JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

In this study, thin films of cadmium oxide (CdO) were synthesized using the chemical thermal decomposition method. The films were deposited onto a glass substrate measuring 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 1 mm at a temperature of 400°C and a pressure of 2 bars. A total of 20 spray applications were performed, with each spray lasting approximately 10 seconds, and a 180-second interval between sprays. A dedicated chemical decomposition system was established to facilitate the preparation of thin film materials for this research. Subsequently, the prepared films were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation for a total of five hours, with each irradiation session lasting one hour. Absorbance and transmittance spectra were recorded after each hour of irradiation across a wavelength range of 350-950 nm using a UV-VIS Double Beam Spectrophotometer. The results indicated that absorbance varied with wavelength, showing a decrease in the absorbance spectrum as irradiation time increased, reaching its minimum at the end of the fifth hour. Conversely, transmittance exhibited a direct increase with longer irradiation durations. Additionally, it was observed that the energy gap decreases with increasing irradiation time, ranging from 2.511 eV to 2.458 eV over the 0 to 5-hour period, with measurements taken at one-hour intervals. The analysis of certain optical constants revealed a decline in the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient and refractive index as irradiation time increased.

In this study, colloidal silver nanoparticles were prepared using the pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique. The research focused on clarifying the effect of the number of laser pulses on the optical properties of nanoparticles derived from high-purity silver targets immersed in 5 ml of distilled deionized water. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was employed, with fixed parameters: energy at 260 mJ, wavelength at 532 nm, pulse duration of 10 ns, and frequency of 1 Hz. The number of pulses used for nanoparticle preparation was 100, 200, and 300. The behavior of the visible and ultraviolet absorption spectra of the silver nanoparticles was studied as a function of wavelength and the number of pulses. The results indicated that the absorption intensity increases with the number of pulses, suggesting an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles. Additionally, the conductivity, dielectric constant, and exertion coefficient also increased with the number of pulses. Through the absorption spectrum the optical energy gap was also calculated for AgNPs, It was shown to increase from 2.251eV to 2.549 eV with the number of laser pulses increasing from 100 to 300 pulses. The average diameters of the particles were calculated by SEM examination and were equal to 20.984nm, as well as found through the TEM examination and were equal to 28.1877nm, and these tests showed that the prepared nanoparticles have a spherical shape. Through the results of XRD, the average crystallite size of the same particles was found to be 14.7nm.

In order to obtain tracks longitudinal profiles at different alpha particle energies and etching times, (1x1cm2) 200 mm thick CR-39 detectors made by Page Moldings (Pershore) UK were exposed to alpha radiation from an 241Am for about ten minutes. Distances between the source and detector corresponding to tentative alpha
particle energies of (2.38,2.92, 3.14 and 3.91) MeV. The exposure system involves narrow collimation in order to obtain almost perpendicular incidence angle. The detectors are sharply broken at the small 1 mm2 exposed area to expose the maximum number of tracks longitudinally. The samples were etched for a periodic time at 0.25h, using a sodium hydroxide solution NaOH with a concentration of 6.25N and temperature (70±1)0C. The optical microscope Made in Italy OPTIKA MICROSCOPE ITALY, which is connected with a digital camera type (MDCE-5C USB 0.2) and is connected to a personal computer(PC), this system used to observe and photographed the track profile formed in CR-39. The bulk etch rate, VB measured by thicknesses removed method of CR-39 nuclear track detector and its found VB=1.29µm/h. Also, the track depth measured as a function of the etching time, the growth track rate as function of removed layers and etch rate ratio as function of residual range respectively.

Cubic-Boussinesq equation is very crucial for modeling nonlinear wave phenomena, capturing intricate dynamics like wave breaking and soliton interactions. Its significance lies in its ability to describe the behavior of waves in diverse physical contexts, from fluid dynamics to optical fibers. Due to the nonlinearity in the equation, finding accurate and efficient solutions might be quite challenging. This study introduces an innovative approach using the He-Kamal transform method and a Lagrange multiplier to solve the equation. The He-Kamal transform simplifies the PDE, making it more tractable, while the Lagrange multiplier enhances solution accuracy and convergence. Numerical simulations show that the He-Kamal transform with a Lagrange multiplier corresponds with traditional methods in handling the cubic nonlinearity of the Cubic-Boussinesq equation. MATLAB-generated diagrams demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in capturing wave dynamics and stability. This research advances numerical techniques for solving nonlinear PDEs and contributes to the field of nonlinear wave theory.

By using a large number of subdivisions n to obtain good accuracy in approximating the integral we note that an increase in the value of n does not necessarily mean an increase in accuracy in the result or even an improvement in the result. In addition, increasing the number n means an increase in the number of times the function values are calculated. The importance of Romberg\'s rule lies in improving the results obtained using the previous rules and obtaining high accuracy in arriving at approximate results faster and with a small amount of error. The reason for this is the high rank of the Romberg rule compared to the trapezoid rule, for example, which is not accurate in its results because the cutting error for this rule is of the order only.

The study in hand is an attempt to review the most important challenges aroused during the application of the Remark program (OMR), the internationally most famous and broadly used app. This review tackles the pros of the program and its requirements in the process of OMR, noting what the technical committees come across. These challenges are crucial hindrances to achieving the required speed and extreme precision while coming out with the desired results. This matter is highly sensitive especially since we deal with so important results implying the (im)possibility of a student’s success. Hence, the researchers focus on delimiting these actual obstacles and suggesting suitable solutions and required steps to prevent them and overcome such hindrances successfully. The study implies the discussion of ultimate solutions to face these challenges and overcome these problematic obstacles, adopting the OMR program optimally to give precise results in the shortest time as required and planned for. The research also aims at taking challenges into account while applying the program under study in addition to the detailed steps of achieving the exam by students, highlighting the mechanism of filling the bobble sheet form so that it can be kept out of mistakes, taking practical attempts of OMR applications made by various countries to discuss their obstacles and suggested solutions.

This research is a generalization of the first part, which has the same title, which was a question from one of the evaluators: How can we develop this part? Thus, how can we, in the event of development, exploit partition theory, specifically the e-abacus diagram, to solve this generalization? Especially since it is the first time that the idea of ​​what is more than (two things) used primarily in the e-abacus diagram is used. A proposal was made to use the two- stories e-abacus diagram for the first time under very specific and specific conditions, which is completely useful later to become multi-story. The method that will be presented will be suitable for any chemical model that can use LCAO and contains numerical variables that start from zero and are not negative, because it will be, according to our belief and according to what we will present, a completely suitable method for its application through the abacus diagram.

Despite being an environmental organism, P. aeruginosa is occasionally discovered in the feces, mucous membranes, and skin of certain healthy animals (wild, companion, or agricultural animals). Numerous toxins and enzymes produced by P. aeruginosa encourage tissue invasion and injury. Antimicrobial agent resistance was demonstrated by P. aeruginosa. It has a big impact on both human and animal medicine. The present study aimed to isolate and identification of P. aeruginosa isolates from some ruminants (cow, sheep and goat) from different regions of Babylon, Iraq, using the Vitek system. Swabs were taken from the rumen of cows, sheep, and goats and were transferred directly to the laboratory for the purpose of culturing. The swabs were cultured on blood, and cetrimide agars and incubated for 24 hours at a temperature of 37°C. 21 (18.3%) of the total samples showed positive results for P. aeruginosa growth when cultured on the most optimal culture media. 94(81.0%) of total samples appeared as negative results for bacterial growth. It is noted that sheep showed the highest percentage of positive isolation, reaching 11 (9.6%) out of a total of 115 isolates, while goats had the lowest percentage of isolation, reaching 3 (2.6%). The genus's bacterial isolates were identified based on microscopic traits such as Gram stain reactivity. Furthermore, isolates and genera were identified using colony attributes such as color, texture, metallic shine, and pigment production. It is concluded from the current study that there is contamination and infection of ruminants with P. aeruginosa, which was isolated from their rumen and is pathogenic to humans.

The increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a strong relationship to an increase in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and raises the propensity of developing T2DM by several folds. Our study aimed to investigate the relation and impact of BMI and WC with the risk of developing T2DM among the diabetes patients in the Erbil city. The present research included 138 patients (87 men and 51 women), aged 40 to 71 years of the diabetes patients in the Erbil city, from December 2022 to February 2023. The data of BMI, WC, and blood glucose status of T2DM people were identified and recorded. The relation between BMI and WC with blood glucose status of T2DM was assessed. The results demonstrate statistically significant relation was found between BMI and waist circumference with respect to the risk of type 2 DM (p<0.005). Out of 138 participants, (71%) had over weight and increased BMI, compared with (29%) participants with normal BMI and (76.1%) had increased (WC), compared with (23.9%) participants with normal, (P <0.01). Increasing BMI and WC were significantly associated with increased prevalence of T2DM in the Erbil populations (P < 0.05). There was a positive moderate correlation (0.563) between BMI and T2DM, and a positive strong correlation (0.769) between WS and T2DM. The increasing BMI and WS were significantly associated with increased prevalence of T2DM. Our results suggest that the normal BMI and WC, might contribute to the effective prevention strategies for developing of T2DM.