Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The research aims to estimate the economic efficiency (EE) and its components—technical efficiency (TE) and allocative efficiency (AE)—of date orchard farmers in Salah al-Din Governorate, Al-Dhuluiyah District, for the agricultural season (2022-2023). Using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method for each orchard in the sample, the research data was collected through a questionnaire specifically prepared for this study. The random sampling method was employed for field data collection, resulting in a sample of 160 orchards.The analysis results indicated that the average technical efficiency (TE) on the input side, assuming constant returns to scale for the total sample, was 0.82, while the average technical efficiency (TE) on the output side, with variable returns to scale, was 0.80. The average allocative efficiency (AE) on the input side, considering variable returns to scale for the total sample, was 0.85. The average economic efficiency (EE) on the input side, with variable returns to scale for the total sample, amounted to 0.81.The research concluded with several findings, the most significant being that the lower value of economic efficiency (0.81) alongside the higher value of technical efficiency (0.95) for the total sample indicates the potential to achieve better results with the same resources or to attain the same results with fewer resources, provided that expertise is available.

The study was conducted in a non-air-conditioned plastic house located in the nursery of the Horticulture and Forestry/ Department of Plant Production / Al-Najaf Agriculture Directorate. The study was observed from (1/11/2021) to (1/6/2022). Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was adopted as a factorial experiment (3*3) with three replications in each treatment. The first studied factor was three concentrations of Iron that were 0, 50, and 75 mg.L-1 while the second factor was three concentrations of copper (H2O5.CuSO4) that were (0,5, and 10) mg.L-1. The interactions between the factors were also studied. The study included 27 experimental units, every experimental unit has 10 plants within. The means of the properties were analyzed using the Genstat statistical analysis program. Dunkin's multiple range test at the probability level 0.05 was used to compare the means.
The most important results can be summarized as follows:
1- Foliar application of iron at a concentration of 75 mg.L-1 increased the characteristics of leaf content of total chlorophyll, carbohydrate content in leaves, total sugar in the fruit, the leaf content of protein, and the leaf content of nitrogen. These were superior to record 10.15 mg.100 g fresh weight-1, 13.4 mg.g dry weight-1, 15.4 g.100 g fresh weight-1, 7.04%, and 2.61% compared to the control treatment which gave the lowest value of 5.87 mg.100 g fresh weight-1, 8.4 mg.g dry weight-1, 13.7 g.100 g fresh weight-1, 6.87%, and 2.41% respectively.

2- Foliar application of copper at a concentration of 10 mg.L-1 increased the characteristics of leaf content of total chlorophyll, carbohydrate content in leaves, total sugar in the fruit, the leaf content of protein, and the leaf content of nitrogen. these scord10.15 mg.100 g fresh weight-1, 13.4 mg.g dry weight-1, 15.4 g.100 g fresh weight-1, 7.04%, and 2.61% compared to the control treatment which gave the lowest value of 5.87 mg.100 g fresh weight-1, 8.4 mg.g dry weight-1, 13.7 g.100 g fresh weight-1, 6.87%, and 2.41% respectively.
Keyword: Copper, Iron, Strawberry, foliar application

This study was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of adding Zahdi date pit powder in different concentrations to yoghurt on the chemical, physical and sensory properties of the product. The prepared Zahdi date pit powder was used in proportions of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%, respectively. The chemical tests included measuring the percentage of moisture, protein, carbohydrates, fat, and ash, in addition to the percentage of total acidity and pH, while the rheological tested were hardness, cohesion, and flexibility. Sensory evaluation of parameters was also conducted. Yogurt samples treated with date pit powder showed a decrease in the level of moisture over the length of the storage period and an increase in the percentage of protein, carbohydrates and ash compared to the control sample that was without addition. As for the rheological tests, there was a discrepancy in the results of the treatments when compared to the control treatment. The addition rate of 0.5% date pit powder had higher properties than all other treatments, especially in the ability of holding water and spontaneous whey excretion. It was more acceptable in terms of sensory evaluation, as it greatly improved the characteristics of texture, texture, taste, and flavor, in addition to containing good antioxidant properties, especially in the inhibition test. DPPH radical.

Keywords: Antioxidants, Date pit powder, DPPH, Food, Yoghurt

A seasonal study was done of food and feeding habitat for Shaboot, Arabibarbus grypus and common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 at three different sites (S1, S2 and S3) from a section of Tigris River in Al-Khalis District, Diyala Governorate for the period from winter 2022/2023 to autumn 2023. The present results showed slight changes in the food components for two fish species. Nine main groups of food components were recorded for fish stomach during the study period, represented by insects and their larvae, mollusca, zooplankton, algae, diatoms, aquatic plants, crustaceans, organic detritus, and finally sand and clay. The quarterly results of examining of food components indicated the
Shaboot was carnivorous. Food animal components were recorded highest total percentage of 69.1% at S1, whereas, decreased and similar at S1 and S3 with total percentages of 59.7% and 59.1%, respectively. Fish feeding intensity and activity were varied during different seasons, with the highest values of feeding intensity of 17.2 during winter, 15.6 during spring, and 16.2 during autumn with 100% feeding activity for sites S1, S2, and S3, respectively. While, these values were decrease during summer and recorded the lowest of feeding intensity and activity of 14.5 and 98% at S1, 13.8 and 92.3% at S2 and 14.3 and 96% at S3. Common carp was omnivorous, with fluctuating ratio of animal and plant food components at three sites. Fishes showed performance animal food components within total of 47.6% and 48.7% at S1 and S3 respectively. While, fishes at S2 tend to plant food within a total of 49.1%. Feeding intensity and activity values for fishes were decrease during winter at S1 of 13.5 with 95.3% and at S1of 14.0 with 96.5%. Whereas, increasing in values were showed during spring season and recorded of 16.5 with 100% at S1and 17.0 with 100% at S2. Fishes (both species?) at S3 showed a difference in feeding intensity and activity feeding and recorded the lowest values during summer for feeding intensity of 95.0 and activity was 98% whereas, these values increased during autumn season of 17.with 100% for feeding intensity and activity respectively .
Keywords: feeding intensity and activity, fish food habitat, freshwater fish.

The study included crop cultivation Zea mays L in Al-Muthanna Governorate / Al-Majd District during the 2023-2024 agricultural season The study aimed effect of inoculation with local isolates of Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria and levels of chelated iron on the growth and yield (Zea maysL(. .The study included conducting a laboratory experiment which included the isolation and identification of Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria from the rhizosphere soil. The experiment was applied in (R.C.B.D.) The first factor represented the biovaccine with three isolates of A. chroococcum bacteria and was given the Symbols S0, S1, S2, S3, and the second factor was adding levels of chelated iron fertilizer 0, 8,16 kg h-1, and was given Symbols F0, F1, F2. The results of the statistical analysis showed significant differences (P≤0.05) between the studied traits, Where isolation S3 excelled, namely the chlorophyll content, weight of 500 seeds, grain yield, dry weight, concentration Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron in the plant, and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron ready in the soil and the number of Azotobacter bacteria .The treatment of adding chelated iron F2 fertilizer outperformed and recorded the highest values in each of the weight of 500 grains, grain yield, dry weight, concentration, phosphorus and potassium. And iron in the plant, and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and ready iron in the soil. The S3F2 The overlap coefficient excelled in each of the weight of 500 grains, grain yield, the concentration of phosphorus and iron in the plant, and the ready concentration of nitrogen in the soil.
Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum, Chelated iron, Zea mays L

This study was conducted in 2023–2024 at the Agriculture Faculty of Al-Qasim Green College in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture. To investigate the effect of growth regulators and sodium chloride on the vegetative indicators of vinca rose in vitro, the experiment included two factors, the first factor Nacl at four concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150) mmol.L-1 and the second factor three types of growth regulators ( putrescine , melatonin and brassinolide) at a concentration of 0.5 mg.L-1 , in addition to the comparison treatment. As a factorial experiment with two factors, ten repetitions, and a completely randomized design (CRD). The average number of shoots, percent dry weight, and chlorophyll content of the shoots were all outperformed by the sodium chloride concentration of 0 mmol.L-1, whereas the average length of the shoots was outperformed by the concentration of 50 mmol.L-1. While the results showed a significant excelled of the growth regulators, the treatment with 0.5 mg.L-1 melatonin gave the haste average of the number and length of shoots, the percentage of dry weight, and the chlorophyll content of the shoots. The interaction between the experimental factors also had a significant effect on the indicators studied, as the interaction treatment of 50 NaCl and 0.5 melatonin was superior in the average number and length of shoots, and the treatment of 0 NaCl and 0.5 melatonin was superior in the percentage of dry weight and chlorophyll content of shoots.
Keywords: plant tissue culture , Melatonin, Putrescine, Brassinolide, stress.

A field experiment was executed in the winter season (2023-2024) in mid-November 2023 at the Agricultural Research Station associated with the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University in the Al-Bandar region, aimed at investigating the response of barley genotypes to varying levels of humic acid, employing a split-plot arrangement within a randomized block design. Humic acid was administered at four concentrations (0, 30, 50, 70) L/ha in the mine plots. The sub-plots comprised four genotypesincluding the indigenous variety Ibaa 256. The results were as follows:
The statistical analysis results indicated that the third concentration of humic acid H3 (70 L/ha)exhibited superior chlorophyll content, measuring 41.89 SPAD, The H2 concentration also outperformed the highest number of grains per spike, reaching 42.64, and it did not differ significantly from the H3 concentration, with the highest number of grains per spike, reaching
The statistical analysis results indicated that the fourth genotype had greater chlorophyll content, measuring 41.46, whereas the first genotype shown superiority in grain count, achieving 43.83 grains spike-1.
The H3×G4treatment exhibited greater chlorophyll content, attaining a value of 44.20, while the H3×G1 treatment demonstrated superiority in the number of grains per spike, achieving 48.22 grains spike-1.

Interesting in dairy products fortified with fruits that have nutritive and healthy benefits increase globally, therefore the current study is focused to study the physicochemical properties, sensory evaluation and antioxidant activity of yogurt fortified with liquid extract of three kinds of local fruits including pomegranate, orange, and grape. The three kinds of selected fruits are characterized by their various phenolic compounds which contribute to their antioxidant activity, their high nutrition values and flavor. Three ratios (5, 10, and 15%) of liquid extract of each kind of fruit were prepared to mix with yogurt. Chemical Analysis of the yogurt samples include fat, protein, total solids, Ash, carbohydrate, and acidity beside pH. The rheological tests include the determination of yogurt gel hardness and syneresis. Antioxidant activity determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl2-picryl hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity. Sensory parameters included flavor, body and texture, appearance, and overall acceptability. The results show significant differences among the samples in the most of the chemical properties, adding fruit extract to yogurt cause decrease in fat, protein, total solids percentage, and increase their acidity. Regarding to rheological properties adding pomegranate and grape juice had negative effect on the hardness of the yoghurt and increased of its syneresis, however orange juice had a positive effect on hardness of the yoghurt samples. All fruit fortified yogurt samples shows antioxidant activity and 15% grape juice yogurt showed the highest antioxidant capacity among the other treatments. Regarding to sensory evaluation, orange-fortified yogurt gained the highest scores by panelists in appearance and body texture, whereas grape-fortified yogurt gained the highest scores in flavor.
Keywords: Flavored Yogurt, Physicochemical ,Antioxidant, Sensory Evaluation.

A pot experiment was done in one of the plastic houses at Baqubah Nursery, Directorate of Diyala Agriculture, in the season of 2023-2024 to find out how the vitamins, thiamine and riboflavin, as well as humic and fulvic acids, affected some flowering traits of Matthiola incana. The thiamine spraying at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 significantly increased the inflorescence length, reaching 46.08 cm. The riboflavin spray treatment at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 significantly increased the number of inflorescences in the plant, the inflorescence diameter, and the fresh and dry weight of the inflorescence, reaching 1.96 inflorescence plant-1, 6.91 cm, 52.34 g, and 13.70 g, respectively. The addition of 1 g L-1 of humic acid and 0.5 g L-1 of fulvic acid together significantly increased the number of inflorescences in the plant, their diameter, their length, and total carbohydrates in the inflorescence, reaching 1.91 inflorescence plant-1, 6.70 cm, and 46.00 cm, and 40.53%, respectively. The interaction between the humic acid 1 g L-1 + fulvic acid 0.5 g L-1 and the riboflavin 100 mg L-1 showed a significant superiority in the number of inflorescences and fresh and dry weight of inflorescence, which reached 3.00 inflorescence plant-1, 56.42 g, and 14.51 g, respectively. The interaction between the fulvic acid 0.5 g L-1 and the riboflavin 100 mg L-1 showed a significant superiority in the inflorescence diameter, which reached 7.30 cm. The interaction between the humic acid 1 g L-1 + fulvic acid 0.5 g L-1 and the thiamine 200 mg L-1 showed a significant superiority in the inflorescence length, which reached 48.58 cm. The interaction between the treatment of adding fulvic acid 0.5 g L-1 and the thiamine 200 mg L-1 showed a significant superiority in the percentage of total carbohydrates in the inflorescence, as it reached 45.33%.
Keywords. Matthiola incana, vitamins, humic acid

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of adding vitamin C with yeast S. cerevisiae on some blood traits. The experiment lasted for 60 days starting from 10/11/2023 until 10/1/2024. In a closed rotary culture system affiliated to the Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Animal Production Technologies/Al-Musayyab Technical College/Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University. On fingerlings of common carp fish at a rate of 0.60±14.5 g. The results of the analysis showed significant differences between the experimental treatments and the control treatment T1, as treatment T2 excelled in RBC cell values, followed by treatment T3, while it was noted that with the increase in yeast treatment T4, RBC cell values decreased to 2.31 million / µl. The results of the white blood cell analysis showed that treatment T2 was significantly excelled (P≤0.01) on all other treatments at a rate of 26.21×103/ml3. It was noted that increasing the amount of yeast in treatments T3 and T4 led to a decrease in the number of white blood cells. As for the results of the hemoglobin HB analysis and PVC volume, the T3 and control treatments were significantly excelled (P≤0.01) to the other treatments. As for measuring the total protein level (TP), the results showed significant differences in favor of the three experimental treatments compared to control treatment. Treatment T4 recorded a significant improvement (P≤0.05), reaching 3.55 mg/dl. While no significant differences were recorded between treatments T2 and T3 compared to the control. While the results of blood sugar measurement showed that treatment T2 was significantly excelled (P≤0.01) at a rate of 45.10 mg/dL, compared to treatments T3 and T4, which in turn excelled on the control treatment. While the results of cholesterol analysis showed that treatment T3 was significantly excelled (P≤0.01) compared to the other treatments with an average of 141.0 mg/dL, while treatment T4 recorded a significant decrease in cholesterol levels at a rate of 125.0 mg/dL, which in turn led to the experimental treatments recording a significant decrease in triglyceride levels (glycerides) compared to the control treatment, which recorded high values of 194.50 mg/dL.

This study conducted from October, 2023, to April, 2024, at Agriculture College/ University of Al-Qasim Green, aimed to characterize morphological and dimensional variations among local duck populations in central and southern Iraq. seventy ducks (18 males and 52 females) were randomly selected and bred for five months. Eight morphological traits ( eye colour, eyelid colour, feather colour, bill edge colour, body structure, bill colour, bill shape, and leg vein colour) were assessed,additionally, nine morphophonemic measurements (body weight, body length, body circumference, wing length, bill length, neck length, leg length, thigh length, and tarsus length) were analysed. Statistical and descriptive methods were employed to analyse the results.The findings revealed uniformity (100% similarity) in bill shape and eye colour across all individuals, characterized by a consistent black eye colour and regular bill shape throughout the flock. Feather colour exhibited approximately 58% similarity with eyelid colour. A greenish-yellow bill colour was predominant, with 40% similarity observed in leg vein colour (which also showed 40% in orange hue). Eyelid colour showed the highest similarity percentage after bill shape and eye colour, reaching 68% black in the flock.Statistical analysis comparing morphological dimensions between males and females within the flock revealed significant differences in body height, bill length, and trunk length (p-values ranging from 0.004% to 0.034% and 0.004%, respectively).This study contributes to understanding the morphological diversity and dimensional variations in local duck populations in Iraq, highlighting significant differences between genders in certain traits.
Keywords: Duck Morphology, Dimensional Variations, Local Duck Populations, Morphophonemic Measurements.

A laboratory experiment was conducted during autumn season 2023 in the laboratories of the College of Agriculture , University of Wasit located to the southeast of Baghdad provainc at latitude 32° 29-49= north and longitude 45° 50-33= east and an altitude of 35 meters above sea level, with the aim of demonstrating the role of Soaking seeds with some nutrients and treatment of levels of salt concentrations in the germination and growth of sunflower The completely randomized design (CRD) was used in the form of a factorial experiment that included two factors: the first was the use of Soaking seeds with three nutrients: iron, zinc and potassium at a concentration of 5 g of the element in 1 liter of distilled water for 12 hours, while the second factor included four levels of salt water: 1, 4, 8 and 12 dS m-1. The results showed that the treatment of soaking seeds with zinc recorded the highest germination percentage of 85.83%, the highest average radical length of 3.18 cm and the highest average radical weight of 0.18 g, while the soaking seeds with distilled water treatment recorded the lowest germination percentage of 54.17%, the lowest average radical length of 2.04 cm and the lowest average radical weight of 0.13 g. The treatment of soaking seeds with potassium recorded the highest average plumule length of 4.15 cm and the highest average plumule weight of 0.50 g, while the treatment of soaking seeds with distilled water recorded the lowest average plumule length of 2.05 cm and the lowest average plumule weight of 0.32 g.
Keyword: conservation agriculture, Helianthus annuus, salt stress, soaking seeds

A field experiment was conducted in two seasons the first season was on September 15th 2023 to January 20th 2024 and the second season on March 10th 2024 to June 25th 2024 at Grdarasha Research Field, Collage of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University – Erbil to examine the response of different varieties of common bean to different plant distances and planting dates. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates was used. Three varieties of common bean (Mitofarm, Kucuk Ciftlik and Biotek) and two distances between plants were implemented. Results show the highest rates of plant height and leaf area for Biotek and Mitofarm varieties, however these parameters significantly increased to (39.480cm and 69.827cm2) respectively with the distance with the distance 40cm between plants in the first season of plant growing. Pods weight plant-1 and no. of pods plant-1 achieved the highest rates (164.677g and 9.066) respectively with the distance 40cm between plants for both seasons. While, the maximum rates (14.795mm, 5.361 and 49.610g) respectively of pod length, no. of seeds pod-1 and pods weight were produced by Kucuk Ciftlik and no. of pods plant-1 (11.700) by Biotek in the second season. Findings of interaction between the varieties and distances significantly affected pod diameter and pods plant-1 and recorded maximum values by the Mitofarm variety and 50cm distance, and for pods weight plant-1 was obtained by Kucuk Ciftlik variety and 40cm on the first season. Seed characteristics significantly affected by varieties and distances in both seasons and maximum rates recorded by Kucuk Ciftlik, form interaction between factors Mitofarm and Kucuk Ciftlik with 40cm achieved the highest rates of seed parameters. Biotek and 50cm occupy the first position in seed chemical content for both seasons. Comparison between two seasons, vegetative parameters, pods and seed characteristics significantly progressed in the first season but, for chemical content in the seed at second season.
Keywords: Legumes, Yield components, Agronomic techniques, growing seasons.

The study was conducted at the Bakrajo Technical Institute field in 2021 using a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD). The experiment involved nine treatments and three replications. To evaluate the impact of two types of fertilizers proceeding onion (Allium cepa L.) white local’ onion variety yield. Fertilizer Effects High doses of both (25 -50) Kg donum-1 of fertilizers significantly improved onion growth and yield of 14.07 (kg donum-1). This resulted in increased productivity and growth parameters, particularly with high-value fertilizer applications. Most growth and yield parameters showed positive responses to the fertilizer treatments, except for seed diameter and the number of bulbs per plant. A positive correlation was observed between the length of the onions and both onion diameter 46.46 (in cm) and yield. However, the relationship between growth and yield was substantial but non-significant. Both types of fertilizers had a beneficial effect on onion growth and yield, with higher doses being more effective. This suggests that optimal fertilizer application productivity. The seed diameter and the number of bulbs per plant did not show significant improvement with fertilizer application, indicating that these factors might be influenced by other variables or have a different response to fertilizer types. The positive correlation between onion length, diameter, and yield implies that as onions grow longer and thicker, their yield tends to increase. However, the non-significant relationship between growth and yield suggests that other factors beyond just growth parameters could influence the overall yield. Overall, your study underscores the importance of fertilizer application in improving onion yield and growth, while also highlighting that some parameters may not respond uniformly to changes in fertilizer dosage. Further research might explore the specific reasons behind the non-significant relationships and the impact on seed diameter and bulb count.
Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizer, Potash fertilizer, Growth, Yield, (Allium cepa L), White onion

This study was conducted in the Taj Al-Nahrain company-Al-Qadisiya Province for 84 days to investigate the effect of adding different levels of commercial baker's yeast (BY) Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 0, 15 and 30 g/cow/day to concentrate diet offered to German Holstein Friesian lactating cows on some blood parameters. Nine multiparous Holstein cows in their mid-lactation were used. Daily feeding program applied in that station included 1 kg of concentrate diet per 3-4 kg milk produced divided into morning and evening meals, 10 kg of green forage, 10 kg of ensiled corn crop residue and free choice of rice straw. Results revealed that adding BY at level of 15 and 30 g/cow/day increased (P<0.05) serum concentrations of total protein (STP) from 7.65 to 8.79 and 7.97 g/100 ml, and triglyceride (STG) from 8.37 to 14.41 and 11.04 g/100 ml respectively. However, adding BY and increased its levels decreased (P<0.05) concentration of urea nitrogen (SUN) with no effect on glucose (SG) concentration.

Keywords: Holstein Friesian, Commercial baker's yeast, Blood parameters

The current study aims in addition to having a high nutritional value and a variety of useful nutrients, moringa has several significant biological uses, particularly its ability to effectively treat a wide range of illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. To increase the amount of moringa in the final product, various kinds of aqueous extract are used. The following were included in the study: Two concentrations of the moringa aqueous extract 1% and 2% per kilogram of milk as well as a control experiment in which yogurt was created from whole milk fat with the addition of moringa aqueous extract promote the production of yogurt from whole milk. The most significant outcomes attained are. Following manufacture, the moisture content of the yogurt treatments that included aqueous extract remained comparable to that of the control treatment. They showed a decline in their values for all treatments when the moisture content was stored at 5±1 °C for 28 days. All post-manufacturing yogurt treatments had comparable percentages of total acidity. a noticeable rise in their levels following every treatment during storage. After manufacture, the pH values of the resulting yogurt were comparable for all treatments; however, a noticeable, minor drop in values was noted during storage. When compared to the control, the aqueous extract that was added to the yogurt enhanced the results of rheological tests, such as those measuring viscosity and water retention.
The T2 treatment with a 2% concentration received the highest ratings and performed exceptionally well in every sensory category, demonstrating the superiority of the yogurt treatments enhanced with aqueous extract, according to the results of the sensory evaluation. This led to the current study, which sought to fortify milk used to make yogurt in high proportions.
Keywords: Microbiological, Moringa, Physicochemical, Yogurt.

The aim of the experiment was to analyse the effect of alfalfa meal addition into fed mixtures on of turkey chickens performance. The feed mixture was prepared with addition of alfalfa meal. Ninety unsexed six week old turkey chicken were used in the experiment. They were randomly allocated to 5 groups of 18 birds each with three replicates each group (6birds/replicate). During the 6 weeks experiment period, the first group (control T1): turkey chickens were fed on a basal diet without any addition alfalfa. The second group (T2) fed on a basal diet with 5 gm alfalfa/Kg diet. The third group (T3) fed on a basal diet with 10 gm alfalfa/Kg diet. The fourth group (T4) fed on a basal diet with 15 gm alfalfa/Kg diet. The fifth group (T5) was fed on a basal diet with 20 gm alfalfa /Kg diet. Feed and water were offered ad-libitum throughout the experiment. The productive parameters including body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly throughout the experimental period. Growth performance parameter were measured 3 poults per treatment were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to evaluate carcass and muscle characteristics. According to the results, Diet with 20g alfalfa/kg was significantly (P <0.05) increased body weight during at ages 70 and 77 days and body weight improved digitally at 84 days of age as compared to the control group. Also, as diet with 20g alfalfa/kg was significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight gain as compared to control at 70 days of age. While, the different dietary levels of alfalfa meal had no significant effect on body weight at ages 49, 56 and 63 days, weight gain at ages 49, 56, 63, 77 and 84 days, feed intake at all period and feed conversion ratio at ages 49, 56, 63, 77 and 84 days. On the other hand, carcass weight, breast weight, thigh weight and wing weight were improved digitally as compared to the control group in diet 20g alfalfa/kg. But, the different dietary levels of alfalfa meal had no significant effect on dressing percentage, liver, gizzard and heart weight.


Keywords: turkey, performance, alfalfa, feed, growth, poults, carcass.

A field arrangement was conducted during the spring season of 2024 at the Field Crops Department of the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, located in the southern part of Babil Governorate at latitude 32.40°N and longitude 44.39°E. The study aimed to examine effect of varieties and liquid organic fertilizer on maize and estimation of some genetic parameters. The arrangement was implemented as a factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor consisted of five maize varieties (Maha, Fajr1, Baghdad3, Nahrain, and Furat), and the second factor was the foliar application of four concentrations of the organic liquid fertilizer: First focus = 50 mg L^-1, second focus = 100 mg L^-1, third focus = 200 mg L^-1, and comparison factor (control, distilled water). The results showed that the variety Fajr1 outperformed the others, achieving the highest average values for most yield traits and components, including the number of ears per plant, number of grains per row, number of rows per ear, grain yield, and biological yield, with values of 1.70 ears plant^-1, 40.20 grains row^-1, 16.24 rows ear^-1, 10.48 tons ha^-1, and 21.35 tons ha^-1, respectively. Additionally, the foliar application of the organic liquid fertilizer at a concentration of 200 mg L^-1 showed superior results, with the highest averages for traits such as the number of ears per plant, number of grains per row, number of rows per ear, 500-grain weight, grain yield, and biological yield, with values of 1.69 ears plant^-1, 40.20 grains row^-1, 15.47 rows ear^-1, 121.97 g, 12.15 tons ha^-1, and 20.90 tons ha^-1, respectively. Regarding the interaction between the two factors, the combination of 200 mg L^-1 × Maha variety achieved the highest averages in the studied traits. Furthermore, genetic analysis revealed that both genotypic and phenotypic variances were higher than environmental variances when sprayed with 200 mg L^-1 of organic fertilizer. The results also indicated that the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation ranged from low to moderate for most studied traits, and broad-sense heritability values varied between moderate and high, with high heritability observed for most traits.
Keywords: Maize varieties, liquid organic fertilizer, phenotypic and genetic variation, heritability.

This study was conducted at the research station and laboratories of the College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, in the year 2023-2024 to know the effect of different salinity levels at concentrations of (75, 50, 25, 0) mM of sodium and magnesium chloride salts on the effectiveness and activity of Bacillus bacteria and the growth and production of wheat in a sandy loam soil. 10 kg pots were used. Some plant and soil characteristics were measured, including the dry weight of the vegetative and root system and (NPK) for the vegetative and root system, the weight of the crop, the degree of reaction, and the measurement of the electrical conductivity of the soil. The results were as follows:The results showed that KCl salt was significantly excelled and gave the highest rate of total bacterial numbers before and after adding B. subtilis, which amounted to 52.08 and 59.58 × 106 CFU g -1 dry soil, respectively. When adding B.cereus bacteria, MgCl2 salt was significantly excelled and gave the highest rate of bacterial numbers, reaching 44.50 × 106 CFU g-1 dry soil, while CaCl2 salt gave the lowest total bacterial count before addition, reaching 21.00 × 106 CFU g-1 dry soil, while NaCl salt gave less total bacteria after adding B.subtilis and B.cereus bacteria, reaching 21.50 and 21.08 × 106 CFU g-1 dry soil, respectively. While MgCl2 salt gave the lowest rate of dry weight of the plant vegetative group without addition, reaching 6.50 g plant-1, while NaCl salt after adding B.subtilis and B.cereus, reached 6.06 and 10.27 g plant-1, respectively. MgCl2 salt was significantly excelled and gave the highest rate of nitrogen percentage in the plant when adding B.subtilis and B.cereus bacteria and without adding it, and it recorded 1.96, 1.64, and 1.72%, respectively. The highest rate of phosphorus percentage in the plant was when adding B.subtilis and B.cereus bacteria and without adding it, and it recorded (0.81, 0.65, 0.44%), respectively. While the interaction treatment between NaCl with concentration 50mM was excelled and recorded the highest rate of dry weight of the vegetative group in the soil after adding B.cereus, which amounted to 17.15 g plant-1, while the interaction treatment between MgCl2 with concentration 50mM was excelled and recorded the highest rate of plant nitrogen percentage when adding B.subtilis bacteria and without adding it, which amounted to (2.20, 1.98%) respectively, as NaCl with concentration 75mM was excelled and recorded the highest rate of plant potassium percentage when adding B.subtilis bacteria and without adding it, which amounted to 4.87, 4.90% respectively. While the interaction treatment between NaCl with concentration 50mM was excelled and recorded the highest rate of plant potassium percentage after adding B.cereus, which amounted to 4.78%. The results showed that NaCl salt was significantly excelled and gave the highest rate of nitrogen percentage in the roots when adding B. subtilis and B. cereus bacteria and without adding it, and it recorded (2.51, 2.20, 1.96%) respectively,
Keyword: positive salt ions, B.subtilis , B.cereus, NaCl

This study was conducted to evaluate the reality of children’s parks in Al-Urjuwan Park, which is affiliated with Al-Musayyib District, Babil Governorate. It is considered the most important park currently because it is the only park that contains some recreational activities, in addition to its distinguished location, which is located on a vital road, so it is considered a rest stop for them. This study was conducted in two stages, which included the first stage. The field study evaluated the design standards followed, the park area, the natural and structural elements, and identified the current problems at the site. The results showed the following:
The duration of stay in the park is 3 hours (50%), followed by 1-2 hours (35%), and the lowest percentage is (15%) for those who wish to stay less than an hour.
As for the marital status of the park’s visitors, it was found that the married group, whose percentage reached (65%), are more likely to limit visits during holidays and occasions for families, compared to. (35%) the single group, whose percentage reached.
As for the answer about the health services provided, they were (60%) poor, (25%) acceptable, and (15%) expressed their conviction about the health services available in the park.
We conclude that adding intellectual and electronic games has an effective role in attracting visitors and encouraging and developing the mental abilities of children, and that adding new entertainment activities increases the number of visitors and activates the entertainment activities in the park.

This study evaluates the growth performance, economic profitability and carcass traits of Karadi and Hamdani lambs raised under two feeding levels (3% body weight and ad libitum). Twenty-eight lambs, divided equally between the breeds, were fed barley over a 60-day period. Results revealed that average daily intake (ADI) (1.09 Kg), total feed intake (TFI) (65.22±1.24 Kg), average daily gain (ADG) (0.193±0.09 Kg), total gain (TG) (11.59±0.61 Kg), final weight (FW) (42.39±0.54 Kg), feed conversion ratio (FCR) (5.76±0.11) and feed efficiency (FE) (0.17±0.03) and then gain profit (4,691±281 IQD) and total profit (60,297±3,600 IQD) as well as slaughter body weight (SBW) (42.50±1.15 Kg), empty body weight (EBW) (37.23±1.23 Kg), hot carcass weight (HCW) (22.31±0.80 Kg) and hot dressing percentage (HDP) based on SBW (fed 3%) (52.47±0.72 %) for Hamdani lambs were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than Karadi lambs, indicating their genetic potential for growth. While head weight differed between breeds, other non-carcass components remained consistent. It is concluded that growth performance, economic profitability and carcass traits for Hamdani lambs were significantly higher than Karadi lambs. These findings suggest that Hamdani lambs may be more profitable for meat production in the region.
Keywords: Karadi, Hamdani, Feeding level, Growth performance, Profitability and carcass traits

A field experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Department Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, in soils with varying gypsum content (42.2, 237.2, 432.8, 570.7) g kg-1 to test the performance of the Philip,1957 equation for estimating water infiltration. The infiltration was measured using a double ring infiltrometer, which consists of two rings with diameters of 25 cm and 50 cm for the inner and outer rings, respectively. The system is connected to a constant head tank, equal in diameter to the inner ring, and equipped with a transparent, graduated tube for measurement. Infiltration values were recorded over time. The calculated cumulative infiltration values showed a high degree of agreement with the field-measured cumulative infiltration values at all sites. Regarding the infiltration rate, the results indicated good agreement between the measured and calculated rates in soils with low to moderate gypsum content. However, in soils with high gypsum content, the equation's performance deteriorated significantly.
Keywords: infiltration, Philip equation, irrigation, soil, gypsiferous soil.

During the autumn season of 2023-2024, a pot experiment was carried out in one of the plastic houses of Baqubah Nursery affiliated to the Directorate of Agriculture in Diyala Governorate to study the effect of humic acids (humic and fulvic) in four concentrations: 0, 1 g L-1 humic, 0.5 g L-1 fulvic, and 1 g L-1 humic plus 0.5 g L-1 fulvic, and vitamins (thiamine and riboflavin) in five concentrations, which are 0, thiamine 100 mg L-1, thiamine 200 mg L-1, riboflavin 50 mg L-1, and riboflavin 100 mg L-1 on some of the vegetative traits of Matthiola incana. The research was carried out as a factorial experiment according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replicates. The fulvic acid 0.5 g L-1 gave a significant increase in the leaf area and dry weight of leaves, reaching 1396 cm2 and 14.76 g, respectively; the humic acid 1 g L-1 + fulvic acid 0.5 g L-1 gave a significant increase in the fresh weight of leaves, reaching 89.07 g. The thiamine spray treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 significantly increased the plant height and number of leaves, reaching 98.56 cm and 45.80 respectively, while the riboflavin spraying at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 significantly increased the leaf area and fresh weight of leaves, reaching 1474 cm2 and 88.66 g, respectively.
Keywords. Matthiola incana, humic acid, thiamine and riboflavin

The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station(Latitude 32,and Longitude 44.33) /University of Kufa in Najaf Governorate/Iraq to study the effect of the ratio of NH4+: NO3- and spraying seaweed extract on the quality indicators of Swiss chard. A complete randomized block design was used and the data were analyzed according to Duncan's multiple range test at a probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the interaction between the ratio of NH4+: NO3- (200:200) and the seaweed extract at a concentration of 6 g L-1 had a significant effect on increasing the plant height to 77.94 cm, the leaf area to 375.6 cm2 plant-1, the nitrogen ratio to 4.557%, phosphorus to 0.812%, potassium to 3.517%, and calcium to 56.86 mg 100 g-1, while the vegetative yield increased to 3.71 tons ha-1 in the interaction treatment (0:400) and the seaweed extract at a concentration of 6 g.L-1 compared to the comparison treatment, which recorded a decrease in the study indicators.
Keywords: chemical fertilization, vegetable, organic cultivation, leaf yield

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering at the College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, for the agricultural season 2023-2024 to study the effect of spraying with aminolevulinic acid at three concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg L-1 (M1, M2, M3) and phosphorus at three concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 ml L-1 (P1, P2, P3) on some vegetative traits of two cultivars of local and Egyptian spinach (V1 and V2). The treatment M3 was significantly superior in leaf chlorophyll content, while treatment M2 recorded the highest values in both plant height and total number of leaves. The treatment P3 was superior in plant height and total number of leaves, whereas the cultivar V2 was superior in both leaf chlorophyll content and plant height. The interaction treatment P2M3 gave the highest leaf chlorophyll content, while treatment P2M2 gave the highest values in plant height and total number of leaves. The interaction treatment M3V2 was superior in leaf chlorophyll content, while the treatment M2V1 was superior in plant height and total number of leaves. As for the interaction treatment P3V2, it was superior in all studied traits. The P2M3V1 treatment was superior in the chlorophyll content of the leaves, as it gave a concentration of 21.10 mg g-1, and the P2M2V1 treatment was superior in the plant height and the total number of leaves per plant, which reached 35.60 cm and 18.26 leaves per plant-1, respectively. The lowest values were for the treatment P1M1V1, which reached 15.78 mg g-1, 26.00 cm, and 12.83 leaves per plant-1, respectively for the above traits.
Keywords. Spinach, aminolevulinic acid and phosphorus

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using different levels of moringa seed oil as a coating on specific qualities of table eggs stored at 20°C for 28 days, in addition to studying its antimicrobial growth properties. Five treatments(T1,T2,T3,T4,T5) were prepared with different ratios of oil to ethyl alcohol 70% (98-2, 96-4, 94-6, 92-8, 90-10) ml oil/ml ethyl alcohol, respectively), along with a control sample T0 (without addition). The results showed the effectiveness of moringa oil in maintaining the qualitative characteristics and prolonging the shelf life of table eggs during the storage period. A significant decrease (P≤0.05) was noted in egg samples with the control treatment T0 (without addition) compared to other treatments when studying the qualitative characteristics of eggs during the storage period. The control sample exhibited the highest percentage of weight loss, reaching 5.70%, and recorded the lowest values of the yolk index and Haugh unit, which were 0.255 and 56.99, respectively. Additionally, there was a rise in the pH of albumin, reaching 9.45 at the end of the storage period. Conversely, T5 treatment yielded the best results compared to the other treatments at the end of the storage period. Also, the findings showed the effectiveness of moringa seed oil against microbial contamination. It contributed to significant a reduction increased in the number of bacteria (total bacterial count, coliform ssp bacteria, fungi) present on the surface of the eggshells of all coated samples compared to the control sample (without addition) during the 28-day storage period, while no growth of Clostridium spp. bacteria was observed in any of the egg samples studied.

Keywords: Moringa oil, qualitative characteristics, microbial contamination, Haugh unit, yolk index, pH albumin.

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the Field Crops Department of the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the winter season 2022-2023, with the aim of knowing the effect of the concentrations of some herbicides, as well as the competitive ability of some bread wheat varieties. A completely randomized block design (split-factorial) was used. The experiment includes two factors. The first factor (herbicides) in (main plot): Selective weed herbicides to combat the weeds accompanying the wheat crop. In addition to the first indoor treatment (Atlantis) to combat narrow and broad-leaved weeds, with three concentrations (480, 320, 160) g/ha + (480) milliliters of diffuser for every 400 liters/ha. Secondly (Topic) to combat the narrow -leaved weeds at a concentration of (600, 300, 900) C3/ha, ml per 400 liters/ha. In addition to the comparison treatment untreated (control), where it was sprayed with distilled water only. The second factor is the variety factor : three varieties of soft wheat crop, namely (Badriya, Gad and Bentloo). The results of the experiment showed Badriya variety recorded the lowest weed percentage for weed density trait (113.38) plants/m2, and recorded the highest value for total grain yield trait (3.20) tons/ha, and Jad variety recorded the highest value for spike number trait and biological yield trait (314.3) spike/m2 and (7.8) tons/ha respectively with a percentage of control reaching (50.04)%, while no significance was recorded for chlorophyll percentage trait and harvest index trait. It was noted that the treatment of the herbicide Atlantis at a concentration of (320) g/ha was superior to the trait of weed density, the percentage of weed control, number of spikes and total grain yield, which reached (90.98) plants/m2, (57.14)%, (310.7) spikes/m2 and (80.72) tons. ha, respectively, while the treatment of the herbicide Topik at a concentration of (600) cm3 recorded a significant effect on the trait of chlorophyll, which reached (43.84) sbad, while it was not significant in the trait of biological yield and harvest index .
Keywords: : wheat, weeds, herbicide, grain yield , variety .

This study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station and Laboratories of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design. Two year old seedlings of mango were planted in 25 Kg pots. The study involved a factorial experiment with two factors and six replications, resulting in 54 experimental units. The first factor consisted of three treatments: Moringa leaf extract (0,100 mg L-1), Damas leaf extract (100 mg L-1), and control. The second factor was nanoselenium at concentrations of 0, 25, and 50 ppm. The protein pattern of the leaves was analyzed using protein transfer technique on polyacrylamide gel using denaturing slab electrophoresis (SDS). The results showed that the protein profiles on the polyacrylamide gel varied in size, area, and height depending on the type of treatment. The treatments affected the properties of the protein bands, resulting in differences in protein quality due to changes in gene expression. The number of protein bands ranged from 4 to 9, depending on the type of treatment. Four protein bands were observed among the treatments: Moringa extract + Selenium 25 mg•L-1, Selenium 50 mg•L-1, and Selenium 25 mg•L-1. The highest number of protein bands with nine bands were recorded with the Damas extract + Selenium 50 mg L⁻1 treatment. Five protein bands were observed in the control, Moringa extract, and Damas extract. The stress conditions induced by the different treatments significantly affected. The molecular weight of the first protein band in all conditions ranged from 201.656 to 225.00 kilodaltons, indicating that the trees belonged to the same species and were from a common source.
Keywords: anti-transpiration, nano-selenium, protein pattern, mango, stress.

This field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering of the College of Agriculture / Tikrit University in the agricultural season 2023-2024 to study the effect of spraying with amino acids Control Arginine Tryptophan Proline at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 on the chemical characteristics of two hybrids of lettuce Fajr and Paris Island Cos . The results showed that there were significant differences between The studied factors: The spraying treatment with the amino acid tryptophan was superior in terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbohydrates, reaching 2.40%, 0.50%, 2.67%, and 4.9053%, respectively. While spraying with arginine was superior in terms of nitrate concentration, which gave the lowest value of 0.23%, compared to the highest value of 0.59% when spraying with tryptophan. As for hybrids, the Paris hybrid excelled in the characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrate by 1.87%, 0.45%, 2.20%, and 0.47%, respectively.
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Keywords: lettuce, amino acids, varieties, chemical characteristics

A field experiment was performed in the spring and autumn agricultural seasons of 2023 in two distinct locations within Dhi Qar Governorate. The initial site is situated within the agricultural fields of the Al-Rifai District, 85 km north of Dhi Qar Governorate, at a latitude of 36°44'310" N and a longitude of 08°07'460" E. This area is distinguished by its sandy mixed soil and is irrigated by the small Sabila River, which branches from the Al-Gharraf River. The second site is situated in the Al-Shatr District of Bani Zaid, specifically for the Organic Fertilizer Preparation Project, located 70 km northeast of Dhi Qar Governorate at latitude 20° 130.24' N and longitude 07° 460.17' E. This area is distinguished by its clayey mixed soil and receives irrigation from the Al-Gharraf River. The research encompassed two experimental sites between Al-Rifai P1 and Al-Shatra P2 regions, examining three irrigation techniques: flood irrigation (W1), above-surface drip irrigation (W2), and below-surface drip irrigation (W3). Application of five levels of nano-selenium and conventional selenium (S0,S1,S2,S3,S4) at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg of nano-selenium and 50 mg of traditional selenium on the growth and yield of sunflower. The experiment employed a split-plot methodology within a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The primary plots featured irrigation techniques, whilst the selenium spray concentrations constituted the sub-plots. The study demonstrated the superiority of the nano-selenium spray concentration S3 (15 mg L-1) across all levels and averages for the examined features, specifically the number of leaves, which were 28.3 and 26.7 leaves. Leaf area, 6917.3 cm², and certain features (leaf area, 4961.4 cm²) surpassed the sequence for the autumn season. The flood irrigation method (W1) demonstrated superior performance in growth, yield, and leaf area traits, achieving 6434.8 cm² during the spring season. Additionally, in the fall season, flood irrigation (W1) excelled in leaf area traits with a measurement of 4946.9 cm², attributed to a significant interaction between the site and irrigation methods. Notably, the subsurface drip irrigation treatment at the second site, Al-Shatra (P2×W3), exhibited superiority in the number of leaves, recording 27.6 leaves in the spring season, as well as in leaf area, measuring 4986.2 cm² in the fall season. The initial site exhibited markedly enhanced interaction with the flood irrigation method for the attribute of leaf area, measuring 6650 cm² throughout the spring season. The Al-Shatra site demonstrated substantial superiority in the flood irrigation method W1 with selenium spraying for some features, including a leaf area of 7554.9 cm² during the spring season.
Keywords: irrigation, selenium, yield, sunflower

The study was conducted in the wooden greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design- College of Agriculture - Tikrit University on the plant Artemisia herba alba. During the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 seasons, the study aimed to investigate the effects of three factors: proline spraying, humic acid addition, and salt stress. The salt stress was applied at three levels (10, 5, 0 g L-1), denoted as S0, S1, and S2, respectively. The second factor is the spraying with proline, which was at three levels (0, 100, 200 mg L-1), denoted as B0, B1, B2 respectively.B2 respectively. The third factor, the addition of humic acid, was at two levels (0, 3 g L-1), denoted as H0 and H1, respectively. The experiment was conducted using a split plot design within a completely randomized block design. (R.C.B.D). The results showed the superiority of treatment B2, which provided the highest values in the traits: plant height, chlorophyll content, nitrogen, and proline at 38.391 cm, 57.879%, 2.339%, and 8.094%, respectively. Proline had no significant effect on the other traits. S3 excelled in chlorophyll traits with an average of 4.924%, and salinity stress had no significant effect on the other traits. The H1 treatment significantly excelled in traits such as increased plant height, chlorophyll content, nitrogen, and proline, with rates reaching 36.505 cm, 449%, respectively. 2.280%, 6.189%, respectively, and humic had no significant effect on the other traits.The dual interaction between (B2H1) showed a significant effect on nitrogen, chlorophyll content, and proline traits, with rates of 2.433%, 61.486%, and 8.942% respectively. As for the interaction of the studied factors, the results showed significant differences for the interaction treatment (B2H1) in the traits: nitrogen and proline percentages, with rates of 2.965% and 9.213%, respectively. The interaction between proline and stress did not have an effect on the vegetative traits. The two-way interaction between (S1H1) on the traits: proline percentage and chlorophyll content, with averages of 6.740% and 53.473% respectively, did not have an effect on the vegetative traits.As for the effect of the three-way interaction of the studied factors, the triple combination (B2S2H1) excelled in the traits: nitrogen percentage, proline, and chlorophyll content at 3.413%, 9.870%, and 65.930%, respectively, and the three-way interaction had no effect on the other traits.

Keywords: Wormwood plant, proline, salt stress, humic

The study of honey bees' healthy behavior was adopted as an indicator in the field of bee resistance to pests (parasites) by introducing new natural materials that can contribute to increasing the performance of worker bees and their healthy activity through the quality of food and measuring its nutritional effectiveness in building workers with good, healthy behavior.
This study investigated the healthy behaviors of honey bees, specifically focusing on how feeding with natural materials influenced the percentage of bees cleaning hexagonal hives that had been pricked. After 18 days of observation, the results showed that a mixture of Mixture for making ice cream and candy led to the highest percentage of cleaned hexagonal hives, at 96.67%, followed by the treatments of candy mixture, tea tree oil, and Arica solution, recording 96.67, 97.67, and 97.33, respectively. In contrast, the control treatment had a significantly lower percentage, with only 72.00% of hexagonal hives being cleaned.
As for studying the effect of the healthy behavior of bees fed during a month on natural food types, the results showed that there was superiority for the three treatments (peanut paste + candy mixture and Mixture for making ice cream + candy mixture) as they reached 24.00 and 19.33, respectively, over the rest of the treatments and decreased in the control treatment as they reached 2.33, and this is clear evidence of the effect of the nutrition factor on the healthy life performance of workers in colony management.
Key words: Apis mellifera L. , healthy behavior, candy mixture , tea tree oil.

The study period is 14 weeks from 1/11/2023 to 8/2/2024 in the field of "Department of Animal Production College of Agriculture Al-Qasim Green University. The study aims to add curcumin powder to the feed of a Broiler Breeder "and to know its effect on tissue traits. 25 roosters, 60 weeks old, Ross-308 hybrids were used in the study. The roosters were fed the standard feed in the Broiler Breeder index. The roosters were divided into four groups: five roosters per treatment, each with five replicates and one rooster per replicate. Group (T1) is a control group fed on a basic diet without adding curcumin powder. Groups (T2, T3, and T4) were fed on a diet containing "250, 300, and 350 mg of curcumin powder/kg feed, respectively, from the first day of the study until 14 weeks. In the last week of the study, three roosters (3 replicates) were slaughtered for each treatment and the testes were extracted and then their histological traits were estimated. The study's results showed that Treatment T4 significantly excelled (p≤0.01) compared to the rest of the treatments in absolute and relative testicular weight, germinal cell diameter, seminiferous tubule cavity fungus, and total seminiferous tubule diameter. Significantly excelled (p≤0.01) for T4 treatment compared to T1 treatment in the volume density rate and relative weight of the components of the seminiferous tubule of the testes, which included (sperm progenitors, spermatocytes, sperm precursors, total sperm-forming cells, Sertoli cells, tubular vacuoles, seminiferous tubule lumen, basement membrane, and total seminiferous tubule components). The results also indicated a significant excel (p≤0.01) for T4 treatment compared to T1 treatment in the volume density rate and relative weight of the components of the interstitial tissue (muscle cells, blood vessels, interstitial spaces, total components of the interstitial tissue(. The results did not indicate any significant differences between the treatments for volume density measurements and the relative weight rate of Leydig cells.
Keywords: curcumin powder, broiler breeders, and textural characteristics.

The research aims to study the extent of the overlapping effect of production (technical) policies, procedural supply policies, trade policies, and import policies by adopting dependent variables and a number of independent variables to know their effects on the first dependent variable production, through the use of the panel model using the ordinary least squares method (Panel Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (PDOLS), It was shown that the clear effect of agricultural technical policy on the determinants of wheat production in the countries selected in the study, the strongest of these effects appeared in the share of the dunum of agricultural work, then in technology, and finally in mechanical technology, while agricultural support cannot be considered a determinant of wheat production, as there is an overlapping effect of technical, procedural, and trade policies on the determinants of wheat imports for the countries selected in the research, the strongest of these effects appeared in the population numbers of the countries selected in the research, then in the exchange rate rate, and finally in the world price of wheat, as the agricultural procedural policy related to the wheat crop occupies the first place, followed by agricultural trade policy, and finally agricultural technical policy. The researchers recommend the necessity of adopting agricultural policies that are concerned with increasing agricultural production and working to limit the obstacles and determinants, which In turn, it increases the supply of crop production and thus reduces imports, which reduces pressure on the state budget.

Keywords: Panel models, production, wheat supply.

This study was conducted during winter season 2022-2023 in lathhouse of Department of Field Crops , College of Agriculture and Forestry in pots with a capacity of 7 kg of soil and seven plants per pot. The study included two cultivar of bread wheat (Wafih and Ozkan) and three levels of nano organic fertilizer optimus plus (control treatment and spraying at an average of 1.2 ml / L) using a completely randomized design (C.R.D.) with three replicates. The results indicated of Wafih cultivar excelled in traits of chlorophyll content index in leaves (48.73 spad), plant height (72.12 cm), flag leaf area (32.17 cm2), and number of tillers/plant (3.93 tillers/plant). The results also indicated the nano organic fertilizer 2 ml/L excelled in all the studied traits it achieved the highest rate in the chlorophyll content index in leaves (74.37 spad), plant height (74.37 cm), number of leaves/plant (4.96 leaves/plant), flag leaf area (32.82 cm2), and number of tillers/plant (4.10 tillers/plant). Effect of bi-interaction between the cultivars and nano organic fertilizer was significant in all the studied traits where the interaction between Wafih cultivar and nano organic fertilizer level 2 ml/L achieved the highest rate in all traits.
Keywords: Organic fertilizer, cultivars, chlorophyll content.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, located in Karmah Ali (30 km north of Basrah), at a latitude of 30.57°N and a longitude of 47.80°E, during the winter season of 2023-2024. The objective was to investigate the response of three wheat varieties (Aksad 59, Buhoth 10, and Buhoth 22) to nano and chemical kinetin spraying at concentrations of 0, 40, and 60 mg L, and the interactions between them. The experiment followed a factorial design using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Several growth and physiological traits were studied .The results showed significant differences among the wheat varieties in most of the traits studied. The Buhoth 10 variety exhibited the highest average flag leaf area (52.18 cm²), chlorophyll content (106.46 mg 100g fresh weight), seed growth rate (0.4863 mg week), and crop growth rate (7.9540 g m day). Meanwhile, the Aksad 59 variety recorded the highest average number of tillers (492.53 tillers m).The application of kinetin (both nano and chemical forms) significantly affected most of the traits studied. The 60 mg L nano kinetin treatment resulted in the highest average flag leaf area (47.72 cm²), chlorophyll content (107.11 mg 100g fresh weight), and crop growth rate (8.0447 g m day), whereas the 60 mg L chemical kinetin treatment resulted in the highest average number of tillers (510.67 tillers m). Additionally, the 40 mg L chemical kinetin treatment was the most effective for seed growth rate (0.3997 mg week).
The interaction between varieties and kinetin spray concentrations had a significant effect on some growth and physiological traits, yield and its components. The interaction treatment between the variety Buhuth 10 and the concentration 60 mg L-1 nano kinetin gave the highest average flag leaf area of 62.85 cm2, leaf chlorophyll content of 109.67 mg 100 g-1 and crop growth rate of 9.1425 g m-2 day-1

The research was conducted in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape design- College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University. Eighty-one olive seedlings were brought from government nursery in Babylon previnous. The seedlings of olive variety (Arbequina) were equally in size, and two factors were used. The two factors were potassium silicate (K₂siO₃) and Calcium oxide (CaO) with three concentrations (0, 2, 4 ml.L-1).The research was designed as a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the concentration of K₂siO₃ exceeded 4 ml.L-1 and gave the highest values in all the studied characteristics (seedling height, seedling diameter, and number of leaves, number of branches, and chlorophyll content, carbohydrate content of the leaves) gave (77.12 cm, 13.24 mm, 216.78 leaves, 12.23 branches, 53.71 spad, and 5.75 mg.g-1 dry weight) respectively. The concentration of 4 ml.L-1 of CaO was superior in all characteristics that study and mentioned with K₂siO₃ and gave (77.53 cm, 14.21 mm, 266.87 leaves, 12.64 branches, 55.41 spad, and 5.48 mg.g-1 dry weight), respectively. The results of the statistical analysis were showed that the presence of significant interactions consisting of 4 ml.L-1 of K₂siO₃ and CaO were superior gave the highest rate for all of the studied traits, while the interaction consisting of 0 ml.L-1 of K₂siO₃ and CaO recorded the lowest rate for all of the studied traits.
Keywords: Calcium oxide, potassium silicate, Olive, Olea europaea, salt water.

Field part of the study was conducted at a private hatchery as named as Al- Hilla fish hatchery, location in Babylon Governorate. The laboratory part of the study carried out in the laboratory of reproductive physiology and artificial insemination, department of Animal Production Techniques, Al- Musaib Technical College, during April and May 2024. female's grass carp fish were selected , and divided into five groups , including the T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 and T5 groups , each group containing five females. The results showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the concentration of estradiol hormone in the older age group (groups, T3, T4 and T5), they also recorded the highest concentration of estradiol hormone compared to the younger age groups (groups, T2 and T1). A non- significant decrease in estradiol concentration from April to May. A significant (p<0.05) increase in the concentration of testosterone for T3 group (2.64±0.25 ng/ml) compared to other groups, A non- significant decrease in testosterone concentration from April to May. The concentration of progesterone hormone differs between groups on age and weight. The T3 group recorded a significant increase (p<0.05) in progesterone hormone concentration (19.90±0.86ng/ml) compared to the other groups, a signification decrease (p<0.05) in progesterone concentration was observed form April to May. In conclusion, based on this data we can conclude that the T3 age group was appropriate age group for use in artificial reproduction programs of female grass carp because showed highest reproductive efficiency.

Keywords: estradiol, grass carp, progesterone, testosterone.

This study was conducted in 2023 to study the reality of the children's garden in Al-Khosrowia Park and its impact on attracting visitors. It was conducted in stages:The first stage / theoretical study, which includes the concept of the children's garden, the importance of children's gardens, the components of children's gardens, the factors that must be taken into account when choosing the appropriate children's garden location , the appropriate recreational activities for children's gardens, and the design standards for the spaces designated for children's gardens.The second stage / field study, which includes three axes:The first axis: The researcher's description and evaluation of the current reality of the children's garden.The second axis: Evaluation of the park's visitors from the families and knowing their opinions, desires, and the most important problems they face through (questionnaire, personal interview, field visit).The third axis: Results of the questionnaire, which is a questionnaire study to know the opinions and desires of the park's visitors. It included 23 questions.The third stage / conclusions and recommendations.The most important results of the questionnaire were that 63.2% of the respondents were males and the percentage 100% of the respondents believe that kiosks, sanitary facilities, a parking lot and an indoor games hall should be provided. The results also showed that 76.4% of the respondents come to the park with their families and children. The results show that 90.6% of the respondents visit the park with their children and 99% of the respondents come to the park with (1-3) children. The results also show that 80.6% of the respondents have children aged (6-12) years and 56.8% of the respondents prefer to visit Al-Khosrowia Park because of the availability of children's games, ease of access and the family atmosphere. 63.6% of the respondents come to the park for the purpose of walking and entertaining the children. 54% of the respondents believe that the number of games is not sufficient to accommodate the children. 98.8% of the respondents believe that the games are in poor condition and 100% of the respondents believe that the games are in poor condition. The respondents believe that the element of safety and security is not available in the games, and 100% of the respondents believe that new games should be introduced for children.

A field study on the sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) was carried out using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. in Diyala Governorate, Muqdadiyah District, Abu Saida Sub-district, Abu Saba’a Village, which is 60 km northeast of Baqubah City during the spring season 2023-2024. It was implemented starting from March 1, 2023, to evaluate the effect of three levels of nano fertilizer (1, 2, and 3 liters h-1 in addition to the control treatment) on four American inputs: CP72-2086, CP89-2143, CP81-325, and LO3-371 under drip irrigation technology, and they were added after germination and in three times in the months of April, June, and September. The inputs CP81-325 and LO3-371 were superior in plant dry weight with an average of 584.33 and 549.29 g plant-1, respectively. The cultivars CP89-2143, CP81-325, and CP72-2086 were superior in the sucrose percentage in juice with an average of 14.91, 14.40, and 13.99%, respectively. The concentrations of 3 and 2 L ha-1 were superior in the dry weight of the plant, with an average of 644.75 and 633.41 g plant-1, respectively. The concentration of 3 L ha-1 was superior with a significant increase in the stem yield (ton ha-1) with an average of 229.67 tons ha-1 compared to the concentrations of 2 and 1 L ha-1.The results showed significant differences between all interactions between cultivars and concentrations in most of the studied traits compared to the control.
Keywords: sugarcane, cultivars, nano fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Babylon rate / Al-Musayyab Project , which is 40 km north of Babylon within longitude 44.50 and latitude 32.50 for the purpose of studying (identifying resistance genes to wheat root rot (Triticum aestivum L.) for some Iraqi cultivars and estimating their genetic features under levels of biofertilizer). The research included three factors, the first factor is planting six cultivars of wheat (Rashid, Baghdad, Furat, Baraka, Babylon and Joda), the second factor is two levels of pathogenic fungi (without, addition), and the third factor is two levels of biofertilizer (half recommendation, recommendation) for the 2021-2022 season. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) according to the factorial experiment system. The harvest was conducted on 4/23/2024 for early cultivars and continued until 1/5/2024 The results of the statistical, genetic and molecular analysis of the data showed the following:
A significant difference was found between the cultivars, where the cultivar (Rashid) was excelled and gave the highest average in (number of grains.spike-1, grain yield, biological yield) (88.42 grains per spike) and (4.78 Mg. ha-1) and (15.61 ton ha-1) respectively. While the cultivar (Furat) was excelled and gave the highest average in (weight of a thousand grains, and protein percentage in grains) (43.62 g) and (10.32%) respectively.The treatment of Trichoderma fungus (recommendation) gave a significant increase in all studied traits, as it gave the highest average in (number of grains, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, protein percentage in grains) (72.97 grains.spike-1), (41.14 g), (5.18 mg g h-1), (35.89%) and (10.97%) respectively.The treatment of Rhizoctonia fungus (without addition) gave a significant excelled in the traits (grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, protein percentage in grains) (4.48 mg g h-1), (13.49 mg g h-1), (32.47%) and (9.60%) respectively. The bi and triple interactions gave significant differences in most of the studied traits. The values of the phenotypic and genetic coefficients of variation were moderate to high for all the studied traits. The heritability was evaluated in the broad sense based on grain yield as a function of correlation with the rest of the traits, as it was high, more than 60% for the traits (number of grains, thousand-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield). The highest heritability values for the 1000-grain weight trait reached 99.43%. The expected genetic improvement as a percentage to the general average for the trait gave the grain yield trait 51.95%, while the number of grains trait gave a genetic improvement rate for the trait of 18.26%. The results of the genetic correlation showed a significant and positive correlation for the yield with the traits (number of spikes, number of grains, and thousand-grain weight) ranging between (0.94 and 0.70 for the number of grains trait) and (0.52 and 0.78 for the thousand-grain weight trait) respectively, while the environmental correlation showed a significant correlation For the product with the characteristic (grain weight) 0.69 and 0.75 respectively.

This study was conducted at the Research Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/Open Field affiliated to the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, in the spring agricultural season of 2024. The aim was to evaluate the performance of four hybrids of Sweet Corn plants: Sweet Spirit, 007R, SS3006 and 6800R, and to estimate some genetic parameters in terms of their adaptation to the environmental and agricultural conditions of Salah al-Din Governorate and to determine the best of them. It was implemented according to the split plot system (design plot Split) using the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replicates. The results of the experiment were analyzed using the (SAS) program and the averages were compared statistically according to Duncan's multiple-nomial test at a probability level of 0.05. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences between the hybrids for the traits of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, cob length, cob diameter, number of grains per cob, yield of fresh cobs with sheaths, and total grain yield, where the hybrid SS3006 outperformed all other hybrids in most of the studied traits, as the number of leaves reached 9.322 leaves/plant1-, leaf area reached 3378.9 cm2 plant-1, cob length reached 19.36 cm.cob-1, cob diameter reached 46.50 mm, number of grains per cob 527.4 grains . cob-1, yield of fresh cobs with sheaths reached 13.46 ton.ha-1 and total grain yield 5184.0 kg.ha-1, while the hybrid 6800R excelled in the trait of plant height and recorded 128.2 cm.plant1-. The results of the study showed that the phenotypic variance recorded values higher than the genetic variance values for the studied traits, which led to an increase in the value of the phenotypic variation coefficient compared to the genetic variation coefficient. The heritability ratio in its broad sense was high for most of the studied traits and ranged between 89.38 - 99.97%, indicating that most of the phenotypic variance between the hybrids was genetic. Experiment also showed that the total grain yield was positively and highly significant associated with the trait of fresh cob yield with husks, number of grains per cob, cob diameter, cob length, leaf area and plant height, and thus they can be adopted as selective indicators for the purpose of increasing productivity.

The study was conducted in one of the greenhouses affiliated with the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, during the autumn season 2023-2024 to investigate how different arginine and tryptophan concentrations and application techniques affect the vegetative development traits of Gladiolus plants.The tryptophan treatment at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 gave a significant increase in the number of sprouted buds for each corm, 1.68 bud plant-1, plant height, 145.40 cm, dry weight of leaves, 31.17 g. The arginine treatment at a concentration of 150 mg L-1 gave a significant increase in the number of leaves, 8.84 leaf plant-1, leaf area, 640.1 cm2, and fresh weight of leaves, 62.21 g. The treatment method of soaking + spraying gave a significant increase in the plant height, 138.30 cm, number of leaves, 8.35 leaf plant-1, leaf area, 615.9 cm2, and dry weight of leaves, 27.78 g.
Keywords. Gladiolus, arginine, tryptophan

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the biological effects of Citrullus colocynthis seed oil on Parlatoria blanchardi, a scale insect infesting date palms (Phoenix dactylifera). The oil was at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, and mortality rates were assessed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days post-treatment. Results demonstrated significant variations in the oil's impact across different concentrations and treatment durations. The 20% concentration exhibited the highest efficacy. After eight days, mortality rates reached 84.96% for first nymphs, 81.87% for second nymphs, 78.22% for third nymphs, 73.79% for fourth nymphs, and 64.93% for adult insects. These findings suggest the potential of Citrullus colocynthis seed oil as a natural control agent for Parlatoria blanchardi and potentially other insect pests.
Keywords: Citrulls colocynthis , date palm, parlatoria blanchardi.

The study was performed at Al-Anwar poultry farm located in Almuradia distract - Babylon Province for 35 day period from 10 / 7 / 2022 until 14 / 8 / 2022 to evaluate the effect of supplementing different levels of mix-oil to the drinking water of broiler on the blood biochemical traits and oxidative enzymes at day 35 under the conditions of heat stress. 300 unsexed one day old broiler chicks ( Ross 308) were used in the study. Mix-oil was applied and added to the drinking water of the study from the first day as follows: control treatment without addition; second treatment added 0.25 ml mix-oil/L drinking water; third treatment added 0.50 ml mix-oil/L drinking water; fourth treatment added 0.75 ml mix-oil/L drinking water; and finally fifth treatment added 1 ml of mix-oil/L drinking water. Heat stress temperatures that the birds were exposed to range from 28-35 C°. The results of the study showed that adding mix-oil solution had a significant effect on most of the study characteristics including blood biochemical traits (p < 0.01); whereas the highest value of glucose was reordered in T4, total protein was significantly affected by the addition of mix-oil solution as well, specifically in T2, while the highest and the lowest values for the albumin and globulin was recorded for T5 respectively. Also, the addition of mix-oil solution, specifically in T3 and T5 reduced cholesterol and triglyceride respectively compared to the control which is good for the animals, while the HDL trait was reduced in the treated treatments; however, it helped reduce the LDL concentration compared to the control treatment. The addition of the mix-oil solution had a significant (P≤ 0.01) effect on all of the oxidative enzymes except that catalase was not significantly affected by the mix-oil solution.

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the biological effects of Citrullus colocynthis seed oil on Parlatoria blanchardi, a scale insect infesting date palms (Phoenix dactylifera). The oil was at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, and mortality rates were assessed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days post-treatment. Results demonstrated significant variations in the oil's impact across different concentrations and treatment durations. The 20% concentration exhibited the highest efficacy. After eight days, mortality rates reached 84.96% for first nymphs, 81.87% for second nymphs, 78.22% for third nymphs, 73.79% for fourth nymphs, and 64.93% for adult insects. These findings suggest the potential of Citrullus colocynthis seed oil as a natural control agent for Parlatoria blanchardi and potentially other insect pests.
Keywords: Citrulls colocynthis , date palm, parlatoria blanchardi.

The experiment was conducted in lathhouse of the Plant Production Department at Al-Musaib Technical College during autumn and spring growing seasons of 2023 and 2024. To study the effect of nano-fertilizers and seaweed extract on the growth of local orange seedlings grafted on two different rootstocks (sour orange and Volkameriana ) at the age of (one year) .The experiment included three factors, the first factor is the grafted varieties, the variety grafted on sour orange and Volkameriana and symbolized by the symbol (A1 and A2), while the second factor is the use of seaweed extract, which was added to the soil after planting at three levels (0, 10, 20 g. seedling-1) and symbolized by the symbol (B1, B2, B3). The third factor is spraying with nano-fertilizer (NPK). And at three levels (0, 1.5, 2 g/L) and symbolized by the symbol (C3, C2, C1). A factorial experiment was conducted according to the Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD), with three replicates. The results were analyzed using the Genstat program and compared with the least significant difference (L.S.D) test at a probability level of 0.05. The results were summarized as follows: The results showed that the rootstock had a significant effect on chemical traits of orange seedlings, as the rootstock of sour orange (A1) was significantly excelled on the rootstock of volcameriana (A2) and gave the highest rate for traits of percentage of nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium in leaves (1.85, 0.52, 2.63%) respectively, leaf content of iron 34.06 mg.kg-1 dry weight), leaf content of catalase and peroxidase (0.18 and 2.87 IU.g-1 fresh weight) respectively. 2- The treatment of adding seaweed extract at a concentration of 20 g. pot-1 (B3) was significantly excelled and gave the highest rate of percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus Potassium in the leaves (2.32, 0.55, 2.76%) respectively, the content of iron in the leaves 36.96 mg.kg-1 dry weight), the content of catalase and peroxidase in the leaves (0.22 and 3.17 IU.g-1 fresh weight) respectively. The treatment of spraying nano NPK at a concentration of 2 mg.L-1 (C3) the highest rate for the studied traits. The triple interaction treatment consisting of (stem of the sour orange seed and seaweed extract at a concentration of 20 g. Pot-1 and spraying with nano fertilizer NPK at a concentration of 2 g. L-1) significantly excelled on the rest of the interaction treatments and recorded the highest values for the traits of percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves (2.96, 0.95, 2.90%) respectively, leaf iron content 47.26 mg.kg-1 dry weight, leaf catalase and peroxidase content (0.35 and 4.13 IU.g-1 fresh weight) respectively
Keyword: nano-fertilizers , seaweed extract, orange, peroxidase, catalase

The experiment was conducted in the lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering of the Faculty of Agriculture–University of Tikrit in the agricultural season 2023 to study the response of shaddock and grapefruit seedlings to bio-addition and spraying with nitrogen nan fertilizer, where 108 seedlings of shaddock and grapefruit were brought on a homogeneous sized with 1.5 years old . The results obtained can be summarized as follows: The spraying of nitrogen nanofertilizer with a concentration of (3 ml L-1) resulted in a significant increase in both the length * width of the bottom surface of the normal cells, reaching 178.6 μm, the average thickness of theupper cuticle reached 4.389 μm, the average thickness of the lower cuticle reached 4.500 μm, the average thickness of the upper skin reached 22.17 μm, the average thickness of the lower skin reached 22.00 μm, and the average thickness of the mesophilic tissue reached 238.33 μm . The addition of biofertilizer at a concentration of (12 g seedling -1) led to a significant increase in both the average length * width of the bottom surface of ordinary cells, which amounted to 151.3 µm , and a modification in the thickness of the mesophyll tissue, which amounted to 235.67 µm. When adding biofertilizer concentrate (6 g seedling-1), the increase was in the rate of increase in the thickness of theupper cuticle as it reached 4.175 µm, and the average thickness of the lower cuticle as it reached 4.022 µm, and the average thickness of the upper cuticle as it reached 21.28 µm adjusted in the thickness of the lower cuticle as it reached 19.61 µm. The Interaction between biofertilizer and nitrogen nanofertilizer, especially at concentration (12 g seedling -1with 3 ml -1), led to a clear moral effect in both the length * width of the bottom surface of the normal cells, which was 188.8 µm ,and the average thickness of the mesophyll tissue, which was 245.50 µm.
Keywords: Shaddock , Grapefruit, seedlings, bio-fertilizers, nanofertilizer.

A field experiment was conducted in one of the private farms in Babylon province / for the winter season of the year (2024-2023), to study the role of bacterial inoculum and humic acids in treating salt stress and improving some soil properties. The study included three factors: the quality of irrigation water (river water with a salt concentration of 1.4 dSm-1 and mixing water with a salt concentration of 3.6 dSm-1 W1 and well water 7.0 dSm-1) and symbolized by the symbol (W0, W1, W2) The second factor is adding the bacterial inoculum, which is Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria loaded on peat moss and the symbol for the treatments (without adding ( A0) and adding the Azotobacter bacteria inoculum( A1) The third factor is adding humic acids At three levels (0, 25, 50), a factorial experiment was conducted according to the Split-Split Plot arrangement and the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) design with three replicates. The averages were compared according to the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 level. The results showed that river water W0 was significantly excelled and gave the highest rate of organic matter in the soil after harvest, reaching 12.85 mg.kg-1, bacterial count 1.84 Cfu.g dry soil, and available phosphorus 23.16 mg.kg-1, while the well water treatment (W2) recorded the highest rate of available nitrogen, reaching (54.41 mg.kg-1, available potassium 252.96 mg.kg-1. While the treatment of humic acids at a concentration of 50 kg.h-1 (H2) was excelled and gave the highest rate of organic matter content in the soil 11.89 mg.kg-1, bacterial numbers 1.26 Cfu.g dry soil, available nitrogen 51.44 mg.kg-1, available phosphorus 18.16 mg.kg-1, available potassium 193.33 mg.kg-1, The results also showed that the bio-inoculation had a significant effect, as the treatment of Azotobacter bacteria (A1) was recorded and gave the highest rate of organic matter content in the soil 12.04 mg.kg-1, bacterial numbers 1.46 Cfu.g dry soil, available nitrogen 51.66 mg.kg-1, available phosphorus 18.09 mg.kg-1, available potassium 197.81 mg.kg-1, the triple interaction treatment W2A1H2 was significantly excelled and gave the highest rate of organic matter content in the soil, reaching 13.96 mg.kg-1, available nitrogen 59.23 mg.kg-1, available potassium 290.14 mg.kg-1, and the W0A1H2 treatment was excelled and recorded the highest rate of bacterial numbers, reaching 2.41 Cfu.g dry soil, available phosphorus 28.52 mg.kg-1
Keyword: humic acids, salt stress, Azotobacter chroococcum, river water, well water

Rapid urban growth has led to significant changes in the city's shape during recent years. Urban sprawl is a common issue in fast-growing cities, contributing to issues such as The unfair usage of land, high density, car dependency, and pollution. Future cities should create various urban spaces that support city life and address prevalent urbanization challenges. While many research efforts have studied the benefits and design principles of pocket parks, there is a lack of systematic and quantitative understanding. This could impact decision-making for their optimal implementation. To address the knowledge vacuum, this study conducts a critical and practically analysis of pocket parks from three perspectives: benefits, spatial distribution, and design methodologies. The New Sustainable Al-Ganain City is one of the cities planned by the Iraqi state in Babylon Governorate, and it uses a small space system to distribute green spaces inside the city design. As a result, the study article attempted to create a suitable spatial distribution and Detailed designs for the repeated green spaces in the site plan and offer them as executable models.
Key words: Pocket Parks, sustainable cities, green spaces.

A study was conducted for the period 2023-2024 at the plant protection department Faculty of Agriculture / Tikrit University aimed to reveal the toxic effect of some insecticides in aphid parasites , and from pesticides circulating among farmers in our country on many insect pests, including green peach, three insecticides were used in the study (superserine, chlorfenapyr, effecect, at recommended and below recommended concentrations, aphids and parasites on them), The results of the study showed the ability of these pesticides to exterminate vital enemies and their high toxicity, as they were given at the recommended concentration after an exposure period of 7 days of treatment, the highest mortality rate corrected by the first method(spraying plants and aphids on them and then introducing parasitoids) with pesticides (Supersyrin,Chlorfenapyro Evisect ) amounted to( 76.23,67.23 , 88.75 ) respectively and in the second method it reached (76.71, 74.56.67.60) respectively, as for the concentration below the recommended, the mortality rate was high, it was given by the first method(87.42, 72.02,77.87) respectively and in the second method (76.77,82.38,70.95) respectively, therefore, it cannot be adopted in integrated control programs for its damage to vital important enemies, including the intruder Aphidius colemani.
Keywords: Aphidius colemani. , Mezus persicae (Sulzer). Evisect, Chlorfenapyr.

This study was carried out in the agricultural season (2023-2024) with the aim of studying the effect of five planting dates on the physiological growth characteristics of seven barley varieties according to the split-plot system and in a completely randomized block design( RCBD ) with three replicates, as the planting dates were in the main panels and the barley varieties were in the secondary panels, The physiological growth characteristics were studied and the results were summarized as follows, Planting dates showed significant differences, as the date of September 15 was superior to the crop growth rate, relative growth rate, and absolute growth rate by values of 0.00156 , 0.0533 g.cm-2.day-1, 0.2227g. day-1respectively
While the date of November 15 was superior in terms of net carbon representation and the duration of survival of leaf area recording values of up to0.000388 g.cm-2.day-1 ,8928,44 cm2. Day-1, While the dates of November 1 and 15 excelled in terms of the duration of dry matter production and recorded the highest values of 79.420 , 77.007 g. day-1.As for the varieties, the variety Rehan was superior in terms of crop growth rate with a value of 0.00142 g.cm-2.day-1, without any significant difference from the two varieties Sameer and Shoaa. The studied barley varieties did not achieve any significant differences among themselves in terms of net carbon representation and relative growth rate, As for the absolute growth rate, the Sameer variety achieved the highest value, amounting to 0.01682 g. day -1, In terms of the survival period of the leaf area, the variety surpassed Shoaa and recorded the highest value, amounting to 9119.86 cm2.day-1. In the survival period of dry matter production, the two varieties Shoaa and Samir excelled and recorded the highest averages, amounting to 86.33 and 84.461 g. day- 1.
Keywords (Physiological indicators, planting dates, barley varieties)

An experiment was carried out in the fall of 2022 in a field in the Qasim District of Babylon Governorate, which is known for its silty clay loam soil, to examine the application of subsurface drip irrigation with varying degrees of soil moisture depletion and its effects on the physical characteristics of soil as well as maize yield.
Three replications were set up using a split complete plot arrangement method using the RCBD complete block design. The secondary plots were treated with depletion levels, while the primary plots were subjected to irrigation techniques. The experimental boards in the field received the treatments at random. Each treatment had a 30%, 50%, and 70% depletion level. Three different watering systems were employed: surface drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, and surface irrigation.
The highest number of leaves per plant, measuring 18.073 cm, was achieved with subsurface drip irrigation at a depletion level of 50%. This was followed by surface drip irrigation, which had an average of 16.579 cm, though the difference was not statistically significant. Additionally, the experiment revealed significant differences across the various treatments and levels studied for the number of rows per ear 17.767, the weight of 100 (48.35) grains of maize and the quantity of grains per row. The subsurface drip irrigation treatment at a 50% depletion level yielded the highest values for these metrics.
Keywords: surface and subsurface drip irrigation, maize

The study included the adsorption, release To evaluated potassium availability, soil samples with different clay content (high, medium and low) were used in this study, which were selected from most of the soils of Babylon province. To aim this study, four experiments were required (three of which were laboratory) and the last one was biological. The first represents the mineral analysis experiment, and the second is to study the kinetics of potassium adsorption and release reactions. To calculate the potassium adsorption rate coefficient in the study soils, the best equation describing the potassium adsorption kinetics in the soils under study must be determined. By comparing the five equations, it was found that the Elovich equation is the best equation describing the potassium adsorption kinetics in soils with low, medium and high clay contents representing the study area when adding levels (5, 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200) mg K L-1. Therefore, it was adopted to calculate the potassium adsorption rate coefficient in all the study soils. Third, five kinetic equations were used, some of which were mathematical in nature and others were experimental statistical, to describe the release of potassium in soils with different clay content (sandy soil, loam soil, and clay soil). These are the zero-order equation, the first-order equation, the diffusion equation, the power function equation, and the Elovich equation. Two statistical criteria were adopted, namely the coefficient of determination R2 and the standard error SE, to compare the equations to choose the best one in describing the release of potassium from the study soils. The results show that the zero-order equation was superior in describing the release of potassium from the three soils, as the value of the coefficient of determination for the clay soil was 0.95 with a standard error of 0.3418, while the coefficient of determination for the first-order equation, diffusion, power function and Elovich were (0.85, 0.92, 0.91 and 0.84) respectively with a standard error of (22.793, 442, 42 and 201815, 33.762) in the same order.
key word : Elovich equation, potassium, release, kinetics

The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station affiliated with the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, in the area of Karma Ali, to study the effect of foliar spraying with different concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 40, 80) mg L-1 and different concentrations of liquid potassium (0, 1, 2) mL L-1 and their interaction on the vegetative growth and content of leaves of chlorophyll pigments and carotenoids for cowpea plants. The results showed that the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant and total chlorophyll in the leaves increased significantly by spraying with both compounds. In contrast, the content of leaves of carotenoid pigment increased significantly when sprayed with liquid potassium. However, the interaction between the two factors significantly affected all traits in the study, except for the content of leaves of total chlorophyll and carotenoids.
Keywords: Cowpea plant; ascorbic acid; potassium; vegetative growth; photosynthesis pigments.

The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, in Karmat Ali area during the summer season of 2023 to study the effect of pinching at two different stages and foliar spraying with different concentrations of boron (0, 100, 200) mg L-1 and their interaction on vegetative growth and leaf content of total chlorophyll and carotene pigments for Cowpea plants. The results showed that the plants pinched at the stage of 5-6 true leaves were significantly excelled in the number of leaves, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of the plant, while the plant length decreased when pinched at the stage of 3-4 true leaves. Pinching did not significantly affect the number of branches and the content of chlorophyll and carotene in the leaves. Foliar spraying with boron at both concentrations of 200 and 100 mg L-1 led to a significantly excelled in plant length and leaf area, while the concentration of 200 mg L-1 was significantly excelled in the fresh and dry weights of the plant. The interaction between the two study factors showed a significant effect on all studied traits.
Keywords: Cowpea, pinching, boron, vegetative growth, photosynthesis pigments.

The field experiment was conducted in the winter season 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Research Station - Karma Ali site - College of Agriculture - University of Basra . The study aimed to know the response of two local okra varieties ( Khanisriya and Batrah ) grown in plastic houses to the process of pinching the apical dominace and spraying with roselle extract . The treatments included for both varieties (without pinching, pinching after 45 days and 60 days of planting) and spraying with roselle extract at a concentration of (5 and 10) g/L in some growth and yield characteristics of okra plants. A complete randomized block design was used, Split split design, with a factorial experiment and three replicates. The results were analyzed using the GeneStat program, and the means were compared according to the Lsd test at a probability level of 0.05 [7] .
The results of the experiment showed that the variety and the carotene did not significantly affect the leaf content of total chlorophyll and carotene, while spraying with the extract of the carotene caused a significant difference for both concentrations (5 and 10) g/l, and the effect increased significantly with increasing concentration.
The plants that were pruned after 45 days and sprayed with a concentration of 10 g/l gave the highest percentage of TSS .

Keywords:
Okra ,roselle , extract, total chlorophyll pinching ,extract.

The experiment was conducted in lathhouse of Al-Mussaib technical college - Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University for the period from April 2023 to July 2024. To study the effect of organic and bio fertilization and spraying with nano zinc on the vegetative growth of Aswd Diyala fig seedlings (one year old) which were obtained from the Horticulture Department in Al-Hindiya / Karbala province the experiment included three factors, The first factor: - Organic fertilization Different types of organic fertilizer were used (control treatment, vermicompost at an average of 20 gpot-1, cow and sheep waste at an average of 20 gpot-1 + palm frond waste, wheat and rice at an average of 20 gpot-1) and symbolized by the symbol (A0, A1, A2) The second factor is spraying EM1, Sefo Alexi at three levels (without spraying (control treatment), spraying EM1 at a concentration of 5 ml/L, spraying Sefo Alexi 5 ml.L-1) and symbolized by (B0, B1, B2) The third work: Spraying nano zinc. Nano zinc is sprayed at three concentrations: (2, 1, 0 g. L-1) and its symbol is (N0, N1, N1). The results were summarized as follows: The results showed that the Organic fertilizers had a significant effect on the studied traits, as the animal and plant wastes (A2) had a significantly excelled and gave the highest rate for the traits of the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves (2.14, 0.42, 3.00%) respectively, for the content of zinc in the leaves 11.74 mg kg-1, the content of iron in the leaves 142.83 mg kg-1, the content of carbohydrates in the leaves 30.45 mg 100 g -1 dry weight . The results also showed that the biofertilizers had a significant effect on the studied traits, as the treatment of biofertilizer EM1 had a significantly excelled and recorded the highest rates for the traits of the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves (2.01, 0.40, 2.89%) respectively, and the content of zinc in the leaves, the content of iron in the leaves, The carbohydrate content in the leaves reached (11.34 mg kg-1, 140.59 mg kg-1, 27.58 mg 100 g -1 dry weight respectively. The treatment of spraying nano zinc at a concentration of 2 g L-1 (N2) was significantly excelled and recorded the highest rates for the characteristics of leaf content of elements. The results showed that the triple interaction between the experimental factors had a significant effect, as the interaction treatment A2B1N2 was significantly excelled and recorded the highest rate of traits for the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves (2.79, 0.64, 4.01%) respectively, for the zinc content of the leaves 14.39 mg kg-1, the iron content of the leaves 163.91 mg kg-1, and the carbohydrate content in the leaves 41.98%.

Key word: bio fertilizer , nano zinc, Aswd Diyala ,EM1

The experiment was conducted in one of the fields in Al-Azzawiya area - Al-Musayyab district (40 km) north of the center of Babylon province during the spring season 2022 within longitude 44.07° and latitude 32.76°, to study the effect of adding polymer, organic and chemical fertilizer and spraying with anti-transpiration (potassium silicate) on traits of vegetative growth of pepper plant. Karizma cultivar was chosen, using anti-transpiration (potassium silicate) at three concentrations (0, 2, 4 ml. L-1) and the second factor is adding organic matter and polymers with the following parameters (F0 = organic matter (10 tons. ha-1) (vermicompost + palm fronds at a ratio of 1:1), F1 = using NPK (fertilizer recommendation), F2 = using polymer (Super Ab 200) + organic matter (10 tons. ha), F3 = use of polymer (Super Ab 200) + NPK, F4 = use of polymer (Super Ab 200) + organic matter (10 tons. ha-1) + NPK, F5 = use of polymer (Super Ab 200) + organic matter (10 tons. ha) + ½ NPK). The experiment was implemented as a 6*3 factorial experiment according to the RCBD randomized complete block design according to the split plot system such as anti-transpiration main plots and fertilization-polymer treatments sub plots. The results were as follows: The potassium silicate spraying treatment at a concentration of 2 ml. L-1 gave the highest average of 31.42 gm2. plant-1, the yield of one plant was 636.2 gm. plant-1, the total yield was 25.50 tons. ha-1, and the potassium silicate spraying treatment at a concentration of 4 ml. L-1 gave the highest average percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in pepper leaves( 3.527,0.1439, 4.182%) respectively, and gave the highest percentage of phosphorus in the fruits, which amounted to 0.1655%, and control treatment (spraying water only) gave the highest percentage of nitrogen and potassium in the fruits, which amounted to (2.929, 2.392%) respectively. The results showed that the F3 treatment (polymer + NPK) was excelled on the rest of the treatments, with a significant difference in the highest average fruit weight, which amounted to 30.83 g. plant-1, and the highest average percentage of phosphorus, which amounted to 0.1687% in the fruits. The F1 treatment (NPK fertilizer recommendation) achieved the highest average yield per plant, which amounted to 627.0 g. plant-1, and the highest average total yield, which amounted to 25.13 tons. ha-1 and treatment F5 (polymer + organic matter + 2/1 NPK) achieved the highest average phosphorus percentage of 0.1472%, while treatment F2 (polymer + organic matter) recorded the highest average potassium percentage of 4.478%. The results of the bi-interaction between spraying potassium silicate and fertilizer-polymer treatments showed significant differences in the average fruit weight, as the interaction treatment of spraying potassium silicate at a concentration of 2 ml. L-1 + F5 (polymer + organic matter + 2/1 NPK) gave the highest average fruit weight of 37.40 g. plant-1 and the highest average yield per plant of 742.2 g. plant-1 and the total yield of 29.70 tons. ha-1
The control treatment (spraying water only) + F0 (organic matter 10 tons. ha-1) gave the highest average nitrogen percentage in the leaves, reaching 4.177%. The interaction treatment spraying potassium silicate at a concentration of 4 ml. L-1 + F4 (polymer + organic matter + NPK) gave the highest average phosphorus percentage in the leaves, reaching 0.1698%. The interaction treatment (spraying water only) + F3 (polymer + NPK) recorded the highest average nitrogen percentage, reaching 3.320%. The interaction treatment spraying potassium silicate at a concentration of 4 ml. L-1 + F4 (polymer + organic matter + NPK) gave the highest average phosphorus percentage, reaching 0.1928%

Agriculture and women's economics are interlinked in many societies, especially in developing regions. This study focuses on female farmers' satisfaction, income, and program effectiveness in Erbil. Female farmers aged 30–59 reported high satisfaction from tailored AES programs. Younger women (18–29) had the lowest satisfaction due to limited exposure, societal norms, and resource inaccessibility. Women aged 60 and above experienced moderate satisfaction, facing challenges like reduced physical engagement. Income distribution showed disparities, with most farmers earning less than IQD 5,000 monthly. Middle-income beneficiaries were notably absent, indicating unequal access to AES resources. Tailored interventions like microloans are crucial for bridging income gaps. Higher-income earners benefited from AES programs, suggesting training can promote growth. High satisfaction was linked to increased incomes and productivity. Challenges like pest control and infrastructure deficiencies must be addressed to enhance outcomes. Expanding AES coverage, introducing mentorship, skill-building, and feedback can convert "Satisfied" participants into advocates. Age-specific interventions are essential for inclusivity. Younger women need mentorship and leadership training, older farmers need simplified technologies for engagement. Regular feedback can refine AES programs, fostering inclusivity. Addressing cultural stereotypes and facilitating intergenerational knowledge exchange are critical for empowering women farmers. Findings show AES can reduce income disparities, enhance satisfaction, and foster sustainable development. Focus on resource access, market integration, and training can improve economic outcomes for female farmers. Collaborative efforts among policymakers, AES providers, and local communities are vital for equitable financial empowerment and sustainable development.
Keywords: Extension services, women farmers, living conditions, semi-structured interviews

Abu Tayara Park was designed on an area of 24198 m², and it is located at latitude 33°25'76.2"N and longitude 44°40'32.0"E. The Dora area is located south of Baghdad, one of the oldest areas of Baghdad, which overlooks the western shore of the Tigris River and includes a group One of the important residential and commercial neighborhoods and complexes in the city of Baghdad, the most important of which is the Abu Tayara neighborhood, so the designed park was called Abu Tayara Park. And the temperature rises (50 °C) during the summer months and vice versa during the winter months (-8 °C). Part of the population was also surveyed in the area, so that 100% of the respondents see the need for a park in their area, and that the preferred time for their visits is the afternoon. 50%, and the most preferred recreational activities in the park are children’s play areas at 50%, places to sit, relax, read, or a place to practice sports 25%, and take the opinions of specialists in the municipality and visitors in this field into consideration in the design process so that the visitor feels that he is participating in the process Design even with his voice

Key words: Public Parks, Green Spaces, Sustainable Environment, Recreational Needs

The research was conducted in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape design- College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University. Eighty-one olive seedlings were brought from government nursery in Babylon previnous. The seedlings of olive variety (Arbequina) were equally in size, and two factors were used. The two factors were potassium silicate (K₂siO₃) and Calcium oxide (CaO) with three concentrations (0, 2, 4 ml.L-1).The research was designed as a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the concentration of K₂siO₃ exceeded 4 ml.L-1 and gave the highest values in all the studied characteristics (seedling height, seedling diameter, and number of leaves, number of branches, and chlorophyll content, carbohydrate content of the leaves) gave (77.12 cm, 13.24 mm, 216.78 leaves, 12.23 branches, 53.71 spad, and 5.75 mg.g-1 dry weight) respectively. The concentration of 4 ml.L-1 of CaO was superior in all characteristics that study and mentioned with K₂siO₃ and gave (77.53 cm, 14.21 mm, 266.87 leaves, 12.64 branches, 55.41 spad, and 5.48 mg.g-1 dry weight), respectively. The results of the statistical analysis were showed that the presence of significant interactions consisting of 4 ml.L-1 of K₂siO₃ and CaO were superior gave the highest rate for all of the studied traits, while the interaction consisting of 0 ml.L-1 of K₂siO₃ and CaO recorded the lowest rate for all of the studied traits.
Keywords: Calcium oxide, potassium silicate, Olive, Olea europaea, salt water.

The study aimed to determine the response of three hybrids of eggplant, THURAYYA, JAWAHER, and BARCELONA to spraying with boric acid (BO3 H3) (17% B) at a concentration of 25 mg L-1 or high potassium fertilizer 3 g.L-1 as NPK (50) or a combination of both fertilizers under unheated greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The results showed that the Barcelona hybrid was significantly superior in plant height to 63.33 cm, plant content of phosphorus to 0.565% and boron to 34.172 mg Kg-1, fruit weight to 163.80 g fruit-1, area productivity to 2.92 ton hous-1, fruit content of calcium to 1.294% and anthocyanin to 84.59 mg 100g-1, compared to the two hybrids Thurayya and Jawaher. Spraying with the fertilizer combination of potassium at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 and boron 25 mg.L-1 was significantly superior in increasing the studied indicators compared to plants treated with one of the factors or not treated. The results showed that the highest measures for all study indicators recorded a significant increase in the treatment of the Barcelona hybrid interaction and spraying with the fertilizer combination of 3 g.L-1 potassium and 25 mg.L-1 boron compared to all other interaction treatments between the study factors.
Keywords: genotype, micro-nutrients, solanine, Solanum