Athar al-rafedain

We do have many Musuli buildings and their architectural elements from the Islamic Periods which challenged all types of environment and accurately performed their function . This is due to their environment and structural treatment . This was achieved because the architect depended on special architectural bases which now come under pure sciences, such as Architectural Engineering and civil Engineering, Physics, Geology, Chemistry, Optics, ets. This is being explained in this research.

rooms. Archives of cuneforms tablets were found in both palaces, but library of Ashurbanipal forms an universal epigraphic sources for current
knolleged Mesopotamian history. The excavation taken place in the beginning of the last century by L. King , C. thompson and M. Mallowan explored the chronology of Kuyngik:
1. 6000 B.C first settlement of Nineveh (NI).
2. 3 rd. and 2nd. millinya B.C ,Nineveh is a religious center.
3. 9th century B.C ,large architectural projects starte in Nineveh with the rise of Assyrian power.
4. the last settlement at Nineveh are abouned 612 B.C. with Nineveh, the capital of the Assiryian empire there are two Tells, Kuynjik and Nabi Yunis. Of these only Kuynjik has been explored, because there is a Muslm shrine detected to profet Nabi Yunis on the top of the site. A majer site of particular importans to those interest in archaeolojg of northern Iraq.1820, Nineveh is mapped by British archaeolojgiest Rich ,and started excavation in a small scale at kuynjik.1843 E. Botta Frinich, started his investigation at the upper level of Kuynjik. 1845-51, the palace of Sennachreeb is discovered by A. layared and H Rassam, which comprised at least 80
5. Nineveh decline although occupation of the site continued throught the Selucid and Parthian period.
University of Mosul colledge of Archacology started excavation at Kuynjik October 2011.

Axis search is a plant Myrtle, one of the oilseed aromatic plant, old even at the present time, one of the plants that were planted all over the ancient Near East and Mediterranean and Middle East regions, and called by different names, which usually grows in wet areas, and plant myrtle evergreen shrub, aromatic scent oasis
Myrtle, had been mentioned in the Sumerian and Akkadian Cuneiform Texts, especially, the Lexical, Economic and Literary Texts, from different eras and more than a label Sumerian, however, in texts, Akkadian Word (Œaman asi) a label Arab itself, moreover the Ancient Iraqis knew the myrtle oil extraction, and they used it in medicine, religious beliefs, social purposes and for torch and decorate spaces in homes, gardens and other some of which are still known and used to this day.

Bribery is one of the serious corrupt practices from which the societies suffered from time immemorial to the present day, taking into consideration the consequences that lead to the destruction of the moral, social, and economical aspects of the society, to the extent that it became a general phenomenon in the daily activities, The texts and the related legal documents, although they were not available in sufficient quantity, showed the important role played by the ancient Iraqi kings and governors to stop this phenomenon and to pass legal judgments against those who were accused of practicing bribery, some of which attained to the penalty of death. Although the ancient written Iraqi laws concerning the subject of bribery made no mention of this phenomenon for reasons which we ignore, we understand from the items mentioned in Hammurabi's code law that practising bribery was forbidden and that the Iraqi legislator inflicted deterrent punishment on those who misused their administrative authorities and this is found under the items (5 ,33, and 34). In addition to that, king Hammurabi himself used to scrutinize the matters related to bribery and he expected that conniving at it and avoiding

In 1990 an Iraqi Expedition excavated at Tell Wirish which is situated in the province of Al-Qadisiyah, 25 km to the northeast of the city of Afak where they found two layers : the latest one dated to the Early Islamic period & the older was dated to the Old Babylonian period (Kingdom of Larsa) according to the clay tablets which was found there. All the texts was Economic and dated with the years of the Region of four kings of Larsa: Abe-Sari, Sumu-el, Nur -Adad & Sen-Idinnam. The text that has been studied here is one of those texts, it was silver loan with interest and it's Dating- Formula was the most important phrase in it.

The cuneiform texts relevant to the medicine and treatment reflected what indicates that the style of fumigation was one of the remedial style which was used in ancient Iraq for treatment of many disease cases or contribution to their treatment. Irrespective of the reasons which caused the diseases and the look of the ancient Iraqis to that point; therefore the treatment by fumigation was also included with the styles of the priest (Ašipu), and the treatment of the physician Asū, the medical treatment.
Because of the prevailing thinking previously with the population of Mesopotamia that the disease in its first origin was that the act of the gods because of their anger with the human who committed an ignominious sin them or encroached on their sanctities, or disobeyed his parents, or committees a sin against his brothers or against one of the members of his family or clan, or other religious reasons; hence the gods were dominating the evil spirits over him which cams the diseases, and that these diseases as they think were not treated firstly but by expel those evil spirits from the human's body; therefore one of the important means they thought in treatment and expelling those evil spirits was through fumigation and spreading of incenses near to the patient or in his environ in which he lives, as many relevant cuneiform texts showed to the priest practices and rituals for treatment. In addition, fumigation according to the Babylonian texts and treatment prescriptions was one of the medical styles of (Asū) the role of which started to be clear in treatment independently since the beginning of the second millennium B.C., whereas many of those texts bestowed upon us with what indicated that the style of fumigation was used for treatment many disease cases beginning from the head to the two feet. Some of them were irrelevant to the feet, diseases of head, eyes, ears, chest, stomach, then urinary diseases, also the states of poisoning. Those prescriptions showed that the style of treatment by using fumigation was according to the nature of the disease state and its development. The use of this style is not restricted in the treatment to the Mesopotamians only, but an analogue was found also in the ancient Egyptian medicine and other medicine of the ancient nation it is still used until now to treat many of the various disease cases.
Therefore; lights are shed on this subject, whereas this research was divided up into four axes, the first axis dealt with the origin of derivation of the word fumigation and its meanings in the two languages Arabic and Akkadian. The second axis included the uses of fumigation in the religious rituals and the practices of the priests relevant to the remedy. Then, the third axis has concentrated on examples of the medical prescriptions relevant to the treatment of the diseases by means of fumigation. Besides, the fourth one included the style used in treatment some diseases by fumigation and the ways of its uses at present.

In studying textiles, we must rely on the tablets carved in relief, these tablets ornamented the walls and halls and chambers of palaces as well as murals. These activities had been implemented at the various buildings, especially palaces in Mesopotamia. The cuneiform texts are considered as the main sources of our knowledge of the cloth, costumes and ornaments with different colors.Our research deals with several themes, as we dealt with fabrics as well as a label for textiles industry. It is important to add that textile industry pass through different stages such as fabrics, polishing, sealing and package. Moreover, we came across different kinds of cloth namely wool, linen and silk. More light has been shed on the uses of cloth, as it is known it is used for the manufacture of the head dress, coats, belts and military uniforms and packaging bags and luggage. The present research discusses the scenes carried out by using fabrics, because they include a variety of topics, including plant, animal and finally we talk about the textile trade.

The city of Mosul ,the ancient Arab city, had a prominent and important role in human life and civilization since ancient prehistoric eras. Its origins returned to a local civilization originated and developed after joining the Islamic Arab state in 16A.H. – 637A.D. at the time of Caliph al-Farouk Omar bin al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him), when the Masjid Al-Jama’ and Dar al-Emarah had been established which represented the most prominent architectural works in the city of Mosul as a religious, political and administrative aspects according to the plan adopted by the Muslims in all the cities that had been opened and freed . Thus, Mosul city had received the care and intention of the governors ,princes and rulers who had ruled it successively since the first Islamic conquer .It witnessed the development and progress during Umayyad and Abbasid eras to attain and advanced position of government , administration and leadership during the Ottoman conquest of the Orient Islamic part that extended to all Iraqi cities in general and especially Mosul city over four centuries of ruling this city. The city has witnessed positive changes and significant developments in various aspects of administration, society, service and health, particularly after the foundation of first municipality in Mosul city, which is complementary to the regulatory campaigns carried out by the governor of Mosul Mohammad Aengih Bayrakdar to improve the conditions of the city administratively and politically. This is crystallized by establishing a special department of the municipality of Mosul at the head of the old bridge near Mosul internal Ige Castle in the southern part of ancient Mosul city, Hospital was established at Bab Sinjar, and opening places for receiving patients and the poor, The Work Department was established, and Post Office was established, Medical department of municipal, House of Hospitality (Al-Musafir Khana), The Court of Justice was re-established after being transformed from its old position, and establishing Islamic Awqaf Department within Al-Ahmadia Building after being transported from its old position, In addition, And Establishing civil status department in Mosul in Al-Thalmah Quarter, Opening Police Station at the entrance of Al-Najafi Street (The General Station) for Police Station represented office of prisons, office of passports and office of traffic .And establishing the board of commerce and agriculture and chamber of commerce at Al-Korneesh Street.

The throne chair is of the most outstanding throne samples in ancient Iraq in the Neo-Assyrian period.
The Assyrian artist was very skillful in depicting a large number of throne figures on various surfaces like the wall sculptures that decorated the walls of the Assyrian palaces halls. The throne chair of king Sin-ahhi- ereba is one of the most prominent thrones with regard to its style and decoration. It follows the style of the high Assyrian thrones which are decorated with many ornamented easements of various significations. The most common among these elements are the human fingers and the upside done pine element.

The Assyrian royal texts are considered one of the most important texts developed in the Assyrian ages, taking their style from the Sumerians and Babylonians. They were mostly written on stone and that continued till the modern Assyrian age.
The Assyrian kings paid attention to this type of writings, which was not directed to the King's subjects, friends, and enemies. These writings were not unconcealed, yet they were hidden in secret places, because they were directed to the gods in the first place, as the King was regarded to be the gods' representative on earth.
Finally, this tablet is considered one of the tablets the city of Assyria had had; then it was excavated through the organized archaeological work in the late 2011.

The subject of the humanitarian extent in the policy of the Assyrian Kings is one of the important and sensitive topics in studying and analyzing a vital and important aspect of the political era of The Assyrian State. This piece of work sheds light on the humanitarian extents, like indulgence, mercy, kindness, justice and equivalence, which were adopted by the Assyrian lungs during their military expeditions towards states, kingdoms and other neighboring or remote peoples. This study aims at correcting the deformed theme expressed by some foreigner researchers that called Assyrians with unpleasant characteristics depending on the monarchial texts which did not express the true aspect of the military expeditions, even that was within the orders of Assyrian kings, since the aim of such expeditions was firstly informational. Moreover, this study affirms that the humanitarian aspect was still inseparable from the policy of the Assyrian kings during their military expeditions towards their neighboring and remote states, That will be approved obviously throughout submitting the textual concerning evidences, though many foreigner researchers purposed to hide this vital important aspect in their researches. Nevertheless, their point of view on the Assyrian policy was single and from one side, and their concentration was on the negatives only without shedding lights on the positives.

The profession of hairdressing is, as it is the case in the present time, an important career like the rest of other professions in the ancient history of Iraq. The person who experienced this career was known as (Gallaba) a hair cut accompanied with hair rituals.
What is more, the barber was responsible for cutting the nails, besides cutting the hair. In these cases, there were special washing rituals during this process. The barber did not only practise this profession but he accompanied the physician i.e. the surgeon especially during the cases which required surgical treatment. There is a great similarity between the work of barbers and surgeons, and of course there are evidences which confirm this close relation. It is easy to find the legal texts mentioned both of them altogether or the mention of barbers comes immediately after the physician. The importance of barber in the old Iraqi society is very obvious because the barbers were mentioned in the cuneiform texts especially in the Code of Hammurabi. His obligations are known in that time especially concerning the slaves because the barber was responsible for putting a distinctive mark for the slaves in order to distinguish them from the free people and he was also responsible for removing such mark according to special orders. This activity required a skillful surgery and this work was considered as an important thing because the slave will be liberated from bondage. For this reason the ancient Iraqi legislators put very severe sanctions against any breach of such rules.
As it is the case in our modern time, there were some women who were engaged in this profession as is clear from many sources. In fact, there are some cuneiform texts which were discovered confirmed that there were some women who exercised this profession at that time. These texts also provided us with important information about what was used by the barbers as tools for their profession such as knives, lames and some other tools because models of them were found during the excavations. From the preceding, we can conclude that the hairstyle of the person in the history of ancient Iraq indicates his identity, his status, his importance and his social status. The priests had special hairstyle and they were always shaved ,the kings had also special hairstyle. In fact, all the social classes had hairstyles distinguishing them one from the other. Finally, because of the importance of this profession we can notice that Arab historians such as Ibn Mandhoor has mentioned it besides the Glorious Qu'ran and the Sunnah.

The artistical ornamentation works of the bronze bands on the wooden gates of the Assyrian age are clear proofs about the development of the art at the Assyrian Age.
The archaeological prospectors found clear proofs about decoration of the wooden gates with prominent bands made of bronze metal, Some pieces of the bronze bands have been found in most of the Assyrian main cities which belong to the last Assyrian age (911-612 B.C.) in Balawat, Nimrud, Khursibat & Ashur. Also some samples have been found in Tal Haddad in Himreen basin. The importance of this study is represented by founding some archaeological proofs which proved by uniform writing mention that this type of decoration has been erected since the age of the Assyrian king Adad Nirari the first (1305-1274 B.C.) and then these decorations were spread out through the last Assyrian age and continue to the last Babylon age.
These works of art represent an important civilization period which affect on the newer works of art in execution and Experience. These bands decorated by war battles, Lions and oxen hunt scenes and demonstration of gifts presenting to king. The study of the Assyrian gates is one of the main important sources for the study of art and history of the Assyrian civilization

Livestock, including cattle are of great importance in the economic life in ancient Iraq, most notably they made use of their products, especially meat, milk, leather, wool and others. In this concern, it was among the priorities of the ancient Iraqis, especially the ancient kings, to overse the organization of pens for cattle and fattening them. This study shed some light on the pens of fattening cattle in the city of Larsa during the Old Babylonian Period. Perhaps this study will take its share in more detailed studies in the future ; because these pens are as important as those of Buserh Dakan (Drhemm) for cattle, from the period of Ur III. The present research consists of several sections because the texts of this study are confiscated for the benefit of the Iraqi Museum. The first section dealswith the ownership of the site of these texts as well determining the length of the period of time belonging to it. Then followed by the second section which includes the contents of the texts that were classified as BA. ZI. As for the third one, we have given a brief summary of the pens for fattening the cattle in the city of Larsa. Finally, The research ended with the reading of the cuneiform texts with their photocopies and photos.

In 1999 a collection of archaeological pieces were seized at the Iraq - Jordan borders its number is (1016) pieces most of them are cuneiform texts. These pieces were confiscated for the benefit of the SBAHO (Iraqi Museum). I have had a permission to study five of them which belong to the Akkadian period (2371-2230 BC). The reason for our choice comes out of the extreme importance of this period in the history of ancient Iraq. This dynasty was united and established the first kingdom in Mesopotamia with the efforts of the centralized authority of King Sargon of Akkad (2371-2316). His reign was considered as a new prosperous era when the country saw a real progress in administrative, political, commercial and military fields. Moreover, the importance of these texts comes from the fact that these texts are from the southern part of Mesopotamia known as Sumer. These texts were written in Sumerian language during the Akkadian rule which confirms the peaceful coexistence between population namely (Sumerians and Akkadians). So we hope that this study will be a new addition to other studies related to the texts of this period. The number of texts of this research is five texts with economic implications related to grain and animals as well as other materials. Because of the fact that these texts were confiscated, we ought to identifying the ownership of the texts and finding out the geographic location come from them and then determining the period of the texts. We add general comments related to the writing of these texts and their language. We explain the Latin and Arabic reading, the Arabic translation and the general meaning of the texts as well as some notes for each text. Finally we attach the photocopies of the texts...

Excavation works indicate that Ninavah's history dates back to early periods beyond the fifth thousand B.C. according to the indicators of the pottery study which was discovered in it.
It had been dwelled in since that date and continued through the next periods. The city's name "Ninavah" was mentioned in the cuneiform texts from early periods beyond the third thousand B.C.. The use of this designation continued in the early dynasty of Sumerian, Akkadian ages which followed by the third Dynasty of period. Although, Assyrians didn't take Ninavah as a capital for them throughout one thousand year after they settled in Assyrian country at the beginning of the second thousand B.C., then took it as a capital in the latest second thousand B.C.. This research showed some indicators which reflect that this city had the kings concern, first of all the Akkadians and the kings of the third Ur ancestry, and then the Babylonians.
This concern continued and Ninavah's city had been paid a large attention by the Assyrians kings during the old and middle Assyrian period (2000-911) B.C.. According to what was reported from the royal annuals, this concern represented in building temples, walls, ziggurates and palaces.
In addition, it had been paid attention economically. At that time, the city had become an important commercial center.

Mosul is one of the most important cities which is know by its civilized communication since the oldest historical periods. This is what we noted in many archaeological and hertige traditional buildings, particularly those related to Ottoman periods including residential houses, Some of them still existed as an evidence of position and glory of the city and its Descendants ability to invent in order to assure the connection with the first roots of Mesopotamia civilization.One of these houses is (Hamid Ameen House),which we study; this houses kept the artistic models and architectural methods which were followed in building houses in Ottoman periods. Its plan was unique one composed of two parts, one part was devoted to women known as a forbidden place and the second one is devoted to guests known as (diwan khana),they were connected by a path ordom covered a semi-cylinder tunnel. In this study, we deal with the second part devoted, because connecting oath between the two parts had been canceled and each part had become an independent house.
This part distinguished with many features:
1- Its entry was in the middle of the house front, that this entry lead directly to the house yard without being faced by deviation
2- The land flour contained a big room devoted for receiving guests -this room took the place of "Ewan" which was existed in most Ottoman houses.
3- There was no kitchen in this part because it was existed in the first part which was devoted to women.
4-It contained a cellar where two rooms built on it. it also contained a small cellar, it had a door at its end leading to the outside and was used in the emergent condition
5- The architecture, when he built it, depends largely on two elements: the semi –circle ordom cellar in ceiling and the semi- circle arch to carry the ceiling, because of the importance of these two elements and their dealing with many constructing problems.

The City of Mosul acquired many of religious, scientific, service, residential, and defensive buildings, many of them are exposure to extinction by status of limitations of time and sometimes to vandalism and what's left is going to disappear or change its original features, which promoted us to address one of architectural element of those buildings, it is (doing wudoo) in the Ottoman period, and because of the importance of that element from archaeological and functional side, so it had been addressed by the study, not only based on archaeological studies and library references but depending on the scientific method in the field study and visit the related mosques. The study did not depend on the description only, but the study of every doing wudoo in its planning and design in its architectural and artistic elements with the comparisons between them and the similar antiques. Because there are (doings wudoo), the researchers disagreed in its date, and there were no attempts to prove their dates, so we made an effort to get the approximate date depending on our view to these (doings wudoo). The research has drawings and photos made by the researcher and they are published for the first time.
Doing wudoo was distinguished by a architectural structure consisting of basin and a pottery intermediate this basin, topped by dome based on the columns. It was supplied b water through the well by waterwheels and water is discharged through waterways. It was established in the opposite direction of the Qibla in the north of the mosque. Constructional, geometric arabesque and inscriptions were applied on the doing wudoo

The Babylonians introduced the greatest of civilizational achievements in the history of mankind in different branches of knowledge, especially mathematics, because it is the language of sciences and the basis upon which the other sciences are built, such as astronomy, physics, chemistry, geometry and etc….Actually, the achievement, that took place in Mesopotamia are regarded as the cornerstone of all inventions that appeared in different adjacent countries and in later different periods. Also, the remains and the information that came down to us underline the greatness of this people and the originality of this civilization(1). Because of this development, we preferred to focus on a type of mathematics which is seen as one of the natural consequences of the economic and intellectual development in Mesopotamia. Despite its initial steps which are considered experimental knowledge, it Later took important steps towards discovering a number of scientific facts that resulted from the abstract theoretical meditations