the events that were brought by that city by its people and men, and it highlights an important historical stage so that the reader can know the importance of that city and its attitude to events and its importance in archiving the record of past and present events.
That is why our study came to shed light on an important historical era of the life of the country and the city in a special form, as it delves into, records and records situations that took place at an important detailed stage of those stages, as it dealt with the history of the city through the title of the research (the city of Nasiriyah 1948-1958 historical study).
The study began with an important event for the country through the conclusion of an agreement and a treaty that would bear fruit to an agreement that had previously been canceled and was in the interest of the British side without benefit to Iraq, namely the Portsmouth treaty in 1948 and concludes the study in 1958, the end of the Royal National rule.
The study was divided into a preface and three axes, in the preface it dealt with a historical period on the stages of the city's life and importance, while the first came to highlight (the position of the children of the city of Nasiriyah from the events of 1948-1958), while the second axis summarized (the health and educational conditions of the city of Nasiriyah from 1948-1958), the third axis came to record the economic conditions of the city of Nasiriyah 1948-1958) the study dealt with an introduction and a conclusion the most important results of the research.

This study deals with the development of the judicial system in the Islamic Sultanate of Borno in the 10th century AH/16th century AD, which was based on a combination of Islamic law and local custom that was prevalent in the Borno society; which contributed to achieving social justice and resolving disputes and differences in a manner consistent with societal values. The judicial system had a significant impact in strengthening political and social unity, which had a significant impact on the stability of the Sultanate.

Andalusia enjoyed a wide commercial reputation and was one of the richest countries in that period. Its geographical location and the journeys of its people to the East, for pilgrimage and seeking knowledge, made it linked to the Arabian Gulf region, as its ports linked the Far East and the Mediterranean, and received goods from all sides, especially during the Hajj seasons. The diverse network of roads and means of transportation also contributed to consolidating these relations, which led to the prosperity of commercial centers in Andalusia and the Arabian Gulf. However, trade movement was affected by political factors, such as revolutions and piracy, which affected economic stability. Governments sought to secure roads and control the coasts, but taxes imposed on merchants constituted an obstacle in some periods, although they were sometimes abolished or reduced to facilitate trade. The research deals with commercial activity in Andalusia between the ninth and eleventh centuries, as this activity contributed to the prosperity of the cities of Andalusia and the emergence of diverse trade routes.

Iraq witnessed radical transformations during the second half of the twentieth century due to a series of conflicts and wars that left far-reaching effects on the country. The first Gulf War between Iraq and Iran broke out in 1980 and lasted until 1988, which was the result of border and political tensions between the two countries, which left behind huge human and material losses and greatly affected the Iraqi economy The Second Gulf War, which took place in 1990, saw Iraq invade Kuwait, sparking a strong international response. The war ended in February 1991 after a US-led coalition intervened to liberate Kuwait. It destroyed much of Iraq's infrastructure and imposed harsh economic sanctions on Iraq. This led to a major shift in the course of the Iraqi state. These two wars shaped the modern history of Iraq and left profound impacts on various aspects of life in the country. These impacts continue to this day and have created major challenges for the reconstruction and development process.

The Relations between Egypt and the United States of America from 2003 to 2014 were a period of contradictions, and this may be due to the foreign policy pursued by both former US Presidents George W. Bush (2001-2008) and Barack Obama (2009-2017).
During the rule of former President George W. Bush, who came to power with his neo-conservative aides, relations between the two countries witnessed clear tensions and disagreements, especially after the events of 11September 2001, which led the US administration to adopt a new agenda, the “Democracy Spreading Agenda,” which included many concepts, including the war on terror, support for democracy, and support for human rights. This indicates that the most important pillar on which relations between the two countries were based is related to combating terrorism, which has become an essential part of the US national security strategy, after having constituted the basis of the US-Egyptian strategic relationship for the past decades.
When Barack Obama took office in the United States in 2009, he tried from the beginning to create open relations with Egypt and the Middle East, where he launched a new foreign policy based on joint cooperation between the allies of the United States in the region, far from unilateral action, mean following a new policy based on common interests and mutual respect .

The research includes four discussions that dealt with the first topic that was entitled Egyptian -Syrian unity, and the second topic discussed the tense of Egyptian -Syrian relations after the separation with the deal of Abdel Nasser\'s position on the separation decision.
The third topic dealt with the March 28, 1962 coup in Syria and the Egyptian position on it through a presentation of the developments of the March 28, 1962 coup, with the counter -coup in Homs, Aleppo and Lattakia, and after the March 28, 1962 coup, and the fourth topic included the Syrian politics crisis and then the establishment of the Arab Conference in Bashtora in August 22, 1962 AD.

Education plays a great development between people in various fields. Therefore most society persons must be spread. Hear the women plays agreat role in this field. So the women education is comprehensive humanity prosperity which the notions play a great role. So we note through this research, how women education passed in Iraqi country from stages and different time periods. We take with series it through the three chapters where each chapter two research. The first chapters takes the education development in ottoman's, British period through Iraq occupation and education now was and we take in the second chapter education development in royal period and the ministry of acknowledges and education establish at ministries and parties curriculums and also the research takes education development at the republic period. The first chapter concern with girls schools expantion and the second chapter research the women education development after July 1958.
Thus we hope this research take period from our brilliant history which the education was passed it in Iraq at the different periods.

Libya is geographically linked to Egypt، which is located on the African continent and has direct borders on the territory between Libya and Egypt. Libyan-Egyptian relations were characterized by positivity and good neighborliness، in addition to the Libyan government’s support and support for the Egyptian government in its 1967 war and the October 6، 973 war against (Israel)، and after the victory of the forces. Egyptian politics against (Israel) Egyptian politics began to maintain healthy relations towards (Israel) with the support of the United States of America، which adopted the opening of the peace settlement process between Egypt and (Israel) and began the process of the Arab-Egyptian peace agreement with (Israel)، but that Egyptian politics was rejected by the Prime Minister. The Libyan government considered it directly against Arab nationalism and against the Palestinian cause، which affects the liberation of the Palestinian territories from the (Israeli) occupation، which led to the outbreak of a political، intellectual and military dispute between Libya and Egypt and the outbreak of war between Libya and Egypt with the support of the first being the Soviet Union and the second being supported by the United States of America and with the intervention of other countries. In addition to the intervention of the Arab League to resolve the political dispute between Libya and Egypt، the heads of Arab countries were able to end the Libyan-Egyptian war within four days of its outbreak، and it also caused a political، economic، military and social loss in the lives of both the Libyan and Egyptian parties.