Hammurabi journal for studies

The research aims to study the tribalism in Basrah society after 2003 in order to establish social peace, ephasising that tribalism extends to pre- 2003.Meanwhile, the research distinguishes between the tribe as an origin and tribalism as dogmatism of origin, such as sectarianism, etc The topics studied in the research can be divided into the following: understanding of tribalism, establishing of tribalism, insecurity and tribalism, the economy and tribalism, conflicts of tribes, and tribalism in October 2021 elections. The study method is the integration method, which uses social and historical, as well as political studies. Some of the recommendations and results of the research are the necessity of building a discourse for the state based on the tolerant religious values, peace and legal legislation that prevents intolerance of the tribalism, sect or nationalism,

Since the early nineties, the regional changes have witnessed a number of new transformations, most of which were a reflection of the developments that took place in the international arena. The nature of security reflected negatively on social reality, as many foreign interventions and ambitions emerged that affected the overall future of social peace, whether in Iraq or the region.
In light of the foregoing, and in order to understand the topic of the research, we will divide it according to the binary division into two sections, preceded by an introduction. We will conclude this research with a set of conclusions and suggestions, which are important on both the theoretical and practical levels.

In our research, we try to shed light on the tribe as a social force that has a major role in enhancing the values of solidarity and internal tribal loyalty among its members, which has strengthened a state of tribal retrenchment, and revived tribal fanaticism, Thus, the tribe has become a social field that can be invested in politically, as the political forces began competing to invest in this social unit, which created a state of mutual interests between the politician and the tribe. This, in turn, allowed tribalism to take the lead in social life, and individuals began to resort to it in their conflicts, which contributed to the decline in the power of the state against the strength of the tribe and helped the traditional references such as tribalism, sectarianism, regionalism, and ethnicity to take the lead, the decline of national identity before these sub-identities, reflected negatively on the permanence of stability and balance of social peace.

In the beginning, it is necessary to emphasize an important vital aspect, which is that peaceful discussion is not a theoretical issue in which ideas are presented in their interactive forms and are discussed in the corridors of the arenas that organize the elites to reach powers or recommendations that are left on shelves or in office drawers, but rather that all of this is beneficial. If it does not emulate the pulse of the street, the Iraqi citizen, with its various groups and orientations, has been seeking peaceful coexistence since the start of the lean years in which security and safety were lost. It is a set of dynamic actions that affect the basic degree of the social nature of Iraqi society.
The pains of the past years and the resulting significant decline in the levels of social bonds to build the components of peaceful coexistence, even in varying proportions, has inevitably led to a congestion in all the paths that control societal construction. Therefore, social reconstruction among the demographic components of Iraqi people needs much more effective plans. From his, need for lectures, studies, or researches approved by the theoretic side that is useless at the present time, in addition, the disintegration of peaceful coexistence was not the result of the years under the fall of the regime, but rather it resulted from accumulations created by the nature of the ruling regimes and formed the prevailing relations between the components of society and the differentiation that granted a class, a sect or a race other advantages that made it feel that it rises above the need for peaceful coexistence, as it possesses the tools of domination of the proportions of the general public.
The Iraqi armed forces and internal security forces undertake a lot of tasks that touch on social conditions. Indeed, some of these tasks are almost a vital and important part of creating added capabilities or assistance to build community security that contributes in one way or another to achieving community peace and gives society greater capabilities in the field of peaceful coexistence. Despite this, the Iraqi security and military institution cannot alone, no matter how much capabilities it possesses, be able to achieve social peace, as it is multi-joint, and each joint has its tools in implementation, starting from the family to the school, the university, the clan, the mosque, and non-governmental organizations working in the social fields.

Today، Iraq is witnessing a radical change، represented by the almost complete rebuilding of a new Iraqi state. However, this new establishment was accompanied by a decline in the sense of citizenship and belonging to Iraq, through the rise of a number of sub-loyalties in the list of priorities of the Iraqi citizen and the decline of loyalty to Iraq, and thus the Iraqi citizen is looking for security and stability through the tribe, nationalism and sect, which affected the concept of citizenship, and loyalty to homeland was replaced by loyalty to sect, nationalism and doctrine, which resulted in a number of dangerous indicators that had a profound impact on the foundations of the desire for coexistence among the components of the Iraqi people, which led to the failure to establish the principles of societal peace in Iraq.

The political and military resistance movements have been characterized by their active and significant historical role, in combating the forces of occupation and foreign colonialism, and their existence correlates with the presence of occupation, to take the character of continuity and permanence. As whenever the occupation and invasion of any country or nation is renewed; the resistance movements are renewed with it, which take the struggle of their peoples as a means to achieve liberation and independence, taking one path, or several paths, according to their material and moral capabilities, and the nature and strength of the occupation, they may take the peaceful path in the path of political-civil resistance, as is the case in Mahatma Gandhi’s resistance of the British colonialism in India, or it may adopt the approach of armed resistance in the face of occupation, as is the case in the Algerian resistance of the French colonialism, the Vietnamese resistance of the American occupation, and the Lebanese Hezbollah’s resistance of the Zionist occupation, and it may combine the two paths at the same time, as is the case in the experience of the Iraqi political-military resistance of the US occupation of the country after 2003.

The Russian vision revolves around the expansion of NATO in eastern Ukraine, bordering Russia, especially that NATO began deploying its missiles, although Russia warned Ukraine’s President “Zelensky” that joining NATO would have dire consequences, as a result of which war broke out between the two sides. The United States, the European Commission and The United Kingdom have imposed sanctions on some Russian banks, including the expulsion of some Russian banks from the SWIFT system. These recent measures also include separating Russian banks from the SWIFT system and taking measures to paralyze Russian banking activities from operating globally. There is fear at a global level about the possibility of a war between the United States of America and Russia leading to a state of instability in the entire world, and in the Middle East, especially if a third world war breaks out..

The topic area the paper dealt with are the most important factors that lead to activating the role of Islamic parties in Iraq and the obstacles that prevent them from playing an active and pivotal role in Iraqi political life. They represent the two main sects in Iraq, namely the Iraqi Islamic Party and the Islamic Dawa Party, and follow the emergence of each party and its historical development, and then its effective participation in the political process that followed the collapse of the previous regime in 2003. What are the most prominent obstacles that prevented the development of Islamic political action and then the failure of the two parties meeting the most basic requirements of the Iraqi citizen in terms of services, reconstruction or eliminating corruption, for which political Islam movements have become bearable for its consequences, not to mention the crystallization of a unified Iraqi national project capable of restoring the distortions that befell the Iraqi identity.

The circumstances affecting the implementation of oil licensing contracts were embodied by the Corona pandemic, which ravaged humanity and led to the suspension of all aspects of life, which directly and indirectly affected the implementation of oil licensing contracts in Iraq, as well as the demonstrations that took place in October 2019, as well as the decisions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to reduce Iraq’s production. Exhaustion of foreign companies investing in Iraq as emergency conditions, which required a negotiation in order to restore balance to contracts and resolve the issue without resorting to the means designated to resolve such disputes.

Any effective foreign policy resulting from internal and external variables affecting the formulation of the foreign policy of any country, and to achieve the interests of the state, should take into account the constitutional and legal foundations for its implementation. In light of the challenges and fundamentals it faces at the regional and international levels, the tenets on which the state’s foreign policy is based, and the variables that necessitate taking special measures to deal with crises before they occur, foremost of which are geographical and economic factors.

Relations between the Russian Federation and the United States of America are not characterized by stability, and are often tense. This is due to many factors that do not help the development of these relations. Among the most prominent are international standing, hegemony and control, areas of influence, strategic interests, and others. Russia is seeking to restore the status it lost in light of the fall of the Soviet Union, and the United States of America has not and will not accept the Russian growth at various levels, regionally and internationally. In order to keep the world under its sovereignty. Hence, many problems arise that will intensify the competition for this or that region of the world. What we are witnessing today in Ukraine is a good example of that. The latter is used by the United States of America as a pressure card and a source of threat towards Russia, which is also (Russia) working in turn to restore its strength and will not allow the independent Soviet countries to join NATO or participate in any project that threatens Russian national security.

No doubt those strategic studies are one of the most complex studies in the field of human sciences. Given the intellectual foundations it requires, based in its confirmation, on extensive knowledge in the field of specialization, and that the strategic environment is not without the need for a cognitive awareness of the decision-maker, for the general debate of its details and dimensions, especially the security dimension.
It goes without saying, that the cognitive accumulation of information, data and experiences generates the desired perception in the strategic environment, and from there, the ultimate goal is to create the factors of perceptual correlation between knowledge, which form the basis for achieving the goals, through the manifested strategic construction, by means of translating knowledge. And presenting it to a tangible reality, leading to the security represented by the final outputs, whether it has its positive or negative side.

Disease outbreaks are among the threats that have faced humanity since ancient times, and represented a challenge to its political, health, economic and even social systems. It seems that with every health crisis that afflicts humanity, it brings with it a change in international patterns of dealing, and new means and tools are created to deal with it. In our modern history, the Spanish Flu had its repercussions on the nature of the international system produced by World War II, and was considered among the cross-border threats that should be confronted with the efforts of the international community. The World Health Organization was the real product of this threat, which took upon itself the enforcement of international cooperation as one of the tools to confront health crises. The Corona pandemic (Covid-19) and the accompanying great confusion on an international level, come to illustrate the inability of the current international system to face health crises, and the pandemic showed other levels of international interaction, one of which was one of its images of retreating inward, strengthening the role of the state at the expense of other factors, especially in the first and second waves of the pandemic, February 2020-2021, and represented the picture of the decline in the level of cooperation between countries as a result of closure policies and the disruption of international projects that were necessary, in addition to the fact that the pandemic also revealed how the major countries employed the health crisis politically in their struggle with their competitors (USA, China and Russia). With the global pandemic receding two years after its outbreak and the emergence of other international events such as the US withdrawal from Afghanistan in August 2021 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the health crisis of the Corona pandemic remains an important stop for reconsidering the nature of international relations and the international system.

Pay back debts via a representation is a legal process includes three procedures in which, the debtor "the principal" obtains the consent of the creditor "the lender" through a third party "the representative", who is obligated to pay the debt in place of the debtor, and the representation is not achieved but with a creditor`s approval. The debtor is called the "principal" and the creditor is the "lender". The legal advantage of pay back debits via a "representation" as it is a short way to fulfill liabilities, as well as it minimizes procedures, whereby the principal "the original debtor" is being a debtor to a third party who is authorized to fulfill the debit instead of the principal, in addition to, that the full representation process is a way to terminate liabilities via which, the debtor`s liability towards the creditor is terminated as soon as the representation is awarded, as the new debtor becomes liable to fulfill the obligation. There is another type of representation called "incomplete representation", which considered as a way to confirm the assurance in front of the creditor, on the other hand, it is considered as an additional guaranty to a creditor whereupon, two debtors become liable toward the creditor who has the right to demand any of them to fulfill the liability without a specific arrangement in the said demand, and both of them shall not demand to pay via deprivation. We can find herein, the significant interest achieved via a deprivation in fulfill obligation by a representation, if the representative`s liability before the principal is nulled due to illegal reason, cause or was a revocable due to unfaithful intention or if it is terminated upon any reason, or if it is subjected to unexecuted then, the creditor`s right will not be affected, and the principal has no right to demand with a way of payment or revocation in front of the creditor where the later has the right to insist on them against the principal provided that, the creditor shall have a good faith, and not to make a use of a deprivation if he acknowledged the reason revocation in this concern or if there is a bad intention of the principal`s will when contracting. The Iraqi Project has organized the process of the principal`s deprivation in Article (407) of the Iraqi Civil Law, which corresponding its counterpart in Article (361) of Egyption Civil Law and Article (1336) of French Civil Law.

The internal structure of the Ethiopian society is characterized by the presence of various Abyssinian elements, these groups are semi-negro, and some of them are linked to neighboring countries intertwined in their ethnic extension, and there are other groups from sources that are difficult to know, especially that they have relations related to the structure of the political system in terms of the exercise of power in it, and the legitimacy of the system. This internal social structure has a significant impact on the structure and stability of the political system.

The sacred legislator has classified the deeds after the text was received with the rules and directives of the discourse to the deeds of the commissioned into three categories, and the mujtahids and jurists differentiate between them in terms as being judged regardless of the non –verbal that there is no ruling, and at other times it follows from what the fundamentalists and jurists said where they cited the speech because it is not restricted and then it indicates on the intent of ruling on things and deeds that the legislator remained silent about after the ruling was received, so that the order becomes: either the permission is the act and the permissibility in the sense of allowing, or the wisdom of the mind to punish for something without making it clear to the commissioned, i.e. not to blame him, or to say the originality of the prohibition is that the deed is ugly and it is not permissible to do anything prohibited.