Hammurabi journal for studies

Several years ago, a pattern of thinking in American decision-making circles began to gradually crystallize about the need to reconsider the nature of military and political commitments towards the Middle East after the escalation of spending costs on the wars waged by the United States in Afghanistan and Iraq and the failure to achieve the goals it set. Moreover, the consequences of these wars represented by the spread of regional instability have convinced decision- makers to adopt a new strategy based on starting partial disengagement with the region in light of the decline in the value of American interests and giving priority to paying more attention to the areas of East Asia where the future interests of the United States are located, especially with the rising power of China, which could threaten

Iraq is at the center of global geostrategic aspirations, as it is an energy and transportation hub, and an influential player in regional understandings. Therefore, the United States took it upon itself to restructure the bases of hegemony in the Middle East after withdrawing from Afghanistan completely while retaining some presence in Iraq, and arranging Gulf policy steps to establish relations new deal with Iraq in line with peace plans. On the other hand, Iraq has strongly returned to the determination of the Russian and Chinese leaders, and the expansionist ambitions in the region, as regional powers have proven their influence in curbing the unipolar system. The Iraqi file confirming its ambitions for regional leadership, curtailing the Kurdish role, and combating the Kurdistan Workers’ Party.

The study attempts to probe the depths of the Iraqi military and security capabilities in light of the existing and potential challenges, especially after the American withdrawal from Iraq, by identifying the features of those capabilities, their strengths and weaknesses in light of an unstable environment, an anxious political system, a fragile economy that suffers from bouts of decline and deflation, and a social reality that has imposed itself strongly on the security and military situation to the extent that this force has become unable to impose the will of the power of the state, as well as the consequences that will accompany the American withdrawal from Iraq that may not be apparent or calculated accurately, not because the American presence has added during its presence factors of strength to the Iraqi military and security establishment, but Because the American departure wants to prove to the Iraqis and the regional neighborhood that his stay constitutes a factor of security and stability that is much greater than forcing him to leave under parliamentary pressure and the programmed use of the means of force available by the resistance factions that reject his presence on Iraqi soil.
All of what was mentioned cannot be discussed or read strategically in isolation from the Afghan situation or the repercussions of the Afghan scene, which resulted from its repercussions, which leaves no doubt that the years spent by the American army in building the Afghan military and security forces, which exceed the number of years of its presence in Iraq, have gone unheeded and that The Taliban was the most capable of filling the security and military vacuum, as well as occupying the center of political decision-making after the defeat of America's allies. The study of the Iraqi situation and the capabilities available to confront the existing and potential possibilities should not neglect the motives of those repercussions that led to what happened in Afghanistan, despite the mismatch of the picture completely between Iraq and Afghanistan, but the American player and the regional neighborhood and the political repercussions accompanying the election results and the outputs it produced, which shook as a result, the components of the state's strength may lead to what could be close or close in terms of results to what happened in Afghanistan.

This research comes at a time when Iraq witnessed events that led to the escalation of the pace of popular protests and demonstrations, and different frameworks related to media treatments on Arab satellite channels, and this made the media arena a crisis full of events and the most important developments in the security, political, humanitarian, economic and other aspects, and a fertile area for media attention (Arab satellite channels) and its news coverage of the most important events and their developments on another side.
According to the foregoing, the research problem lies in the media treatment adopted by Arab satellite channels for the events of the October demonstrations crisis in Iraq, and the nature of their news coverage related to local, regional and international political agendas that have their own goals and trends, which is reflected in the process of framing and modeling the crisis news with specific determinants and trends being reflected to the public in an attempt to establish his knowledge and trends regarding the crisis and its involved parties in line with the trends of news coverage on Arab satellite channels, which caused in confusion and ambiguity in understanding and interpreting the events of the crisis and its involved parties and its effective forces at the local and foreign levels.
The researcher reinforced his research problem with a major question, which is: \\"How did the Arab satellite channels handle the reports of correspondents about the local crises (the October 2019 demonstrations) in Iraq?\\" This question has been divided into a group of sub-questions.
The research sought to achieve a set of goals that were distributed on the analytical side and through the application of the survey method upon descriptive and analytical approaches, as this research is lies within the descriptive researches, then the most recognized goals are as follow:-
1- Identify how Arab satellite channels have dealt with the crisis, the October 2019 demonstrations in Iraq.
2- Disclosure of the most prominent issues covered in news reports regarding the October demonstrations crisis.
3- Determine the most prominent news-framing mechanisms for the crisis, the October demonstrations, related to Iraqi domestic affairs.
As well as the highlights that Arab satellite channels used to deal with news reports about the crisis of the October demonstrations.

Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and change of the relationship between the United States and Russia into a kind of strategic partnership throughout the period former Russian President Boris Yeltsin, it was believed that the Cold War era between the two countries in the same time was finished at all with the US-Russian understandings since Yeltsin era but During the last 12 years, and especially since Putin's famous speech at the Munich Conference, and through many decisive developments, is not represents the first issue of which Ukrainian crisis, the conflict in the Middle East or Latin America, return Cold War atmosphere rekindled the relationship between the two countries again. The relationship that makes them even hot strategic competition at all levels.

The European Union is considered to be one of the most prominent, important and major regional organizations unions. This is why it is the greatest political and economic power in particular. European relations with the Middle East have been linked to economic interests. It intends to protect those interests from threats and challenges in the region. It seeks to create a safer world in addition to its role in establishing stability and international peace and security. This has led to support several treaties in the prevention and proliferation of the nuclear weapons it which led to the establishment of nuclear non-proliferation treaties and the accession of the European Union to international organizations to prohibit and prevent the proliferation of mass destruction weapons, in particular nuclear weapons, in order to establish security and stability in the world and to defy the Middle East. The efforts of the European Union in this area are highlighted through its constant efforts to resolve the nuclear issue in a peaceful manner, through its soft power and by allowing Iran to use nuclear energy but for the most peaceful was purposes. The European Union's foreign and security policy is aimed at establishing international peace and security.

The cyber war is one of the tools of the fifth generation wars, as it has taken a wide and influential space at the present time, as it not cost the attacker side a big fund unlike the targeted party, whose facilities, vital sites and infrastructure are in the crosshairs of destruction, exhaustion and slowness, and this is actually translated between the two sides of the conflict between the united states of America and Iran (the focus of the study is on the period after 2006 until the present time, as cyber attacks between the two parties in the cyberspace were the dominate feature between them using destructive software and viruses as cyber strategic weapons resulting from their strategic orientations through successive US administrations on the one hand and through successive Iranian presidents on the other hand, specialized institutions were established on the foregoing basis. The United States of America seeks, as a result of these attacks, to destroy the vital sites and infrastructure of Iran, especially in its nuclear field, with Iranian cyber attacks against the vital sites of the United States of America in a message to it that Iran has effective ability in this field, with the introduction of these cyber attacks NS between the two parties according to timings and temporal events and according to a graphic path that may pave the future for the comprehensive war unless it is strategically controlled, and in addition to the foregoing and for the scientific necessity, the cyber war was presented in terms of its origin and concept with comparative approaches to complete the topic of the research.

The world community pays close attention to the problem of terrorism because it represents a menace to society's security and stability. The emergence of terrorism is not born today, but it is old and since the emergence of man and empires, but it differs in different types, local or international, and its places in Europe or Asia or its causes.
A major shift occurred in the history of the Middle East in 2011, with several uprisings taking place in Egypt that led to the fall of the ruling regime for decades and other attempts in the Gulf and Yemen with the fall of the regime there and the terrorist groups' interference in it as well as a serious deterioration in countries such as Iraq and Syria.
The fight against terrorism remains a priority and an essential part of the battle waged by the Arab coalition in Yemen, so that this country does not turn into a major arena for terrorist organizations, through the intelligence services' response to terrorist cells, in addition to the terrorist attack on Syria today made it necessary for the Syrian Arab Armed Forces to stand to confront this terrorism and to carry out its constitutional role and duty in defending the homeland and protecting the achievements of the people ... and through careful exploration and collection of information on armed terrorist groups, and access to their references, sources of funding, their arming, and border protection.
If terrorism becomes international and comprehensive, then it is the responsibility "of all countries of the world" to combat and combat it by all possible means and methods, which should achieve successes with the least human and material losses to eliminate it radically and create a world free from terrorism and crime.

The reality of adopting the concept of consensual democracy, around which a wide discussion is taking place, indicates that there is a social, cultural or religious and sectarian problems, this type of democracy is adopted to address this problem politically through power-sharing between different social parties, social and cultural backgrounds structures have helped, especially. The linguistic difference in Belgium led to the adoption of consociational democracy to maintain the unity of the state. The social difference was reflected in the constitutional and political reality, which led to the establishment and consolidation of Belgian consociationalism. On the constitutional side, the federal system was adopted as a feature of consensual governance. The constitution had a direct impact on the consolidation of consensual rule in addition to federalism, especially with regard to the government formation that is divided between Dutch and French community speakers which at distribute the power between the two main components. As for the political aspect, the political parties had an important role in going towards consociationalism in governance after the parties shifted from the local level to the regional level. Thus, the social, constitutional and political reality is ripe for adopting the consensual approach that had a role in adopting policies which contributed to a kind of relative stability.

THE POLITICAL FILE IS THE MOST PROMINENT FILE THAT REVOLVES AROUND THE PHENOMENON OF THE PROPHET’S HADITH INDUSTRY, THE FOUNDER OF THE DIVISION OF THE ISLAMIC SOCIETY INTO IDEOLOGICAL CURRENTS AFTER THE DEATH OF THE FINAL MESSENGER, WHICH APPEARED CLEARLY AND PUBLICLY DURING THE GREAT STRIFE AND CIVIL WARS DURING THE ERA OF IMAM ALI BIN ABI TALIB, AND THEN THE EMERGENCE OF THE GREAT EMPIRES IN THE ISLAMIC ERA. ALL OF THIS EFFECTIVELY CONTRIBUTED TO THE MANUFACTURE OF JURISPRUDENTIAL SCHOOLS AND THE EXPLOITATION OF POWER FOR THEM AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER DIRECTIONS FOR AUTHORITARIAN ENDS OR TO CONFRONT THE GROUPS OPPOSED TO THE LOGIC OF THE DIFFERENT EXCLUSIONARY MINDS.

The topic area of that’s a paper dealing with conditions of Muslims of China as a whole and Uyghur as a partial community in the northeast of China, the main hypothesis of the paper-based upon the mechanism which was adopted by Chines governments during centuries, and how that’s governmental procedures influenced upon relations between Muslims and China government in last decades.
The controversial issue of relations between Muslims and China authorities that’s many Chines consider Muslims of China are descendants of the Muslims from the Middle East and Central Asia who migrated to China at different times and for different reasons. The opening of China and the collapse of the Soviet Union have brought profound changes to the border region between the two countries. In official pronouncements, governments on both sides of the border have emphasized the military and political cooperation and economic development that has been taking place since the early conflict.
However, it is clear from the study of confidential documents from state organizations and from discussions with local scholars that, in private, governments accept that regional and ethnic identities, which are still evolving, remain a significant part of the complex jigsaw of relations in the region and must be taken into account when the policy is being formulated .because of the security dilemma in borders the Chines authorities treat with the Uyghur question with security procedures, that’s mean incorporated them with forcibly means.