Journal of Physical Education

The research aimed to find the validity and reliability of physical tests (forward medicine ball throwing from a sitting, push-up, bench press) and Wingate anaerobic test to measure anaerobic power for upper limb muscles. The researchers used the descriptive approach. The subject was (25) students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences - University of Baghdad. The mean and standard deviation of height, weight, and age were (175.63 ± 4.83 cm) (65.94 ± 1.64 kg) (22.81 ± 1.64 years), respectively. The four tests were implemented twice, with a time interval between one test and another four days. discriminative validity (peripheral comparison) was used to find validity, and interclass correlation - ICC coefficient for reliability. The results showed the validity and reliability of all tests. the results were significant between the upper and lower categories (p < 0.05), and the (ICC) for the four tests was (0.959) (0.828) (0.815) (0.841), respectively.

The research aimed to prepare a training program to develop speed endurance, agility, and explosive power for young female basketball players (3×3). The experimental approach was used with experimental and control groups design. The subject was young female players in the Dream Academy in Sulaymaniyah Governorate - Iraq, as an experimental group, and the North Gas Club as a control group. Each group contains (6) players. The mean of height, weight, age, and training age was (170.41 ± 4.42 cm) (58.98 ± 2.28 kg) (15.96 ± 0.81 years) (7.25 ± 0.75 years), respectively. Two pilot studies were conducted, the first for confirming the tests\' scientific conditions, and the second for applying for the training program. The pre and post-test have been applied. The training program last for (10) weeks, with (4) training units per week. The statistical package (SPSS V26) was applied for obtaining the results. The study concluded that the application of the training program led to a significant development in speed endurance, agility, and explosive power for the upper limb. It is essential to focus on interactive exercises to develop the physical fitness of basketball players (3on3), as well as focusing on interactive exercises in training tactical skills Which enables the coach to develop physical fitness.

The research aimed to identify the values of the electrical activity signal of the triceps brachii muscle, middle deltoid muscle, and latissimus dorsi muscle for the dominant side during the performance of free swimming outside the water, and to identify the differences between the pre and post-tests in peak, mean of peaks, area, and variability %. The experimental approach was used in one group design. The subject was 6 junior swimmers of Sulaimani Club. The mean heights, weights, and age were (171.17 ± 2.86 cm) (54.50 ± 5.75 kg) (15.17 ± 0.75 years), respectively. The out-of-water training device and sEMG were applied by using (Ultium EMG) and its software (MR2.12). The training was applied for (10) weeks, and the results showed significant development in the electrical activity, and the largest development occurred in the triceps brachii muscle.

The research aimed at deigning theoretical program syllabus for level D coaches of 12 – 15-year-old soccer players. This syllabus suits the reality of Iraqi coaches on different level; training and psychological sciences as well as other sciences related to designing syllabus for theoretical program. The researchers used the descriptive method on (115) coaches, lecturers in the Asian referees. They designed a questionnaire for theoretical program syllabus. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude a syllabus for the theoretical program of D level coaches of 12 – 15-year-old Iraqi soccer players as well as its suitability for the age of soccer players that the coaches train.

The research aimed at showing the effect of transitional leadership on creativity level of occupational performance in provinces and governorates centers in the ministry of Youth and Sports. The researchers constructed two scales; one for measuring transitional leadership and the other for creativity of occupational performance. They used the descriptive method on (300) employee in provinces and governorates centers of ministry of youth and sports. Two scales were constructed and distributed on the subjects then gathered to make the proper statistical operations to conclude that transitional leadership significantly affect creativity in occupational performance. The researchers recommended relaying on transitional leadership in provinces and governorates of the ministry.

The research aimed at deigning compound exercises for developing some fundamental skills for youth soccer players as well as identifying the effect of these exercises on the development of fundamental skills in youth soccer goalkeepers. The researchers used the experimental method on (4) youth goalkeepers from clubs participating in Salah Al Deen League for youth 2021 – 2022. The training program consisted of (8) weeks training with 24 training session using CrossFit style with training stations that include an exercise. Goalkeepers should perform each exercise within a specific time without a rest moving to the next station. The researchers used heart pulse as indicator of training intensity. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude that the subjects developed significantly in fundamental skills understudy. The compound exercises and their arrangement had a positive effect in developing these skills in subjects understudy. Finally, the researchers recommended generalizing these exercises using cross fit style on all sport clubs to train youth players during special preparation phase.

The study's aim is to determine the level of skill performance and optimism among male and female handball players in Iraq's Kurdistan Region's first and premier leagues. The importance of demographic differences in skill performance and optimism, as well as the percentage contribution of each skill and optimism to skill performance, are also discussed. In order to achieve the research objectives, the descriptive survey method was used in this study. The sample includes (12) male and female handball players who were chosen at random from (10) first-class and excellent sports clubs, with (7) clubs for men and (3) clubs for women, representing approximately (48%) of the research community. The optimism scale was used to collect data for the study, and the data was statistically treated using (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown equation). After presenting, analyzing, and discussing the results (factor analysis, t-test for one sample and two independent samples, one-sample analysis of variance, L.S.D. test, multiple regression.) and the program, (SPSS). The researchers reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the level of optimism among handball players, and the level of skill performance among the same members of the research sample was moderate.

The research aimed at identifying the effect of special exercises using circuit training on some types of muscular strength (relative strength, speed – strength, strength endurance) and achievement in disabled weightlifters. The researchers used the experimental method on (10) weightlifters. The subjects were (8) weightlifters whom participated in Qatar’s Championship in 2021; (4) weightlifters as the experimental group and (4) as controlling group. The researcher used special exercises with high intensity interval training as well as circuit training. The data was collected and treated to conclude that there are statistical differences between pre and posttests in favor of posttests. The experimental group showed significant differences in relative strength, strength endurance, and achievement but in speed – strength there were no significant differences. Finally, the researcher concluded that the proposed exercises using circuit training develop some types of muscular strength and achievement compared to other types of training.

The research aimed to build a motivation scale for young volleyball players aged (17-19) years. the researchers used the descriptive survey method, and the research subject was selected from young volleyball players ages 17-19 years. The scientific roles were applied to approve the Validity and reliability of the scale. the researchers recommend the scale be used for different players in order to identify their motivation to enable them to reach the highest levels.

The study aimed of the research is to build a test time for the motor response to skills advance and retreat players for the foil fencer in the sport of fencing, and to learn about the digital values to test the time for the motor response time for skills advance and retreat skillful for the foil players in the sport of fencing, and deriving the criteria for testing the time for the motor response to the two skills of progress and retreat to evaluate Foil fencer players in the sport of fencing, and the descriptive approach relied on the foil fencer players in the sport of fencing from the emerging fencing clubs with ages under (15) years for the sports season (2022/2023), the total number of (67) players, all of whom were deliberately chosen in a comprehensive inventory by (100 %) to represent the total research sample, were chosen for the exploratory sample (6) players, and for the building sample (31) players, and the application sample (legalization) (30) players, The researchers concluded that the test of the speed of the motor response to the skills of progress and retreat achieved six standard levels by which the time of the speed of motor response to the skills of progress and retreat of the fencing players in the sport of fencing is evaluated. The fencing weapon in the sport of fencing, and the interest in providing the requirements for measuring the time of the motor response speed of the two skills of advancing and retreating for the players of the fencing weapon in the sport of fencing, as well as training the coaches on how to apply it in tracking the level of their players.

The research aimed at applying psychological skills scale for youth soccer players in Baghdad excellent league season 2021 – 2022. The subjects were (240) players; 100 players as construction subjects, 90 players for application. The scale consisted of (24) items distributed in (6) fields. Areas of (the ability to mental visualization, the ability to relax, the ability to Confront anxiety, the ability to Focus attention, the ability to self-confidence, the ability to Achievement motivation), the most important conclusions of the study, it was concluded that the study sample suffers from a weakness in the ability to mental perception, focus attention and achievement motivation. Finally, the researchers recommended the necessity of reinforcing all psychological fields as well as training psychological skills through training programs held by the coach in perpetration phase or competition due to the players need to such high leveled skill, because the football player needs these skills in order to be able to face the difficulties of training and intense competition.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the Perkins-Blythe model on learning some compound skills in football for second-year intermediate students. The researchers used the experimental approach with two equal groups (experimental and control) with a pre and post test and the research population consisted of (125) students from the Anwar Al-Aimm'a Intermediate School for Boys in the General Directorate of Wasit Education. And (40) students were randomly selected. The sample was divided into two groups, with (20) students for each group and After conducting the process of homogeneity and equivalence in the pre-tests, the main experiment was applied according to the Perkins-Blythe model, and after data collection. The researchers concluded that the application of the Perkins-Blythe model had a significant impact to raising the level of students through the idea of the model, which gave an opportunity for the student to be a real contributor to the process of achieving educational goals. The researchers recommended the necessity of introducing the model into the teaching process by teachers in order to raise the level of skillful performance of students.

The research aimed at designing aids for learning crescent kick in 12 – 14 years old fighters in specialized schools as well as designing exercises according to differentiated learning (visual learners) in learning crescent kick in the subjects understudy. The researchers used the experimental method on (70) fighters in taekwondo specialized schools. They tested crescent kick skill then the subjects were divided into controlling group (8) fighters and experimental (10) fighters according to learning style scale. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that individual differences became less among fighters using differentiated learning as well as the aids have a positive effect on learning. Finally, the researchers recommended using the designed aids for teaching and learning taekwondo skills as well as using differentiated learning style and training coaches this strategy so as to make it easier for them to teach it.

The study aimed identifying the reality of performance affectivity in some bureaus of Ministry of youth and sports. The researchers used the descriptive method on (385) members of the administrative sport clubs’ bureaus from sport clubs. They constructed a scale of five fields and thirty-two items for measuring contradictions in ministry of youth and sport bureaus from the active administrative member’s point of view in Baghdad. The researchers concluded that the scale have a great importance as a scientific means for detecting the level of affectivity. The results also showed that members of some ministry of youth and sports bureaus have a good level in contradiction administration and tension control from the administrative bureau’s point of view. The researchers recommended giving ministry employees the freedom to act within their jurisdiction to facilitate work and overcome tension and negative contradictions so as to develop the level of affectivity of administrative work.

The importance of the research lies in making comparative styles for some kinematical variables of slice backhand (straight and circumference) as well as identifying their relation with the speed and accuracy of performance in tennis players aged 14 – 16 years old. The aim of the research is using modern analytical apparatuses that help coaches study some mechanical variables that affect these two styles of backhand slice as well as identifying their effect on speed and accuracy of performing backhand slice in tennis players aged 14 – 16 years old. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS to conclude that circumference backhand slice surpassed straight backhand slice in speed and accuracy because the player has more distance unlike straight backhand slice.

The research aimed at designing tactical exercises using fast play according to anaerobic endurance for developing speed endurance in youth soccer players. The researchers used the experimental method on (9) soccer clubs for the season 2021 – 2022. The subjects were (24) players divided equally into two groups. Both groups were tested with speed endurance test then the main experiment was applied on the experimental group for (8) week with (24) training sessions. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that there are significant differences in speed endurance results in favor of the posttests as well as significant differences in result of the two groups in favor of the experimental group. Finally, the researchers recommended using this style for developing physical abilities specially speed and investing it in skill and tactical performance.

This study aims to evaluate the teaching performance of female health and physical education teachers enrolled in the program of optimal investment for educational professionals in the light of the professional standards of Saudi teachers issued by the Education and Training Evaluation Commission in Saudi Arabia. To achieve the study’s objectives، the researcher adopted a survey approach to data collection. The number of pedagogical performances in this study is 74 and they were distributed as per the following: performances related to lesson planning (n= 20)، performances related to lesson implementation (n=35)، and performances related to evaluation (n= 19). The study sample (n= 34) were all female teachers. The list of teaching performances was presented to the teachers at the beginning of their enrollment in the optimal investment program، and after completion of the program to measure the overall rate of retention from the program. Four main hypotheses were tested. The first hypothesis was proved give that the Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that there were statistically significant differences at 0.05 value in favor of the teachers’ performance at the end of the program with a rate of (21.8%، 17.9%، 21.9%، and 20%) in terms of lesson planning، lesson implementation، evaluation as well as the overall performances. The second hypothesis was also proved. The Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance test indicated that there are differences in terms of teaching experience in favor of teachers with less than 10 years of experience. The third hypothesis was disproved. The Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance test indicated that the third hypothesis of the variable of specialization (Islamic studies، Arabic language، and social studies) was not proved. While the Mann Whitney test also indicated that the fourth hypothesis of the variable of graduate studies (postgraduate studies and Bachelor's) was not proved. Of the recommendations of the study is the continuation of the provision of the optimal investment program for teaching professionals in Saudi Arabia، to review the plans and study programs in preparing physical education teachers، and to add new courses for teachers that equip them with teaching performances that are in line with today’s developments.

The research aims to identify the attitudes of physical education teachers towards integrating students with disabilities in the schools of normal students, the differences between the attitudes of physical education teachers according to the variables (gender, academic qualification, years of experience, teaching stage), the researcher used the descriptive approach, the research sample was chosen in an intentional way from Physical education teachers in the General Administration of Education in Makkah Al-Mukarramah region , The researcher concluded that physical education teachers have a good level on the scale of physical education teachers’ attitudes towards integrating students with disabilities in the schools of the normal students, and there are statistically significant differences between males and females in the research sample in the axis of cognitive attitudes in favor of males, and the axis of emotional attitudes in favor of females, also there are statistically significant differences between the academic qualifications of the research sample in the axis of cognitive attitudes in favor of holders of master\'s qualifications, and the axis of behavioral attitudes in favor of holders of PHD qualifications. There are also statistically significant differences between the years of experience of the research sample in the axis of cognitive attitudes in favor of years of experience from 5 to 10 years, and the axis of emotional attitudes in favor of years of experience less than 5 years. the list of criteria, and one of the most important results of the research is to extract a list of the proposed criteria to increase the demand among the elderly to participate in strength training programs, which included (7) axes, and (90).

This study aims to identify the best successful models in selecting boards of directors of sports bodies (appointment, appointment and elections together, and elections) from the point of view of those belonging to the sports sector in the Sultanate of Oman. The study also reveals the statistically significant differences in the responses of the study’s sample. The study was carried out through a descriptive approach. The researchers designed a questionnaire consisting of three main dimensions to measure the study sample’s viewpoint on the three systems. The sample consisted of 193 participants who belonged to the sports sector in the Sultanate of Oman. The results show no consensus among the sample about the appropriateness of the three systems for selecting boards of directors in the sports federations in Oman. Nevertheless, the elections system, appointments, and elections together were less favorable than appointments that received higher acceptance. The study recommended investigating the causes that contributed to the fall of popularity and acceptance of elections as an essential system in electing sports boards of directors in the Sultanate of Oman. It is also recommended to evaluate the election experience during the past decades and develop regulations that contribute to the production of more effective boards of directors and the ability to develop organizational performance in the various sports bodies in the Sultanate of Oman.

The research aimed at identifying the effect of mental speed exercises designed by the researchers on some special abilities in young boxers as well as on punches speed. The researchers used the experimental method on (12) boxers aged 15 – 16 years old from Al Shula club. The subjects were divided into two groups according to weights class to conclude that mental exercises group have the best effect on some special abilities and the speed of punches compared to controlling group. Finally, the researchers recommended the necessity of paying attention to mental speed exercises due to their great effect on improving some special abilities in young boxers as well as their effect on improving punches; speed.

The study aimed to identify the impact of interactive agility on some e physical abilities of futsal players, and the impact of interactive agility on some skill abilities of futsal players in Iraq. The researchers used the experimental approach. The research items were applied to the research subject of (6) players, The researchers reached many conclusions, the most important of which were the interactive agility exercises prepared to play an active role in the development of the physical abilities of futsal players. The interactive agility exercises used in the research had a positive impact on the development of skill performance in futsal players. Through the conclusions, the researchers recommend the inclusion of interactive agility in the training programs for futsal players because of its importance in improving and developing physical abilities.

The research aimed at using exercises by changing positions according to distance style and identifying their effect on developing strength – speed and scoring in youth soccer players. The researchers used the experimental method on (18) youth soccer players from Al Sinaa club. The exercises were applied during the main part of a training sessions. The researchers conclude that these exercises by changing positions style develop strength – speed as well as cording skill in youth soccer players. Finally, the researchers recommended using these exercises for developing strength – speed as well as making similar studies and researchers on changing positions according to distance exercises in soccer for other age groups.

The research aimed at identifying the effect of Dainel’s model for brain dominance (right – left) in handstand skill for second grade college students during artistic gymnastics for men. The researchers used the experimental method on (80) sophomore students from physical education and sport sciences department/ college of Al Israa University for the academic year 2021 - 2022. The subjects were (20) students from section A as an experimental group and (20) students from section B as controlling group so as to identify their brain hemispheres. Each group was subdivided into two groups; left and right hemisphere. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude that Daniel’s model for brain dominance (right - left) have significant effect on developing handstand in men’s artistic gymnastics. Finally they recommended using teaching models for learning handstand and other skills in artistic gymnastics for men.

The researchers aimed at identifying the relation between performance endurance and some compound offensive skills in youth soccer players. The researchers used the descriptive method on (20) youth soccer players from Al Nafat club. Performance endurance and some compound offensive skills in soccer (passing, tackling, receiving, and scoring). Performance endurance and first compound test (passing, receiving, fast running then passing and receiving, and scoring accuracy), second compound tests (running and ball control, agility, scoring accuracy), and third compound tests (passing and receiving, accuracy of scoring towards a goal). The researchers concluded that there is a significant relation between performance endurance and some compound offensive skills in youth soccer players.

The research aimed at identifying the value of some biomechanical variables of 100m runners as well as identifying the relation of some biomechanical variables of 100m runners with achievement. The researchers used descriptive method on (5) runners of the Iraqi league for the season 2021 – 2022. They used two Sonny video cameras, photo finish for the finishing line, and 100m race according to IAAF rules. The researchers concluded that most biomechanical variable of 100m running were far from real values a matter that affected the subject’s achievement level. In addition to that, the average of stride frequency was within the perfect value.

The research aimed at designing teaching units according to wheatley’s model for learning some mixed soccer skills as well as identifying the effect of this model on learning these skills. The researchers used the experimental method on (99) fourth grade Al Kuld preparatory school students for boys. Three mixed skills were selected; trapping – passing, dribbling – passing, and trapping – dribbling – scoring. A pilot study was applied on (10) students followed by the pretests then the application of the teaching program for 8 weeks with 16 teaching sessions for each group. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that wheatley’s model have a positive effect in learning mixed skills in soccer. In addition to that, they concluded that the experimental group surpassed the controlling group in posttests.

The research aims at identifying sport activity attitudes towards creative solution for sport clubs’ administrative problems in Saudi Arabia. The researchers used the descriptive method on (93) sport activity supervisor as well as (13) sport club. The subjects were (33) supervisors in addition to (10) supervisors as pilot study subjects. The researcher designed a questioner of (25) items seven of which are negative while the other 18 were positive representing the sport activity supervisor’s attitudes towards creative solution of administrative problems. The researcher recommended the necessity of sport activity supervisors to face administrative problems through creative problems as well as forming a strategy for developing administrative performance in sport activity supervisors of Saudi Arabian clubs.

Starting cubes are a device used in the sport of arena and field races by speed-racing athletes to strengthen and stabilize their feet at the beginning of the race so as not to slip forward when hearing the starting gun. How can they improve the payment on these cubes? Why is starting important in fast running? When it comes to starting the race, athletes with the best reaction time, greatest strength, and the ability to accelerate as fast as possible can outperform their peers. It is important to remember one essential thing: when cubes are used, they should be intended to be able to help and allow the runner to accelerate, not to get him to full speed in the first few steps. Young athletes, therefore, tend to try to reach as quickly as possible once they start from the starting blocks. So, the starting cubes are designed to give runners great horizontal momentary strength, the most important indicator in the starting cubes is to get the right body angles. This research provides further developments and takes advantage of the start of the run to evaluate and analyze the forces and reaction time obtained by the movements of the two men on the cubes of starting the various fast running races (100m, 100m women's barriers), Men's 110mHurdles, 200m, 400m,400m Hurdles, 4×100m Relay, 4×400m Relay, 4x100m Mixed) For different categories. The idea of designing sensors - dynamic on the starting cubes came to the necessary need for such sensors that measure the amounts of power propulsion and reaction time of runners in these events taking advantage of the technology and scientific development in this field, if the start-up cushions are designed with sensors - dynamic and calibrated mechanically standard to provide the required measurement accuracy It was used to measure and analyze the strength and reaction time of the enemies of these elite Iraqi competitions by basing lab view workers, and the measured results obtained showed reasonable sensitivity and accuracy with a slight variation in their values, as well as measuring the change in strength over time for Runners perform this launch and acceleration based on the computer's vision tracking system. The proposed start-up cushions are promising to be used in a wide range of applications, including in-house and field laboratories for teaching, training, and monitoring the progress of runners during training and scientific research.