Hammurabi journal for studies

The spread of drugs and psychotropic substances in recent times is considered one of the common problems in developing and developed societies alike. It is also considered one of the most dangerous afflictions of the times، which has religious، health، social and psychological effects on members of society، which requires concerted efforts to confront and punish and limit them. Hence، attention came to it not only locally، but also internationally
The situation that Iraq witnessed during 2003 and the accompanying dangerous security chaos، the absence of government control، the failure of the security services to carry out inspection tasks at border passes، the failure of the anti-drug agencies to carry out the duties entrusted to it، as well as the dwindling of control and prevention efforts، all these factors paved the way for the scourge of narcotics and psychotropic substances، with all their ugliness، to affect Iraqi society.
This situation has led to the diversion and spread of narcotics and psychotropic substances and their trade in the local and international markets، and consequently their arrival to drug users and addicts by virtue of the social، economic or psychological conditions that surround them in light of reducing the punishment for them.
In the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law No. 50 of 2017، the Iraqi legislator followed the tabular system method in determining the narcotic substances that the law criminalizes dealing with in violation of the law، and did not set a minimum limit for the quantity of narcotic substance، as the crime is committed no matter how small the amount of the narcotic substance as long as it has a tangible material that could be estimated، so it would have been more appropriate for the Iraqi legislator to increase the value of the fine stipulated in Article (32) of the above drug law in order to be a deterrent to drug users.

The objective of the present study is to identify strategies of preventing drug abuse in the school in line with the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic from the point of view administrators & teacher’s & education advisers, as well as the nature of the differences according to the following demographic variables: (Job), The study tools included the scale drug abuse prevention strategies in prepared by the researcher (2022), the descriptive approach was adopted, and the study resulted in the following results:
It can guess the grade of grades the preventing drug abuse in the school in line with the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic from the point of view administrators & teacher’s & education advisers through dimensions.
There aren't statistically significant differences at a level of (α ≤ 0.01) in mean grades In the respondents' perception of the role of the school in reducing drug use depending According a variables (Job (

The study tried, as much as possible, to delve into the conceptual framework of everything related to security policy and drugs, with a focus on the nature of Iraqi national security, as it is the key to building capacities to ward off dangers from society. Also, it constitutes one of the most important elements of strength for the country, and to complete the study, an extensive explanation of the effects of drug abuse was explained after the behavioral, psychological, health, economic, social, cultural and security effects of these drugs were clarified. Is there an ability to overcome this phenomenon or reduce it?, and if so, the study tried to answer one of the most important questions, which is whether the existing legal and security measures are sufficient to address this phenomenon in terms of its impact on Iraqi national security, or does the matter needs more than that in order to reach a future vision to find scientific and practical treatments for this phenomenon.

Family is the first basic cell in building society. As it is the first institution of socialization that works on raising the child and providing him with experience and knowledge. The environment in which the children are brought up must spare the children various types of behaviour that push them towards deviant behavior and which may direct them to use drugs of various kinds.
Substance abuse is a social danger that has penetrated societies all over the world, east and west, where it has frighteningly exacerbated in contemporary societies. Drug abuse of various types has become a common problem among the countries of the whole world.

Drugs have taken a toll on Iraqi society, and their numbers have become frightening and are eating away at the body of its children. Addressing this issue has become the responsibility of the state in particular and society in general, especially since this issue affects the state, society and individuals who abuse, and given the number of arrested dealers by security forces hold and numbers of drug abusers, we had to deal with mechanisms to reduce this scourge, with reference to countries in which some strategies that curbed this scourge have succeeded.

This study aims to shed light on the social phenomenon of drugs, as the latter is considered one of the most dangerous phenomena that threatens countries and societies, because it is considered one of the social problems that have spread throughout the world, and has affected all aspects, including the social, economic, religious, and other aspects, due to the rapid spread of its trade among all groups of society and countries, so I have tried to study this phenomenon of drugs, because it threatens the life of individuals and society, I have addressed this serious problem to the definition of drugs linguistically and idiomatically, and their types and classifications, and the factors, causes and effects that led to drug abuse, with a mention of symptoms and methods that result for drug abusers and do not forget how to prevent them.

The study tried through the four sections to show the content of the concepts related to drugs, social peace and social policy, while all the motives and causes that led to the spread of this phenomenon in Iraqi society were included, whether those related to the social aspect or those related to economic aspects, while the study went Towards the field through a study of five cases interviewed by the researcher and it was found that society, family, friends, economic situation, educational and cultural level are among the most present influences in the respondents’ answers
Through this field examination, a number of results were reached, which later resulted in a set of recommendations related to social policy

After the expansion of the conceptual space for Iraqi national security after 2003 in light of international developments related to security, the focus was on development and human well-being, ensuring their rights and protecting them from actual and potential threats, and achieving their material and moral interests in a comfortable life that meets the requirements of normal life, the essence of the security process after the shift from the premise of preventive security to comprehensive security. Among the most important requirements for achieving national security in its new form is to secure obtaining and access to energy sources in their various forms, both traditional and renewable, in a secure manner, which results in the provision of resources and elements that ultimately support the well-being of society, the durability and efficiency of the economy, and the strengthening the elements of state power, which is what decision-makers and those responsible for formulating national security strategies around the world are thinking about doubly. Iraq is not an exception to these countries, but it needs to doubly consolidate the approach to energy security as one of the most important enhancers of national security, based on its importance in supporting the economy and strengthening the capabilities of the state and assisting the government in the advancement of the burdens and basic requirements.

This paper aims to deal with the marginalization that women have suffered from in various fields, whether at the theoretical or practical levels in the international field, as a motive to make the gender dimension a distinct analytical tool that demonstrates the severe shortcomings in various theories and practical practices that are biased towards masculine values and qualities, in the prospect of foreseeing the international field and the resulting contribution of women's inclusion in the transnational theorizing process. In search of the desired addition in the science of international relations based on the foundations of global gender?
This problem will be deconstructed through three main axes, as the first will deal with the theoretic center of feminism in the international field and the foundations of its establishment, based on the assumption that the field of international relations suffers from gender blindness, and therefore international relations theorists need to use the lenses of gender in order to rethink on the study and theorizing of international relations. and from that; this trend focuses on the differences between men and women in looking at international security issues and international interactions, and believes that a noticeable increase in women's participation can change the nature of the international system by making it more secure and stable.
While the second axis will attempt to approach the soft perspective of the international system in contrast to the premises of the traditional theories of the international field, According to the horizon of evaluating the feminist theory of the international field in the third axis, from the ontological sides by including women as an actor in international relations, and epistemology by creating hypotheses of their own.

The completion of the great port of Faw project faces several external and internal challenges. The internal political situation after 2003 based on sectarian and national quotas and the weakness of the Iraqi national decision directly contributed to creating a suitable environment for international and regional interventions, which is the main reason for delaying the completion process despite the presence of some national stands, that seeks to implement this project, but it does not rise to the level of external challenges. Hence, the process of delaying the completion of this great strategic project has negative effects on the comprehensive national security of Iraq, as this will negatively affect the political, economic and social reality, as Iraq may lose thousands of job opportunities for citizens and this will affect economically wise, as well as affecting the security aspect of Iraq, in addition to the social aspect.

Like other traditional fields, cyber has become a new field of conflict, with its concept, elements, characteristics, and factors, as well as strategic dimensions. International actors have been plunged into the chaos of cyber concepts, their strengths, and elements, as well as the ways in which they are used between useful or harmful. In addition to the solid and soft power of the State, cyber power has emerged, which has had an impact on the domestic and international levels and has led to multiple levels of power among actors without limiting it to the State.
It has become clear to international actors that those who have the mechanisms to employ the cyber environment are now the most capable of influencing the behavior of the factors employed in this environment, bringing the world into new mechanisms and concepts and renewed conflicts of threats and cyber wars.
The research aims to provide a theoretical framework for the concept of cyber and associated concepts, to review its most important characteristics, to identify its forms, elements, parts and patterns of cyber warfare, and its strategic dimensions across three main themes: what cyber is and what concepts are associated with it. The second is related to the characteristics and elements of cyberspace. The third section touched on the satellites of cyberspace and its strategic dimensions.

The current international era is an era of the emergence of new and unprecedented dangers and challenges due to their abundance, multiplicity of sources, overlapping causes and difficulty in dealing with them or separating them from each other, including - for example - problems resulting from environmental degradation and imbalance, climate changes, pollution, desertification, drought, depletion of natural resources, exacerbation of water crises and population increases. Excessive and insufficient available food resources, and all of this destructive environmental impacts on the conditions of human life in large areas of the world, in addition to the spread of epidemics and mysterious deadly viruses across borders such as (Covid-19) And other things that may arise from them in the future, and the expansion and exacerbation of the dangers of international terrorism, organized crime, the phenomenon of human trafficking, international drug trade, and the spread of armed civil wars that in many cases lead to the failure of governments and the toppling of states and spreading chaos and instability in them, and to the multiplicity of emerging sources of threat that have created An imbalance in the international security balance, the research will be limited to focusing on two variables only: illegal immigration, and epidemics, specifically (Covid-19).
The importance of research, as a renewed and emerging topic on the international scene, in light of the results of international developments within the framework of understanding and realizing the change in the concept of security because of its scientific and practical importance, and this is what we are trying to answer by posing the following problem: To what extent did the emerging patterns contribute to threats In the imbalance of global security? For this purpose, the researcher followed a complex methodology by using the systems analysis approach and the case study approach, and to achieve the scientific and practical objectives of the research, it was divided into three axes. The first axis included the development of the concept of security, and the identification of the most important emerging threats to security. Illegal immigration, while the third axis dealt with emerging epidemics and their impact on global health security disruption.

The thinker Shakib Arslan is one of the first defenders of Islam, where he saw that the Ottoman Empire is the state of the Islamic caliphate and is thus a force for Arabs and non-Arabs, and therefore we find that he did not support the Arab revolution of 1916 led by Sharif Hussein because this revolution in his opinion will weaken the Ottoman Empire and do not guarantee the Arabs their independence, and that the Arabs can obtain their rights from the Ottoman states by turning the Sultanate into a state. The prince also defended Arab nationalism and called for Arab unity, saying that The Arabs have all the factors to be one country, which is why we see him calling for the formation of the Arab League after World War I, and warned against the plans of colonialism and Zionism in tearing apart the Arab nation, especially Britain and France, and called on the Arabs to achieve their unity and independence and not to give the enemies the opportunity to interfere in their internal affairs and destabilize their national unity.

The Maghreb countries witnessed at the end of the eighties from the twentieth century, the political role of the Islamic movements increased, being reforms movements that emerges as a result of the crisis that swept the region in that period, with its various political and economic dimension.
This research paper seeks to shed light on the Islamic parties in Morocco and analyze the opportunities available to them and challenges they face after the rise of the ruling Islamic trend by presenting a descriptive and analytical study and the economy on the model of the Moroccan Justice and development party as a party with the role among the national parties, that came to power after revolution the Arab spring of 2011.
This research came out with a number of results the most important of which is that the internal and external conditions contributed to the disseminations of Islamic movements in Morocco, and the Justice and development party was able to overcome the difficults and abstcles its faces by avoiding the struggle with authority and its openness towards democracy and human rights.

Autonomy is one of the regimes that has enjoyed a long history in human thinking, which has given it some ambiguity and complexity at times, and some simplification for the sake of application as an attempt to get out of the crises of governance that came packed with the legacy of the past and the present through its long historical stages at other times. As a concept, it is not easy to control theoretically, as it raises a lot of controversy, which makes it difficult to agree on a specific concept of it, as it includes a great deal of flexibility; at the same time, what distinguishes autonomy is its inconsistency, as it may apply to one or more regions and may not apply to others, not only that, it varies from one country to another and from one regime to another; with the aspirations of its minorities and its various societal sub-nationalities on the other hand, and in seeking to find a solution or settlement to manage their diversity, it resorts to adopting a compromise formula, according to which neither of them gets everything they want, but rather an important part of what they want. The state obtains from the minority the guarantee of its continued unity, and the minority obtains from the state respect for diversity among its citizens and frames it legally. Autonomy is one of the compromise options that various countries resort to.

The relationship between populism and democracy has always been debated among researchers, because there is a difference between populism and liberal democracy. On the other hand, it emphasizes the rights of minorities that contrast with populism, as populists see that nothing should constrain the will of the people, and therefore usually oppose elected bodies, judicial institutions, and rules that seek to strengthen the separation of powers, and accordingly populism exploits the tensions inherent in the liberal model that attempts to find a harmonious balance between popular will and constitutionalism, and thus, some view populism as a form of democratic extremism, in the sense that it portrays the people as the only entity with the right to formulate rights, duties, and procedural rules that regulate the exercise of power.

Economic reform is a necessity for any country suffering from economic collapse, and the political developments that Egypt has witnessed over the past years has posed a challenge to the development of various economic sectors, and where the Egyptian economy is the most diversified in the Middle East with its multiple and diverse axes and flexible production structure as well as its ability to adapt to Economic changes. It was necessary for the Egyptian government to develop programs to develop economic sectors within its economic reform plan.

The United States of America has surpassed all the major powers in the international system, because it possesses economic, military, technological and geopolitical power, along with the means and motives to maintain the main security institutions in the world. Based on the ideology of the neo-conservative , the Christian Right, and the product of a missionary vision drawn from a complex mixture of religious visions, American social -political traditions, strategic interests to dealing with other powers as enemies, waging wars under the pretext of (terrorism) in order to control regional security conflicts, and limiting the competition of major powers, as evidenced by the fact that the United States of America possesses a future defense system based on new technology, capable of interfering with the international system and preventing the emergence of competing forces at the top of the political hierarchy.

The American land was not devoid of inhabitants when it was discovered. Studies have proven that its inhabitants consisted of two elements and they were not residents of the ancient world, and most likely the first section of them crossed the Bering Strait after the end of the Ice Age and it is likely that they belong to the Mongol element to which the Chinese belong, The second element among them is the Native Americans, whose influence extended from the North and South American continents to the surrounding islands complementing its geographical extension, which were known as the West Indies. They migrated to America in successive human waves in search of reasons for life. In the south, the first wave of immigration to America was groups of explorers and adventurers who went searching with the encouragement of the kings and princes of Europe for gold and precious wealth. Then a wave of immigrants came to the new world, consisting of the religiously and politically oppressed in Europe, then the migrations followed and varied in shapes and colors, and only two centuries of time passed until a unique community and a dissonant mixture appeared on the American continent, united by risk and hopes for a degree of stability.
In this way, the American society was formed, so the impact of this group of immigrants to the new land from Africa, Asia, Europe and many countries of the world, and everyone wants to have influence in the new state, which became an important role on the international level in the nineteenth century and had extensive influence and dominance in the twentieth century is still there, so there are many interest groups, pressures, and lobbies that seek to have a say in guiding the political decision-maker in America, especially some of the immigrant nationalities settled in it.

The research aims to know (the teaching experiences of history teachers and their relationship to their job performance). To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher followed the procedures of the descriptive approach in selecting the research sample, as it consisted of (200) teachers and teachers of history in middle, secondary and preparatory schools affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate / The second Rusafa, was chosen in a simple random way.
The researcher later built two research tools, one (for teaching experiences) and the second (for job performance), where the teaching experiences questionnaire consisted of (20) items, and the job performance scale consisted of (32) items, after which the psychometric properties of the questionnaire and the scale were verified as honesty. and stability, and then applied them to the sample members. After analyzing the data statistically, the following results were obtained:
1- History teachers have an acceptable amount of teaching experience.
2- Teachers with teaching experience are more skilled than other teachers in the classroom.
3- History teachers enjoy a high level of job performance, and this is demonstrated by their familiarity with the regulations and laws of the educational institution.
4- The job performance of history teachers is high, and it is clear that the higher the teaching experience, the higher the teachers’ job performance.
5- There is a strong correlation between both variables (teaching experiences and job performance), as the efforts of teaching experiences aim to achieve a radical change in performance, and this is represented by changing the method and tools of work, by empowering teachers.
In light of the results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.