Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

A field experiment was carried out at the rice research station in Al-Mishkhab in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate - Iraq for the summer season 2012, in order to investigate the response of the rice crop, Amber 33 variety, to application with nutrients and a growth regulator and its effect on some growth and yield characteristics. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications.. The results showed that there was a significant effect of the different treatments in the experiment, as the treatment of application with the nutrient (GZ) with the growth regulator (Setter-2) achieved the highest averages for the characteristics of plant height, flag leaf area, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield, reaching 143.73 cm, 21.37 cm2, 26.22 g, and 5.657 tons.ha-1,respectively. depending on the previous data, we can conclude that the use of a combination of nutrients containing nitrogen and potassium with growth regulators such as ascorbic acid and citric acid may lead to an increase in the crop's ability to metabolize and thus increase the growth and yield characteristics of the crop.
Keyword: Rice, nutrient, growth regulator

This study investigate the effect of adding a synergistic mixture of oyster mushroom and beta-glucan on the microbial content and characteristics of broiler carcasses subjected to heat stress. This study was conducted in the field of poultry research at the College of Agriculture - University of Basra for the period from 17/1/22 2022 to 22/2/2022.For (35) a day. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a synbiotic mixture of oyster mushrooms and beta-glucans on the microbial content and characteristics of broiler carcasses subjected to heat stress. 300 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly distributed to four treatments. The first treatment (control) was fed the standard diet without any addition. As for the second, third and fourth treatment, they were fed on a ration with the addition of the synergistic mixture at the rate of (0.5, 1, 1.5) gm per kg of feed for the starter ration, while the addition to the final ration was (0.250, 0.5, 0.750) gm per kg for each of the oyster mushrooms and the same amount of beta glucan. the results showed a significant improvement (p<0.05) for the treatment (T4) to which the synergistic mixture was added 1.5 gm per kg for the starter diet and 0.5 gm per kg for the growth ration, for the total bacterial content, beneficial bacteria (Lactobacilli) and less content of harmful bacteria (E.coli) as well. Significant (p<0.05) improvement was found in carcass weight, dressing percentage, and breast segments. In addition to the chemical properties of meat. In conclusion, it can be adopted to improve the microbial content and chemical characteristics of the meat, which will reflect positively on the productive characteristics of broilers subjected to heat stress.
Keywords: beta-glucan, oyster mushroom, microbial content, chemical properties, heat stress, synergistic mixture.

A field experiment was carried out in the Musayyib Technical College field for the autumn season 2021 to demonstrate the effect of silicon on some physiological characteristics of maize under the influence of water stress.. the split-split plot experiment was designed with (R.C.B.D)design with three Replication, including three water stress Treatments called it (I3, I2, I1) placed in the main plot, while the secondary panels They were include to the concentrations silicon (potassium silicate) (K2SiO3) called it (C1,C2,C3)(0,1,1.5m.L) respectively, As for the varieties(Tarkeby 5018, Sumer ,Baghdad 3) (V1, V2, V3), respectively, they were placed in the sub- sub secondary panels. The results show that there are significant differences for the leaf content of chlorophyll and the amino acid proline when depleting 50% of the available water (I1) and its interactions with the concentrations of silicon (C) and varieties (V), as the combination (V2*V3*I1) achieved The highest average of the traits was 46.327 mg.g-1wet.w. While the treatment (I3,V3,C1) was superior in giving the highest average of the proline content in the leaves reached 4.7367 Micromole. gm-1. The lowest average chlorophyll content was recorded with the treatment When the depletion treatment was 90% available water (I3) and its interactions, (v1*c1*I3) achieved the 22.583. mg.g-1wet.w, and the lowest average proline content was recorded with the treatment When the depletion treatment was 50% available water (I1) and its interactions, where the combination(v2*c3*I1) achieved the 3.6367 Micromole. gm-1 ,the highest rate of chlorophyll content and the lowest rate of proline content were recorded with the depletion treatments (I1) 50% achieved 39.746 mg.g-1wet.,3.8570 Micromole.gm-1respectively. The binary interaction between the water treatment and silicon concentrations (I*C) is significantly superior to the interaction (I1*C3) (50%, 1.5 ml/L-1 silicon) achieved 43.854 mg.g-1wet.w for the chlorophyll content. the lowest average chlorophyll content was recorded with the treatment (I3,C1) achieved 23.622 mg.g-1wet.w,and the lowest average proline content was recorded with the treatment (I1,C3) 3.6967 Micromole. gm-1 .all the binary interactions were significant between the depletion coefficients and varieties on the one hand, and the concentrations and varieties from the other side
Keywords. Water stress, Zea mays, Silicon, Chlorophyll content.

This study was carried out at Animal field of Animal Production Department- Agriculture College - Al-Qasim Green University for 100 days to investigate the effect of feeding monensin to Awassi lambs at levels of 15, 30 and 45 mg/kg concentrate diet on weight gain and conversion ratio in treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Lambs in control treatment (T1) were fed concentrate diet without monensin. Sixteen lambs were used with mean live body weights (LBW) of 24.84 kg and 4-6 months of age at 4 lambs per each treatment. Concentrate diet was offered at level of 2.75% of LBW divided into morning and evening meals. Ground wheat straw was offered ad libitum. Results revealed that final weight of lambs was not affected by monensin feeding, whereas significant increase (P<0.05) was recorded in total weight gain from 9.66 for control treatment to 11.17 and 11.35 kg, and daily weight gain from 138.09 for control treatment to 159.63 and 162.14 g/day due to feeding monensin at levels of 30 and 45 mg/kg concentrate diet respectively. Feed conversion ratio calculated on basis of total dry matter, organic matter and crude protein intakes was significantly (P<0.05) improved when monensin was introduced into concentrate diet at levels of 30 and 45 mg/kg.

Key words: Lambs, Monensin, Weight gain, Feed conversion ration

Field experiment was conducted during winter season 2021-2022 at karthiya area / Kut district in Wasit Province, Iraq. Therefore, the aim of this study was to implement the irrigation scheduling and foliar application of nutrients on the yield and its components of wheat (IPA 99). The study carried out in randomized complete block design with split block arrangements and three replications. The main plots were for irrigation scheduling calculated based on depth of irrigation water and the cumulative evaporation from a Class A as follows: Depth of irrigation water at 40 % of available, depth of irrigation water at 60 % of available and depth of irrigation water at 80 % of available. The sub plots were for foliar application of nutrients included control, foliar spray of iron and zinc was added with the elongation and booting stages (100 Mg.L-1) and foliar spray of potassium was added with the elongation and booting stages (3000 Mg.L-1). The results indicated that the highest No. of spike, No. of spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), grains yield, biological yield and harvest index were found at depth of irrigation water at 40 % of available (362.80, 21.38, 32.49 g, 4.80 t ha-1, 15.00 t ha-1 and 32.06) respectively. Also the highest were found at foliar spray of potassium 3000 Mg.L-1 (20.84, 4.40 t ha-1, 14.60 t ha-1 and 29.94) respectively, except No. of spike and 1000-grain weight not significant affected.
Key words: irrigation scheduling, nutrients, grains yield and its components of wheat.
Part of Ph.D. for first researcher.

Marketing behavior of vegetable farmers play critical role in maximization of their crops profit. Studying marketing behavior for vegetable growers can help to predict the ways those use for supplying their agricultural products in the market . The study was conducted in Al-Qassim district Babylon Province, Iraq; to analysis marketing behavior among vegetable growers. Two hundred of vegetable growers were randomly selected. About three – quarters of the vegetable growers had a medium marketing behavior. Plastic bags and Net /Mesh bags was the most mode used for packing vegetable crops. Majority of the respondents sell their produce in the district vegetable market, to the wholesaler, immediately after harvest, using a rental vehicle, and received full payment (spot payment). Neighbors/ relatives and progressive farmers ranked first among marketing information sources for vegetable growers. Respondents within the least years of experience had higher mean scores on the marketing behavior scale. An effective strategy is needed to enhance the marketing behavior of vegetable growers.
Keywords: local market; packing; price; selling; smallholder farmers.

The research aims to identify the most important problems of date marketing facing date palm growers in Hilla District / Babylon province. The marketing problems of dates facing palm farmers have been limited. The results showed that the most influential marketing problem is the axis of storage and manufacturing problems, as it ranked first with a weighted average of (3.311), and the axis of the problem of harvesting came in the last rank with a weighted average of (2.901).and based on the results of analyzing the most important marketing problems for dates, it is necessary to encourage the establishment of private factories for packing and processing dates, producing date molasses and jam, and introducing them as raw materials in the manufacture of biscuits, cake and vinegar, and educating the consumer on the use of dates as food and work to establish cooperative societies specialized in marketing dates so that they help producers in marketing their crops at reasonable prices. Paying attention to holding agricultural exhibitions and encouraging investment in palm cultivation and date production and processing and activating the role of agricultural extension in the field of palm groves in terms of services, activities and training programs, especially in the field of marketing dates.
Keywords: marketing dates, problems of marketing dates, Iraq

Bacillus cereus was isolated and investigated within 100 collected samples from raw and cooked rice in Sulaimani city. Twenty-nine out of these samples were found to be contaminated with this bacterium, the highest contamination rate occurred in raw samples 60% (24/40), followed by cooked rice 8.3% (5/60). B.cereus densities in raw rice samples was 48.7 ×104 CFU g−1, while in the cooked rice exceeded 103 CFU g−1. Identification of the twenty-two strains of the B. cereus was done by VITEK 2 BCL, with probability between 85%-89% which is a good and acceptable level. Then identification of this bacteria at the molecular level was done by colony PCR using primers targeting 16S rRNA gene, diarrheal toxin including non-hemolytic enterotoxin (nheA, nheC and nheD), hemolytic enterotoxin (hblA, hblC, hblD), Cytotoxin K (cytK), bceT and entFM enterotoxin, in addition to the emetic toxin gene (detected by colony PCR). Out of the 22 positive samples, entFM gene was the more abundant (95.4%.) followed by cytK gene which was 77.2% and the percentage of nheA, nheB, and nheC genes were 63.6, 13.6 and 40.9% respectively, and for hblA, hblC, hblD genes were 31.8, 22.7 and 31.8% respectively. The less percentage of these genes in these isolates was bceT (13.6). The detection of strains with the emetic toxin in raw and cooked rice was negative.
Keywords: Bacillus cereus; raw and cooked rice; toxic genes; colony PCR

The research aims to identify the most important production problems of dates facing date palm growers in Hilla District / Babylon province . The production problems of dates facing palm farmers have been limited.Then he dealt with the analytical method used in the analysis of statistical data and statistical methods in analyzing the opinions of farmers that were collected through the use of a questionnaire form that included questions about the opinions of farmers about the most important problems they face with the order of problems. The results showed that the most influential production problems are the problems of palm varieties, where it ranked first with a weighted average of (3.597), and the problems related to the agricultural extension role came last with a weighted average of (2.834).Based on the results of analyzing the most important production problems of dates, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of dates as a staple food and a strategic source of food security, and to provide fertilizers, pesticides, and improved varieties, especially commercial ones and the government's interest in combating palm pests and insects that infect the governorate's orchards, and conducting air campaigns in all areas of the governorate on an ongoing basis and work on the introduction of mechanization in the palm service operations, and the emphasis on centers for receiving dates in the production areas, and activating the role of agricultural extension in the field of palm groves to become more effective.
Keywords: Dates production, dates production problems, Iraq.

A factorial experiment was conducted in one of the date palm horticulture stations of the Ministry of Agriculture for the purpose of studying the effect of adding N.P.K. fertilizer with different distances, timing and concentrations in growth and yield for date palm trees of the Zahdi cultivar, three factors were used in the experiment after selecting 54 palm trees. The first factor included two spaces for feeding trees with fertilizer (100 and 200) cm, symbolized (A1 and A2). While he applied three dates for preparing fertilizer (3/10/2021, 3/12/2021, and 3/2/2022) symbolized (B1, B2, and B3), while the third factor, which included three concentrations of fertilizer, which are (250:250:500 and 500:500:750) gm L-1 In addition to the non-fertilization treatment, it is symbolized (C1). The random block design was followed with three replications, and the averages were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D). At a probability level of 0.05 in analyzing the data statistically. The results of the experiment showed the superiority of the triple interaction treatment (A2B2C3) in the Leaves content of nitrogen,phosphor,potassium and carbohydrates, while the triple interaction treatment (A2B2C2) excelled in the total plant yield according to the conditions of the experiment.
Keyword: Date palm, Distances and date of fertilizing, NPK fertilizer, Zahdi cultivar

A field experiment was conducted during the 2021-2022 season in the fields of the Agricultural Research Station affiliated to the College of Agriculture - University of Basra, 30 km north of the center of Basra provaince, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying levels of amino acids on yield traits and its components of two cultivars of oats (Avena sativa L.).Two cultivars of oats (Shifaa and Ganzania) and six treatments were studied for spraying amino acids (50 mg L-1 L-tryptophan, 100 mg L-1 of L-tryptophan, 50 mg L-1 of L-Glysine, and 100 mg L-1 of L- Glysine, 50 mg L-1 of L-Lysine, and 100 mg L-1 of L-Lysine) with control treatment without spraying.The experiment was applied using the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), with split plot arrangement, with three replicates .The results showed that the cultivars differed significantly among themselves in most of the traits of the study. The cultivar Shifa was excelled in the number of panicles, the weight of 1000 grains, and the grain yield, with an increase of 8.85%, 31.54%, and 4.89%, respectively, compared with the cultivar Ganzania. As for the treatments of spraying amino acids, they showed a significantly excelled when spraying tryptophan at a concentration of 50 mg L-1, and gave the highest mean of the number of panicles, the number of grain in the sepals, and the grain yield. We conclude from this study that amino acids play an important role in plant growth. Spraying tryptophan at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 with Shifa cultivar gave a significant increase in the number of panicles.
Keywords: oats, cultivars, amino acids

This study was carried out at Animal field of Animal Production Department - College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University using 16 male lambs to investigate the effect of addition of two commercial products of baker's yeast (CPBY) and their mixture on rumen fermentation characteristics. The study included 4 treatments in which, ground wheat straw was offered ad libitum whereas concentrate diet was offered at level of 2.75% of live body weight with two meals at morning and evening, without addition (T1) or with addition of the Angel CPBY (T2), Super Maya (T3) at rate of 2 kg/100 kg, and their equalized mixture (T4). Rumen fluid samples were collected from all lambs before feeding and 3 and 6 hours thereafter. Results revealed that pH was not significantly affected by type of CPBY added to concentrate diet, however, addition of Super Maya CPBY increased (P<0.05) ruminal concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) from 3.90 to 4.38 mg/100 ml and from 8.60 to 11.07 mmol/100 ml, respectively. Results also showed that pH values and TVFA concentrations were significantly (P<0.01) affected by time of collecting rumen liquid samples from lambs.

Key Words: Awassi lambs, commercial baker's yeast, rumen fermentation

Vegetable farmers continually needs to get information about production practices. Mobile phone improving small farmers’ access to information, inputs, market, finance, and training. The study was conducted in Al-Qassim district, Babylon Province, Iraq; to determine the usage of mobile phones among vegetable farmers. About half of the vegetable growers had a medium usage level of mobile phone for accessing agricultural information. Most of responded used their mobile for making and receiving calls. And make use of mobile phone weekly. There is a need to develop an agricultural mobile application in the Iraqi telecommunication sector to empower farmers access to agricultural information.
Keywords: dissemination ; e - extension; ICT; production technologies; smallholder farmers

The experiment was carried out on 6-year-old trees in one of the private orchards of the Khalis district, Diyala governorate. The experiment included a study of two factors, the first is of three levels of Nano-iron Fe (0,20,40) mg l-1, and the second factor is of three levels of Ascorbic Acid (0,200,400) mg l-1. The experiment was carried out according to a completely randomized block design (RCBD) as aexperiment with three replicates, and the results were analyzed using the statistical program SAS (2003) and the averages were compared according to Duncan's multiple range test at a probability level of 0.05.
The results of the study showed a clear significant superiority of the treatment with nano iron at a concentration of 40 mg L-1 in each of the characteristics of leaf area, total chlorophyll, and the level of carbohydrates in the leaves. It also surpassed the characteristics of the total number of fruits, weight of the fruit, and the total yield of the plant compared to the treatment by nano iron at a concentration of 20 mg L-1 and the comparison treatment. The results also showed that the treatment by ascorbic acid at a concentration of 400mg l-1 was significantly superior in all the studied vegetative and fruiting traits compared to the Ascorbic treatment at a concentration of 200 mg and comparison treatment.
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Key words: Ascorbic Acid, Nano Iron,

The field experiment was conducted during the season 2021-2022 at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / University of Diyala in order to study the effect of planting date and spraying with nutrients containing amino acids on the growth and production of dry onions and the production of its seeds .The study included two factors, the first planting date: 1/12, 21/12, 7/1 and 1/2, and the second factor was spraying with nutrients containing amino acids) without spraying, spraying with Tecamin Max, spraying with Ascophila, and spraying with Amino Quelant-K). The experiment included sixteen treatments with three replicates, so the total experimental units became forty-eight experimental units. The split plot design (R.C.B.D) was used, and the results were analyzed statistically using the SAS statistical program, and the results were compared using Duncan's multinomial test at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the plants planted in the first date (1/12) excelled in the vegetative growth traits represented by the diameter of the bulb neck (31.39 mm) and the leaf area (38.51 dm2), compared to the date 1/2, which amounted to 18.40 mm and 18.02 dm2, respectively .The same treatment also excelled in the chemical traits of the leaves, represented by the percentage of nitrogen (2.46%), the percentage of phosphorus (0.30%), and the percentage of potassium (3.39%), compared to the date 1/2, which amounted to 1.62%, 0.19%, and 1.98%, respectively. The same treatment also excelled in the characteristics of the seed yield represented by the weight of 1000 seeds (3.80 g) compared to the date 1/2, which amounted to 2.75 g. As for spraying with amino nutrients, the results showed that there was a significantly excelled when spraying with the amino nutrient Tecamin Max in the vegetative growth traits represented by the diameter of the onion neck (29.04 mm) and the leaf area (36.77 dm2).Compared to the control treatments, which amounted to 21.40 mm and 22.74 dm2, respectively, and also excelled in the chemical traits in the leaves represented by the percentage of nitrogen (2.71%) and the percentage of phosphorus (0.30%) compared to the control treatment, which decreased to 1.33% and 0.19%, respectively. Whereas, the amino nutrient Amino Quelant-K excelled in the percentage of potassium per ounce (3.38%), compared to 1.62%, compared to 1.62%. Also, the amino nutrient Tecamin Max was significantly excelled in the traits of seed yield represented by the weight of 1000 seeds (3.67 g) compared to 2.90 g.The effect of the interaction between planting date 1/12 and the amino nutrient Tecamin Max on vegetative growth traits .As the interaction gave a significant increase in the diameter of the onion neck (36.42 mm) and the leaf area (47.38 dm2) compared to date 1/2 with the control treatment, which amounted to 17.10 mm and 15.15 dm2, respectively, as well as the effect of the same interaction on the chemical traits of the leaves, as the interaction gave an increase Significant in the proportion of nitrogen (3.37%) and phosphorus (0.36%).Compared to the 1/2 date with the control treatment, which amounted to 1.27% and 0.17%, respectively, while the interaction between the 1/12 sowing date with the amino nutrient Amino Quelant-K was excelled in the percentage of potassium per ounce (3.69%) compared to the 1/2 date with control treatment, which amounted to 1.54%, The planting date 1/12 and the amino nutrient Tecamin Max were excelled in the seed yield represented by the weight of 1000 seeds amounting to (4.33 g) compared to the date 1/2 with the control treatment, which amounted to 2.50 g.

A field experiment was conducted at rice research station in Al-Mishkhab (Al-Najaf provainc) during (2021) season. The split-split-plot system was used with a randomized complete block design (RCBD),As the first factor was represented by salinity levels (river water, 100 mmol, 150 mmol) and the second factor was mutagenesis by sodium increase in different concentrations (1.5 mmol and 2 mmol with treatment without mutagen) and the third factor was the genotypes (V1 and V3) and the Ambar 33 cultivar for control at the end of the season, samples were taken and analyzed, and the results appeared as follows: Increasing salt levels led to an increase in proline content and an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT). Mutation with sodium azide increased proline content, increased POD and SOD enzyme activity, and improved tolerance to salt stress. As for the genotypes, the V1 genotype was excelled in most physiological traits compared to the V3 genotype and Ambar 33.

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2021-2022 in ALeskandriasub-district, Babylon province, according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), with split plot arrangement, and with three replicates. In order to study the growth response of four cultivars of bread wheat to foliar nutrition nano NPK , the experiment included two factors, the first of which were four cultivars of wheat ((IPA,Barcelona ,Edan ,and Cihan). The second factor is four concentrations of nano-zero NPK (full mineral recommendation), 2g/L, 1.5g/L, and 1g/L. The results showed the following: The Edna cultivar excelled in the flag leaf area reaching (39.46) cm2, the content of the flag leaf of chlorophyll amounted to (48.49) µg/cm2, the plant height reached (98.84) cm, and the dry matter weight at the stage of 100% flowering amounted to (7.318) tons ha-1.The fertilization treatment (B2) excelled by giving it the largest flag leaf area , which amounted to (41.72) cm2, and the content of the flag leaf of chlorophyll amounted to (47.66) micrograms / cm2.The plant height reached (95.42) cm, and the weight of the dry matter at the stage of 100% flowering reached (6.72) tons. ha-1.The interaction between cultivars and fertilizer treatments excelled in most of the growth traits.

The MC1R gene is one of the genes responsible for the pigmentation of feathersin birds by controlling the production of eumelanin and pheomelanin. In this study, blood samples were taken from 50 birds from local Iraqi ducks in order to extract part of the sequence of the MC1R gene and to know the number of SNP when aligning the sequence with GenBank : LC480444.1 nucleotide sequence, and it was found through this study that there are three SNP, which were all non-synonymous (G>A 461,A>C659, A>G749), which resulted in an amino acid change where the amino acid valine was replaced to methionine and methionine to leucine and threonine to alanine. Although there were three SNP, two of them did not change the function of the protein because the amino acids resulting from the exchange of nucleotides (G>A 461,A>C659) were also non-polar (neutral) and hydrophobic, while A>G749 the polar amino acid was replaced Neutral hydrophilic to non-polar neutral hydrophobic, so we may notice a change in the shape of the protein as a result of the change of nucleotides (A>G749) and thus a change may occur in the function of the protein ,Therefore, it is possible to rely on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the (MC1R) gene as genetic markers in distinguishing local Iraqi ducks from other breeds.
Keywords: Duck , Iraqi native breeds, Polymorphism , Sequence variation, MC1R gene , SNP

The experiment was carried out during the winter agricultural season 2021-2022 AD in one of the unheated plastic houses affiliated with the Agricultural Research Station - College of Agriculture - Basrah University in Karma Ali in order to study the effect of foliar spraying with calcium and the age of the seedling and the interaction between them on the growth and yield of the sweet pepper plant,The experiment included 15 factorial treatments consisting of possible combinations of the effect of spraying with four concentrations of chelated calcium (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) ml L-1 in addition to the comparison treatment of spraying with distilled water and three ages of seedlings (35, 45, 55) days as a one-time split-plot design, according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) and with three replications, the results were analyzed Statistically, according to the applied design, and the arithmetic means were compared according to the L.S.D. test at a significant level of 0.05. The results showed that spraying with chelated calcium at a concentration of 2.0 ml L-1 was significantly superior in the chemical components of leaves and fruits, except for the percentage of total dissolved solids. The spraying had no significant effect on this trait. The age of 35 days showed a significant superiority in the chemical components of the leaves and fruits, except for the content of the leaves calcium, where the age of 55 days showed a significant superiority in this trait, while the age of 45 days showed significant superiority in the percentage of total dissolved solids, and the results showed that the secondary interventions had a significant effect, as the plants sprayed with chelated calcium at a concentration of 2.0 ml L-1 and the plants grown at the age of 35 days gave the highest percentage in the leaves’ nitrogen content of 3.95 %, while the plants grown at the age of 55 days gave the highest percentage of calcium content in the leaves, amounting to 1.45%.
Keywords: sweet pepper, calcium, seedling age, vegetative growth, yield

The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Plant Production Techniques Department, Al-Mussaib Technical College for the autumn season 2019-2020. To study the effect of bacterial isolated Bacillus subtillus, Azospirilliumbrasilences and agricultural medium on the growth and flowering of the Ranunculus asiaticus,('Aviv Red' Cultivar) in pots 22 cm in diameter, The research included the effect of two factors, the first factor the bio fertilizers bacterial, with four levels (without the bacterial vaccine, Bacillus subtillus, Azospirilliumbrasilences, Azospirilliumbrasilences +Bacillus subtillus) and which it were symbolized by (B0, B1, B2, B3) and the second factor, the agricultural medium that included (River soil + peat moss at a ratio of 2:1 , River soil + 3%, decomposed horse waste ,River soil+ 3% spent mushroomcompost( Agaricusbisporus) , River soil + 5% decomposed horse waste ,River soil+ 5% spent mushroom compost (Agaricusbisporus ) and which it were symbolized by (A0, A1, A2, A3, A4). factor experiment was conducted according to Completely Randomized Design ( C.R.D ) and by three replicates and each replicate contains (20 treatments), The averages were compared according to the L.S.D test under the 0.05probability level .The results of this study can be summarized as follows: -
The treatment with bio fertilizers bacterial resulted in a significant increase in all the studied traits. where the treatment of B3 (mixture) recorded the highest average in plant height, relative chlorophyll content in leaves, percentage of carbohydrates in leaves, number of flowers, The duration of the flowers on the plant, the number of tuberous roots and the results were as follows: 44.80 cm, 35.92 spad unit , 13.62%, 12.87 flowers.plant-1, 17.03 days, 7.92 roots.plant-1respectively.The results showed the excelled of the agricultural medium treatments, where the A3 treatment (River soil + 5% decomposed horse waste) recorded the highest average for most the studied traits, plant height, relative chlorophyll content in the leaves, and,The number of flowers, The duration of the flowers on the plant, the number of tuberous roots and the results were as follows, 44.88 cm, 40.72 Spad unit , 14.23%, 13.38 flowers.Plant-1, 18.83 days, 7.82 roots.plant-1.The results of the bi-interaction between the biofertilizer bacterial and the agricultural medium showed significantly excelled in most the studied traits. where the A3B3 treatment excelled in the plant height, the relative chlorophyll content in the leaves, , the number of flowers, the duration of the flower stay on the plant, and the results were as follows: 53.17 cm, 45.23 spad, 17.17 flower.plant-1,23.11 day. The treatment of the bi-interaction treatmentA2B3, also excelled by giving the highest average number of tuberous roots 9.11 root.plant-1.

Keyword:bio- fertilizers, Bacillus subtillus, decomposed horse waste, Azospirilliumbrasilences, Ranunculus-asiaticus

The aim of this research was to study the immunological properties of beta-glucan extracted from S.boulardii yeast. after activating the S.boulardii .The biomass was formed using the optimal culture medium, and the beta-glucan was extracted using the base and acid method, and the chemical and physical properties were studied.The immunological properties were studied after conducting the biological experiment on two groups of rats, group A1, which is the control group, and group A2, which is the group that was fed beta-glucan at a dose of (5) mg.kg-1 of weight and they were dosed with (1) ml of beta-glucan solution, and after conducting the biological experiment for 30 days, and immunological examinations were performed for the two groups.The following immunological tests were coundected: IL10, IgM and IgE tests, and the results were compared between the two groups. Significant differences were observed at the level of P<0.5 for IL and IgM tests, and there was no significant difference in IgE tests, and it was noted that there was no weight gain for the rats after the dosing period. Where the results proved that the beta-glucan extract is one of the immune compounds that showed its efficiency in prevention and treatment.
Key words: b-glucan; anticarcinogenic activity; monoclonal antibodies; IL10,b-glucan

A field experiment was conducted on two Endive varieties in one of The Development Project in the desert area of the Plant Production Department in the Holy Karbala Agriculture Directorate during the agricultural season 2019-2020. The experiment was a factorial experiment according to the split split plot design using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) and with three replications, the averages were compared using the LSD test with a probability level of 0.05.
Most of the overlap treatments showed significant superiority in the triple overlap treatment of the Endivien variety, as it gave the highest values in the quality indicators of the leaf content of Carbohydrates to 2.53 mg100gm-1, nitrates to 79.10 mg gm-1 dry weight, total amino acids to 218.00 µm. gm fresh weight-1, and chlorophyll to 83.82 mg100gm-1 fresh weight .
Keywords: Endive cultivar, bio fertilizers, amino acids, qualitative indicators.

This study was conducted in the College of Science for Girls / University of Baghdad for the period from 4/1/2022 to 31/5/2022 to demonstrate the effect and effectiveness of plant extracts (Peganum, cinnamon, propolis) by testing concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 3.25%) g /L as well as the use of Irwin, In addition to the control treatment (spraying with water) on the vitality of the Beehive and on the Varroa parasite, Where the laboratory experiment was conducted in the garden of the vegetable herb laboratories in the Department of Seed testing and Certification and the selection of the effective concentration on Varroa for all alcoholic and hexane extracts to see its effect on Varroa and bees. The results of the laboratory experiment of alcoholic and hexane extracts of plants (Peganum, cinnamon, propolis) showed that concentrations (1), (2) g /L do not affect the fall of Varroa pest, and that the concentration 3 g / L leads to the fall of Varroa without affecting the movement and shedding of workers. As for the concentration of 3.25 g /L , and through testing it was found that it leads to nervous movement of the workers and the death of some of them, so it was preferred to use the concentration of 3 g /L for all treatments.As for the results of the field experiment of alcoholic and hexane extracts of plants (Peganum, cinnamon, propolis), the best extracts effective in killing the Varroa pest was the alcoholic extract of Peganum, Where the average percentage of pest killing was 53.9%, which was significantly superior to all extracts.It was followed by the hexane cinnamon extract with a killing percentage rate of 47.3%, which was also significantly excelled on some other extracts but not others. The lowest percentage killing Varroa was 20.3% for the compared pesticide Irwin.There was no negative or harmful effect of all the plant extracts used in the experiment on the individuals and brood of bees and their products.

A laboratory study was conducted with the aim of testing the efficiency of the fungus Penicilliumcommune in some aspects of the life performance of the, Bemisiatabaci. The results of the study showed that the fungus filtrate P. commune has an effect on the nymphal and the adults phase , with the highest mortality rate of 89.8% at the time period of 72 hours, and the concentration of 75% for the nymphal role، As for the adult role, it also gave the highest percentage of mortality at the time period of 72 hours, which amounted to 78.5% at a concentration of 75%.
Key word : Bemisiatabaci ,Penicillium commune

A field experiment was conducted at the research station in Wasit Agriculture Directorate during spring and autumn seasons of 2021 to study the effect of planting density (80000, 66666 and 50000)plant.ha-1 ,three stages of ethephon spraying to(4, 8 and 12) leave per plant-1 and three concenteration of ethephon (0, 800 and 1600 ppm) on growth traits and their relationship with lodging in Sorghum(var. Bohooth .70). The experiment was applied using (R.C.B.D) arranged in split-split-plots with three replications. Plant densities were used as main-plot, while spraying stages were used as sub-plot and ethephonconcenterations were used as sub-sub- Plot. Results showed that low plant density resulted in a significant reduction in plant height reached 14.6%, 8.6% in spring season and 7.7% , 4.5% in autumn season compare with medium and high density respectively, plants in low density also produce shorter internodes in lower parts of the stem in contras, Low density resulted in increment in stem diameter, this may be in ture lead to reduce the % of lodging .Spraying of ethephon at high concentration 1600 ppm resulted in decreases of internode length when it's sprayed at 4 and 8 leaves stage. There was significant relationship between increases of ethephonconcentrions and the reduction of each, internodes length, % of lodging in contrast, increase of ethephon lead to increase stem diameter especially when it is spray at 8 leave stage. Stage it can be concluded from this study, that it low be contral on excessive vegetative growth at this devriety by using low density of sowing with ethephone spraying during early growth stages to produce economic grain.
Keywords: sorghum ,plant density, ethephon,
Part of Ph.D. Dissertation of the 1st author.

To know the uniformity of soil and identification ofthe cases of lithological discontinuities, this study was conducted, including twenty alluvium soil series distributed geographically toward the north, south, east, and west of Fallujah. Five uniformity ratios were adopted that were applied to the soil separately.And then, the lithological discontinuities were determined in them, as well as showing the effect of fluctuation of the groundwater levelin the variation of these ratios between the soil series and the district. The results showed a large variation in the uniformity value between the soil series on the location and between the district, depending on the sub-physiographic location. The result also showed a significant correlation between uniformity value and groundwater level in the region.
Key word: lithological discontinuities, uniformity value, sub-physiographic, groundwater

The experiment was conducted in the field during the 2022 at the Telafer site in two seasons (spring and autumn) to study the effect of two varieties of corn (Furat and Dejla) and eight levels of fertilizers (spraying with water onlyand adding 120 kg N15P15K15.ha-1 of traditional compound fertilizer and spray1.5 and 3 g.L-1 of N20P20K20nano fertilizer and spray 1 and 2 ml.L-1 of organic fertilizer OptimusPlus and spray 1.5g.L-1 of N20P20K20nano fertilizer +1 ml.L-1 of organic fertilizer and spray 3g.L-1 of N20P20K20nano fertilizer +2 ml .L-1 of organic fertilizer) . Use the R.C.B.D. design According to the split-plate system with three replications. The results showed that the Dejlavariety was superior in the percentage of field emergence and plant height, while the Furatvariety was superior in leaf area and leaf area index in both seasons and the number of plant leaves in the autumn season.As for fertilizers, the treatment of 2 ml.L-1 of organic fertilizer achieved the highest average in plant height and leaf area in the two seasons, the percentage of field emergence in the spring season and stem diameter in the autumn season, while the same treatment achieved the highest rate in the number of plant leaves, and the leaf area index. In the spring season and the treatment of 3g.L-1 of N20P20K20nano fertilizer + 2ml.L-1 of the organic fertilizer in the number of plant leaves and leaf area index in the autumn season. The effect of bilateral interaction was significant on all growth traits.
Keywords: organic fertilizer, nanofertilizer , NPK .

Animal fats (Tail fat - sheep belly fat - cow fat - free fat) were extracted using thermal oil and vegetable oils (sesame oil) extracted by cold pressing method and hydrogenated oil selected from the local markets. Turkish Altunsa oil .Then mix this fat at an average of 10% well with the diet of the international company and keep it in the refrigerator and feed the experimental animals with constant weights daily and monitor the health status and weigh the animals twice a week for a feeding period of 42 days.The results showed that the best treatments were oil for the Tail , with increased weight, activity, and health safety, with the color of the eyes, no ulceration of the tail, smoothness, and no hair loss, then followed by free fat, and the least hydrogenated oil compared to the standard.This is consistent with global warnings about the disadvantages of hydrogenated oils, and the most consumed groups were the group of Tail fat, then the free fat, and the least hydrogenated oil indicated the lack of palatability of hydrogenated oil among the treatments.

With aim of estimation of some genetic parameters of three-way crosses of maize and testing them under different sowing dates. A field experiment was carried out at Station A in the Department of Field Crops - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad / Al-Jadriyah, for the fall season 2022.The experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.The sowing dates (15July, 25July, 5 August) allocated to the main plot, while the six superiorthree-way cross hybrids and the local control cultivar (Fajr 1) represented the sub-plot.The three-way hybrids were obtained from crossing five pure inbred lines of maize, namely ZM43WIZE, ZM60, ZM49W3E, ZM19 and CDCN5.The results showed that the values of standard error SE and the coefficient of variation (C.V) for the studied traits at the three planting dates were low and within acceptable limits, as evidence of the homogeneity of the data.The genetic variance was higher than the environmental variance for most of the studied traits.While the genetic variance was less than the environmental variance for a number of traits studied at the two dates July 25 and August 5.The percentage of heritability in the broad sense (%h2b.s) for the studied traits differed according to the sowing dates,its values were higher than 70% at the date of planting July 15th for the characteristics of 75% tasseling and silking, plant height, leaf area, LAI, ear number, ear number, TDM, CGR, and HI(89.5, 92.1, 85.9, 91.1, 91.1, 80.1, 95.4, 78.8, 74.7, and 84.6%) respectively. Whereas at the second date, the traits that achieved values greater than 70% were leaf area, LAI, ear number, TDM, CGR, plant yield, unit area, and HI (77.0, 77.0, 92.3, 94.8, 93.1, 84.3, 84.3, and 90.4%) respectively.While its values were higher than 70% at the date of planting August 1 for the characteristics of 75% silking, plant height, leaf area, LAI, number of grains per ear, number of ears, weight of 100 grains, TDM, and CGR (77.3, 71.6, 76.8, 76.8, 82.2, and 94.2). And 92.2, 84.5, and 86.4 %) respectively.We propose to study the three-way cross hybrids at sowing dates in the spring season to demonstrate their ability to environmentally adapt to the climate of Iraq, and to test them under abiotic stresses such as drought.
Keywords: Maize, Three-way cross hybrid, genetic parameters, sowing dates.
*Part of Msc thesis of first author

A field experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Crop Sciences Department at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences (Al-Jadriyah) - University of Baghdad. The aim was to study the physiological effect of soaking seeds in ascorbic acid on some vegetative growth traits of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var saccharata) under water stress conditions for the fall seasons of 2021 and 2022 respectively.A randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the split-plot arrangement was used with three replications. The main plot included three levels of water stress, which were irrigation after depleting 40%, 60%, and 80% of the available water, coded W1, W2, and W3, respectively. The seed soaking concentrations of ascorbic acid at 50, 100, and 150 mg L-1, coded A1, A2, and A3, respectively, in addition to the control treatment (dry seeds), coded CO allocated to the sub-plots. The seeds were soaked for 24 hours, then dried to their original moisture content.The results showed no significant differences between the two water stress treatments when depleting 40% and 60% of the available water regarding the number of days from planting until 75% of male flowering, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf area index, dry weight of plants, and crop growth rate for the two seasons. The irrigation treatment when depleting 80% caused a significant decrease in all studied traits. On the other hand, the soaking treatments with ascorbic acid significantly affected most of the studied traits, with the soaking treatment with 50 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid performing significantly with the highest average plant height of 145.01 and 143.91 cm, stem diameter of 2.55 and 2.54 cm, leaf number of 13.61 and 13.64 leaves plant-1, leaf area of 4672.30 and 4634.00 cm2 plant-1, leaf area index of 2.49 and 2.47, dry weight of plants of 162.41 and 162.29 g plant-1, and crop growth rate of 3.44 and 3.37 g m-2 day-1 compared to the control treatment for both seasons, respectively. The soaking treatment with 150 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid gave the lowest average number of days from planting until 75% of male flowering of 46.67 and 46.89 days compared to the control treatment, which gave the highest average number of days from sowing up to 75% male flowering, 50.44 and 52.44 days, respectively, for the two seasons. The interaction between water stress and ascorbic acid significantly affected most of the studied traits for the two seasons. Therefore, we recommend that, in the case of limited irrigation water, the possibility of irrigation by depleting 60% of the available water without a significant decrease in the vegetative growth characteristics of the sweet corn crop when the seeds were soaked in ascorbic acid at a concentration of 50 mg L-1 to improve their ability to withstand water stress.
Keywords: Sweet corn, water stress, ascorbic acid, vegetative growth rate.
*Part of PhD dissertation of first author.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of age and gender on body weight and some physiological parameters of local chickens. A total of 136 birds were used in this study., The parameters were taken from males and females at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of age. The parameters include body weight, FSH, LH hormones, cholesterol, and triglycerides. The results showed that males recorded a high body weight compared to females at 4 and 8 months. The results showed a significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in the concentration of FSH in the blood serum of males compared to females at the age of 4 months. There was a significant increase (P≤ 0.05) in the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in the serum of males compared with females at two months. It can be concluded that the local chicken males grow faster than the females. On the other hand, males recorded higher levels of FSH, cholesterol, and triglycerides than females.
Keywords :Physiological traits, Body weight, Local chickens

The experiment was conducted at the horticultural station in Al-Mahaweel district, 20 km north of Babylon province, which is affiliated to the Horticultural Department / Ministry of Agriculture.To study the effect of three types of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Naphthalene acetic acid, Indole-3-butyric acid, and 2,4-D Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, with three concentrations (0, 1, 2) ppm, on the two cultivars of palm trees, Al-Sayer and Al-Barhi. Three replicates for each treatment, in order to improve the quality of the fruits and increase the yield. The experiment conducted two factors (2 x 3 x 3) for the two cultivars according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) , with a palm tree for each replicate.The results showed the 2,4-D excelled on the rest of the above-mentioned auxins in all the studied traits, and the concentration (2)) ppm excelled on the other concentrations in all the studied traits.The results also showed the Al-Barhi cultivar excelled in the characteristics of diameter, fruit weight and yield quantity, while the Al-Sayer cultivar was excelled in trait of fruit length, and the weight of the bunch did not have a significant effect between the two cultivars.The bi and triple interaction had a significant effect on most of the traits studied above.
keywords: auxins, Al-Barhi, Al-Sayer, foliar nutrition, yield quantity

In order to evaluate the performance of ten wheat genotypes under low nitrogen conditions and to determine their ability to determine the optimal genotype for the appropriate environment. Three experiments were conducted during the winter season of 2021-2022 in three locations: Baghdad, Wasit, and Diwaniyah. The experiments were conducted according to the randomized complete block design with split plots arrangement, where nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 kg N ha-1) represented the main plots, while the genotypes(T2,T3,S1,S2,S148,IPA99,Adna99,Rasheed,Buhooth 10 and Buhooth22) represented the sub-plots with three replicates at each location. Aggregation analysis of the locations was performed. The results showed a genotype by environmental interaction between the genotypes and nitrogen fertilization levels. The S2(IPA95 X IPA99) genotype outperformed with the highest grain yield per unit area (5.38 t ha-1) and did not differ significantly from Bahooth22 and IPA99 (5.37 and 5.26 t ha-1, respectively) at the high nitrogen level (100 kg N ha-1). These genotypes also outperformed at the low nitrogen level (50 kg N ha-1). There was a significant interaction between genotypes and locations, as S2 had the highest grain yield (4.82 t ha-1) in Baghdad. It is concluded that some genotypes performed well under low nitrogen stress conditions (50 kg N ha-1), indicating that increasing nitrogen levels may not always result in a significant increase in yield. Furthermore, high-yielding genotypes showed adaptability to certain environments, suggesting that their qualitative traits should be studied to determine their response to environmental genetic interaction. Genotypes with baking quality may perform well in several environments and are not limited to a specific environment or lack baking quality.
Keywords: Genotype x environment interaction, stability, yield and its components.

For the purpose of accomplishing optimal growth, scavenging (antioxidant) activity, and production of cabbage; an experiment was carried out one of the fields of college of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall season 2019 to evaluate the influence of foliar spraying of cobalamin and glutathione (GSH) and their interactions on cabbage plant. The experiment designed according to factorial RCBD with 3 replicates. The first factor is spraying cobalamin in three concentrations (0, 50, 100 mg.L-1) which symbolized (B0,B1, B2). Foliar application with three doses of GSH (0, 50, 100 mg.L-1) represented the second factor which symbolized (GS0,GS1, GS2).
The findings demonstrated that the individual factors were statistically significant in most of the study traits. (B2) was effective in increasing plant leaf area (333dm2),chlorophyll conc. in leaves (131.4 mg.100-1g f.w.), rolled leaves number (39.78), head weight (1600g) carbohydrates (heads) (4.211%) and scavenging activity (heads) (90.78%), Even more; (GS2) showed superiority in the stated traits (323.1 dm2,132.1mg.100-1g f.w.,40.67,1728 g, 4.389%, 93.33%) respectively. The interaction between the two mentioned factors appeared to be statistically less significant than the sole factors. However; B2GS2 exhibited superiority in plant leaf area (362.0 dm2), head weight (1967 g), and carbohydrates percent (heads) (4.933%).
Keywords: vitamin B12, glutathione, foliar application, antioxidant activity, carbohydrates

An experiment was carried out at Al-Husseiniya using plastic pots to investigate the effects of potassium fertilization and foliar spraying withascorbic acid and their interactions on some vegetative growth characteristics of wheat (Abu Ghraib) cultivar growing in mixed sandy soil during the agricultural season 2020-2021. The experiment factors were represented by three levels of potassium fertilization (B), which are (0, 100, 200) kg k. h-1 Fertilization was carried out in three batches: after emergence, three leaf stage and at flowering. The second factor was represented by three concentrations of ascorbic acid (A), which are (0, 300, 600) mg. L-1 was sprayed in two stages, the first at the thinning stage (four-leaf stage) and the second at elongation (8-leaf stage). The experiment included 27 experimental units according to a completely randomized design (C.R.D) with three replications. the followingStatistically, the results of the current study showed the following
1-Potassium fertilization" had a significant effect on the vegetative growth traits, as" these traits increased with increasing potassium levels at the level of 200 kg K. h-1 reflected by the plant height and the number of leaves reached 51 cm and 14.8 leaves. Plant-1 in that order
2-Foliar spraying with ascorbic acid showed a " significant effect on some characteristics of vegetative growth at a concentration of 600 mg. L-1 was represented by plant height, number" of prunings, and the flag leaf area was 50 cm and 4.2 pruning. Plant-1 and 355.4 cm2. Plant-1
3-Show the bilateral interaction of foliar spraying with ascorbic acid at a concentration of 600 mg. L-1 and potassium fertilization at the level of 200 kg k. h-1 showed a significant differences and rersulatedthe highest value for all vegetative growth characteristics, represented by plant height, number of shoots, number of leaves, and flag leaf area of 57 cm and 4.5 bushes. Plant -1 and 15.7 leaves. Plant-1 and 379.9 cm2. Plant -1 in order and it is considered the best treatment.
Key words: Potassium, Ascorbic acid, Triticumaestivum.

This study was conducted in the apiaries of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad, and 15 packages of Apismelliferahoney bees were selected. As Lactobacillus bacteria were isolated from the stomach of honey bees, where samples were taken from the bees at the rate of (20) bees for each treatment , the stomach of the bees was withdrawn, Then, it was mashed and inoculated on MRS agar solid culture medium in plates, and the plates were incubated in the incubator at 37°C for 48 hours. The results of the molecular diagnosis by PCR technique showed that the proportions of matching the nucleotide sequence of a part of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the bacterium Apilactobacilluskunkeeiisolated from honey bees in Baghdad province, which were multiplied using the primer kit (16 SrRNA) and its equivalent sequences retrieved from the gene bank.The phylogenetic tree, which was drawn by the (Tamura) program of the type of macrophages, shows the genetic relationship that was built from the nucleotide sequences of part of the genetic region 16 SrRNA ribosomal gene belonging to the bacterium Apilactobacillus kunkeei isolated from honey bees in Baghdad Governorate (marked with the symbol ○). They were duplicated using primers set (16 srRNA) and their equivalent sequences retrieved from the GenBank.

With the aim of evaluating the performance of double crosses at planting dates that are suitable the fall season in the middle region of Iraq, a field experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya for the fall season 2022 using superior double crosses of maize were chosen from fifteen double crosses . It was obtained from the crossing of ten single crosses resulting from the crossing of five inbred lines(1=ZM43WIZE , 2=ZM60 , 3=ZM49W3E , 4=ZM19 ,5=CDCN5) by the half- diallecrossing method .Hybrids (3×5)(1×4),(3×5)(1×2),(2×4)(1×5), (4×5)(1×2), and (2×3)(1×4) ,compared it with the synthetic cultivar IPPA 5012 and tested it under three planting dates:1st July, 15thJuly and 1stAugust.The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with four replicates in split plots arrangement. The main plots included the three planting dates and the secondary plots were double crosses with the comparison cultivar IPPA5012. The following traits were studied: number of days from planting to 50% tassling and silking, plant height, ear height, number and area of leaves.The results showed that the hybrid (3×5) (1×2) reached the tassling-and silking-earlier, taking 50.83 and 54.33 days, respectively.The same hybrid also outperformed by giving it the highest plant height , ear height , number of leaves and leaves area, as they reached (195.4 cm, 114.3 cm, 14.30 leaves, and 6588 cm 2) respectively.The plants of the date of 1st August were early with tassling and silking, as they need 50.75 and 53.50 days, and the date 1st July did not differ significantly from 15 July in these two trait. The date 1st August was also superior in plant height, ear height, and leaf area, reaching 193.2 cm, 106.1, and 6375 cm2.And there were no significant differences between the three dates in number of leaves. The interaction was significant between the two studied factors for the traits of tassling and silking , plant height and number of leaves, but it was not significant for ear height and leaf area.
Key words: Maize ,Double hybrids, Planting dates
• *Part of MSC thesis for first author

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, during the fall seasons of 2021 and 2022 to study the response of some growth traits for two varieties of maize to spraying vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin E (tocopherol), and arginine acid. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) within split plot arrangement with three replicates was used. The experiment included two factors, the first factor in the main plot represented two varieties of maize (Baghdad 3 and Sarah), while the second factor in the sub-plot represented spraying with vitamin E and B9 at concentrations of 1 and 2 g L-1 and arginine acid at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L-1, in addition to the control treatment (without spraying). The results showed that Sarah variety outperformed in most studied traits for both seasons (75% male flowering, plant height, number of effective leaves, leaf area, and green leaf duration). Also spraying vitamin E, with the concentration of 2 g L-1 gave highest averages in most of the traits, with the highest mean values for plant height (195.92 and 193.66 cm), number of effective leaves (14.56 and 14.56 leaves plant-1), leaf area (0.7767 and 0.7950 m2), and green leaf duration (100.83 and 103.33 days) for both seasons respectively. The interaction between the two factors was significant in 75% male flowering and green leaf duration.
Keywords: Vitamin B9, Vitamin E, Arginine, Maize varieties, Growth characters

This experiment was conducted on 15/9/2022 in the laboratories of Al-Fadhel Company in the city
of Hilla, after extracting animal fats (tall fat sheep , sheep belly oil, Cow oil and Butterfat) by
thermoplastic method, sesame oil by pressing method, and hydrogenated oil from the markets, in
stages, to observe the development of the first stage of fat oxidation due to exposure to heat, oxygen,
light, and humidity at room temperature, which produces roots Free peroxide assay (PV).As well as
the second stage, which produces aldehydes and ketones with a rancid smell, by examining
thiobarbituric acid. The results of the peroxide test showed that there was no significant difference,
and the peroxide values varied within the Iraqi standard. As for the TBA test.The results showed the
influence of the source of oil and fat, so the hydrogenated oil excelled as an indication of its
exposure to abnormal storage conditions that led to the beginning of oxidation and the formation of
aldehydes and ketones, and immediately after the 15th day it came out of control according to the
standard specification, to be followed on the 18th day by the release of free fat and sheep belly fat,
due to the high level of unsaturated fatty acids. As the results of the current study showed, the lack of
antioxidants, then on the 20th, sesame oil got out of control due to its high content of unsaturated
fatty acids. Then, on the 23rd, the bovine fat gets out of control, and the beef fat is the only one that
gets out of control. On the 30th, that is, the last two samples that got out of control is the buttock fat
and the beef fat.

A field experiment was carried out in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the fall season of 2021, with the aim of knowing which cultivated varieties are more tolerant of a decrease or increase in nitrogen fertilization of the yellow corn crop. The main plots included nitrogen levels and secondary cultivars with three replications and using three cultivars (Baghdad, 5018, Sarah) and adding three levels of nitrogen fertilizer, which are N1 (100 kg.N/ha-1), N2 (200 kg.N/ha-1) and N3 (300 kg.N/ha-1). The results of the statistical analysis are showed the superiority of the cultivar (Sarah) in the characteristic of leaf area and chlorophyll index, as its averages were (6756.6 cm2) and (590.27 mg. m2), respectively. There were no significant differences between the cultivars in grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency. The two cultivars (5018) and (Sarah) superior in the characteristic of plant height, as they gave an average of (197 cm). In addition to , the results of the statistical analysis are showed that the nitrogen level N3 was superior in the plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll icontent , and grain yield, as its averages were (207 cm, 7268.8 cm 2, 690.72 mg m 2, 14880 kg ha-1), respectively, while the nitrogen level N1 was superior in the nitrogen use efficiency. It gave an average of (91.5).
-key words: maize , Nitrogen , productivity