AL-SSEBT JOURNAL

In this research, emphasis was placed on the issue of reform and its implications during the uprising of Imam Al-Hussein, peace be upon him, and to shed light on the motives and effects of this renaissance. These foundations included the religious, political, economic and moral contents. On the religious side, the renaissance wanted to re-establish the original Islamic concepts, dimensions and clear features of Islam, which was subjected to attempts of distort by Muawiya and his son Yazid. The religious side was linked to the political aspect of the Islamic regime and the defense of the right efficient leadership that can assess and maintain the Islamic laws and regulations.

The Islamic nation has suffered a lot during the rule of Muawiya and Yazid due to the lack of legitimacy of power and approach because the state was established on deviation, corruption and moving away from the religious, social, economic and moral principles of Islam.

Steps of reform in the renaissance of Imam Al-Hussein, peace be upon him, began when he rejected the allegiance of Yazid as the highest crown prince in the reign of Muawiya, and also after the death of his father, calling for re-consideration of the foundations of political legitimacy in the light of the obligations of Islam for rebuilding the state where Muslims live in brotherhood each other. Imam Al-Hussein, peace be upon him, believes that one of the worst betrayals and crimes in Islam is the nomination, selection and allegiance of the incompetent and unqualified persons to lead the nation and to be led by them. This danger threatens every nation that suffers from such a leadership, which will end with disintegration and collapse and abandon of the religious, social and political principles.

Imam Al-Hussein, peace be upon him, faced the complexities of the Umayyad policy which tried to distort the paths of the Islamic message, the nature of its moral system and its values and thus undermined justice, truth and morals in the context of political practice and the tendency to impose a regime of power contrary to tradition through the misrepresentation of the fundamentals of the Islamic law by relying on innovations in the management of the state affairs. Besides, it imposed control over the capabilities of the House of Treasure and the wrong spending of money and violated the human values in the management of the affairs of the Islamic nation. This was what has been achieved by Imam Al-Hussein, peace be upon him, in his uprising and rejecting the rule of Yazid calling for reconsidering the essence of the Islamic religion with all its legal contents.
This research has an introduction and four sections discussing the foundations of reform in the religious, political, economic and moral development aspects with a conclusion of the most important messages of the uprising of Imam Al-Hussein, peace be upon him.

Imam Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) has a special peculiarity in the Islamic heritage and an extension of the religion of his grandfather Al-Mustafa, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.
What happened in the battle of Al-Taff is a continuation of his grandfather's miracles because he is the preacher in the Bible and the Gospel as a sign of the prophecy. This symbol indicates precisely the meaning that is referred to in Arabic that cannot be given another meaning.
This research introduces a collection of these symbols with their linguistic significance, because these symbols have references of great significance when proven in the Torah and the Gospel. The Quran also emphasizes that all the holy books of the prophets who preceded Islam must be believed in, and that there are symbols tell the Prophet Jesus about the prophet who will come after him. Those symbols symbolizes that there is a man who will be slaughtered to uphold the word of God. The holy books of Muslims, Christians and Jews illustrate that the body of that man will be left three days without burial and also mention the captivity of his women and the description of the dreaded killer.
The researcher also selects some symbols of the verses of the Holy Quran, including:
1. The researcher, by reviewing the Holy Quran and Islamic history books and the stories of the killing Imam Al-Hussein (peace be upon him, has tried to explain the phenomena that took place on the day of Ashura as mentioned in the Gospel.
2. In the verse of Almubahla (Al-Omran verse 61), it is stated the meaning of "our sons" in this verse refers to Imam Al- Hassan and Imam Al-Hussein, and from this verse the researcher tries to track the delegation of Najran and their settlement near the two heroes and naming their children with names of the heroes of the battle of Al-Taf (peace be upon them) and their belief in Islam.
3. In Al-Fatih verse (29), it is clear that there is an implicit meaning that the prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his companions are mentioned in the Torah and the Gospel, but not with his explicit name but with a symbolic reference.
It is concluded that there are many predictions in the Holy Books talking about Imam Al-Hussein symbolically.

Alarbaeiniya visit to Karbala is one of the largest peaceful human gatherings in the world. Millions of people come to visit the holy shrine of Imam Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) on foot or by cars. The Husseiniya visit is aimed at reinforcing the links of visitors to the religion of Islam, starting with the prophet Muhammad and still continuous as Imam Al-Hussein fought to. The prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) says "Hussein is from me and I am from Hussein". This gathering is subjected or may be subjected to health risks as a result of the spread of infectious and non-infectious diseases either endemic or expatriate, in addition to the various accidents especially traffic accidents.
This study aims to answer the following question: What can we do as health services providers in order to keep the visitors' health safe and how to strengthen the health services procedures provided by the local health system, which is more burdensome than its capacity designed for the usual conditions as those services face great challenges. The study focuses on the need to depend on the identification of risks before, during and after the visit by reviewing previous local literature (health studies and scientific research), and to see what has been published as experiences of others during the pilgrimage season and the Olympic Games.
The study explains the importance of applying crowd medicine procedures as well as teaching these procedures as part of the curricula of Iraqi colleges of medicine in order to meet the needs of visitors for getting good medical services. The universities, health departments, employees in the holy sites and the media have a great role to play in this domain. There is also a crucial need to activate the social communication medias to strengthen both the culture of volunteering and the management skills of the participants on how to make visitors get rid or modify bad, unhealthy behavior and also to promote the habits of keeping the environment clean by adopting evidence-based practices.
By reviewing the published literature on the health problems that may be faced by the visitor, which have been identified as the most important priorities and which may spread among visitors such as food poisoning, cholera, hepatitis A type, seasonal influenza and pandemic H1N1 and other respiratory diseases such as meningitis and typhoid, the study emphasizes the need to promote the culture of immunization and the need to hold the vaccine card, and highlights the range of the spread of some non-infectious diseases such as arterial blood hypertension and diabetes.
Despite the great risk of the diseases and dangers that may be experienced by visitors, we have not noticed any role for the World Health Organization in providing health care services for this large humanitarian mobilization although this organization is the first adviser to the Iraqi Ministry of Health.
Improving the environmental conditions, examining food providing sites, providing healthy drinking water, waste treatment, eliminating rodents and vector insects, controlling free dogs and traffic accidents help reduce the danger of diseases.

We can get advantage of this opportunity to fight the habit of tobacco smoking that is very widely spread among visitors especially young people.
The random distribution, misuse and invalidity of drugs when they are wrongly prescribed by non-specialists constitute a serious health problem for visitors.
The search for proper planning and the investigation of what is going on during every visit are cornerstones for solving the health problems faced by visitors when they deserve the best care and service. The study indicates the lack of Iraqi research on health problems during the visits. This study recommends focusing on the priority of scientific research to intervene or solve the health problems of visitors, and the funding of the so-called research moratorium (a mini budget for research projects and priorities of problems) under the supervision of the holy thresholds. Crowd medicine procedures should be taught in Iraqi colleges of medicine in order to provide quality health services for visitors.

Arriving to the holy city of Karbala is one of the most important rituals and rites of the Shiites, as well as some members of other sectors and some followers of other faiths who visit the Shrine of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) from the various parts of the world, especially the Islamic countries, where the majority is the Shiite community. This research sheds light on the conditions of the Iranian visitors to Karbala as sited in the writings of travelers and foreign officials, since Persia (Iran) is one of the largest Islamic nations and a large number of visitors come to Karbala throughout the year for various purposes, which were explained through the research. The first reason is to visit the holy shrines and the other reason is to bury the dead as the city of Karbala is one of the holy cities. Their conditions were identified by reviewing the writings of foreign travelers who came to Iraq in various historical periods and provided detailed information in terms of numbers and the challenges experienced as well as the reasons that led them to endure the difficulties in their way to Karbala.
The research also identifies the conditions of the visitors through the writings of foreign officials of various works and positions, as well as what the Ottoman official documents dealt with as they were written by the Ottoman government officials. The results of the political circumstances between the two countries were also recognized as well as the negotiations between them concerning the entry of visitors. Some of the writings written by officials of other foreign countries which had an influential power in the region were also reviewed.

This research deals with the social connections between the Iranian community and Karbala citizens in the 19th century. The Iranian community has largely settled in this city because of its religious importance and extensive economic activity. The Iranians came to visit the holy shrines and then stayed there both for religious study and for economic purposes. Social relations witnessed great interaction between the Iranian community and the citizens of Karbala in various fields such as language, culture, customs and traditions, as well as the establishment of private educational schools and for economic activity especially for land ownership and trade practice. There was integration between the Iranian community and the community of Karbala through residence and marriage without problems of national grounds between the two parties. The Iranian community also contributed to help the citizens defend their city against the dangers and military attacks during the 19th century, such as the attack of the Wahhabism on Karbala in 1802, the attacks of the governor Dawood Pasha in 1826 and the attack of the Ottoman governor Najib Pasha in 1843.

This study deals with the international sequences of the Wahhabism invasions of Karbala in 1802 which were characterized of brutality, cruelty and oppression and led to murdering a lot of people in that holy city. Those invasions reflected the side of Bedouin brutality and the social division of the tribes of Najd at that time as well as the superficial misunderstanding of the religion by the Wahhabism movement and the consequent actions taken by the colonial powers in the region such as Britain and France. Britain which was trying to preserve its interests in Iraq took a rather cushy position.

In this research, the researcher sheds light on the most important figure in Al-Hawza of Karbala Mr. Ali Al-Tabatabaiy, who became famous during the period between the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He is one of the most prominent students of the great leader Al-Waheed Al-Bahbahani and his son-in-law. His family taught many scholars, including his father and his son Mr. Mohammed Al-Mujahid. He taught many students who later became great leaders in Al-Hawza including Sheikh Mohammed Sharif Al-Ulama, Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Qazwini, Jawad Al-Amli (the symbolic owner of the key of dignity) and others. He wrote 'Riyadh Almasail' to explain the rules of justice by evidence. The family of Sahib Alriyadh was represented by the most known persons who had many other followers of Al-Tabatabai (Sahib AlRiyadh) in Karbala and the Islamic world for their scientific, religious, intellectual and charitable effects in Karbala. Ali al-Tabatabai witnessed the attacks of the Wahhabism on Iraq from (1204 AH / 1790) till their great attack on Karbala in (1216 AH / 1802) and other attacks until (1226 AH / 1811). He led the establishment of social and secure society, built a great wall around Karbala in (1216 H l 1802) and a mosque known by his name and then by his grandson's name Ali Naqi Al-Tabatabai who stayed in Karbala until his death in (1231 AH / 1816).

The purpose of this research is to study the uses of agricultural lands in the districts of Al-Fariha، Zubeiliya، Bab Al-Khan and Al-Abbasiyah in order to reveal the geographical variation of using this land till 2015، the trends of its growth and development، the effect of geographical factors in land distribution. The researchers hope that planners and decision-makers make use of this research to prepare the appropriate development plans and programs that are thought to be necessary for promoting the use of the current agricultural land and find ways to upgrade these plans in the future.
The main problem posed by the researches is: how much spatial variation of agricultural land uses is there and what are the directions of this variation? The researchers relied on the hypothesis that the site of the study area in the center of the holy city of Karbala must be reflected on the nature of the uses of agricultural land، as these uses are assumed to have a high cash return proportional to the cost of production that can be achieved by the quality of crop or the intensity of land use.
The objective of the research is to analyze the current uses of the agricultural land and to classify those uses in order to analyze the geographical factors affecting this variability، which in turn helps to know the general characteristics of those uses. In order to achieve the aim of the research، the researchers adopted a descriptive research approach in reviewing the reality of agricultural land uses and the methodology of statistical analysis of quantity to analyze the collected data، field study، interviews and questionnaire. This research relies heavily on percentages because this means of statistical methods give clear indicators.

The aim of this research is to study the uses of the urban land in the city of Hindiya and to compare it with the planning standards (per capita share) because of its vital location as one of the main attractive factors of the flow of visitors to the holy city of Karbala during the year. The problem of the research is that there is no clear vision of the remarkable growth witnessed in Hindiya which resulted in several shortcomings in the services sector in the city, as well as the variation in the share of the individual from one use to another, that the uses of the land did not grow in parallel with the population growth in the city despite the existence of reliable planning parameters.
The objective of the research is to uncover the reality of land use in the city of Hindiya and the stages of development of per capita share compared to the local planning standard of per capita share of each use since it is one of the most efficient planning criteria that can be relied upon to meet the needs of the population.
The results of the research indicate that the size of the population and the uses of the planned land within the basic design of the city are not balanced and this results from non-compliance with the local planning standard, thus creating a situation of the increase in per capita share of some uses and the decline in other uses is a reason for the weakness of services provided to citizens. On the other hand, the researchers recommend to rely on the planning criteria especially (the criterion of the share of the individual) in order to achieve a balance in the distribution of land appropriately to commensurate with current and future requirements.

Social networking sites are one of the most important means of communication and promotion nowadays and are the most widely used by many groups in our society, especially young people. These sites become involved in all aspects of life such as social networking, communication, publishing, advertising, etc.). Because of the importance of tourism at present as a major economic resource in many countries of the world, this research measures the impact of communication social networks in the tourism marketing process.