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Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

Volume: 15

Issue: 2

Publication Year: 2023

Publication Date: June 2023

Articles in This Issue

Pages 1-613

1

Rice production under influence of machine type and its clearance

Nafea .M. Ajmi1,Kamran. Kheiralipour2, Shathar A. Alaamer3, Salih K. AlwanAlsharifi*4

Pages: 1-9 English

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Abstract

This study aims to know the impact of the peeling machine type and the clearances on some qualitative characteristics of the Jasmine cultivar rice production. It was observed from this study that the S-KB40 peeling machine was significantly superior to the Y-ST50 peeling machine in all the studied characteristics, while it achieved the highest results with a clearance of 0.9cm, except for the husking efficiency that achieved the highest results with the clearance 0.5 cm. The experiments were conducted in a factorial experiment under CRD with three replications. For S-KB40 the MP, PR, HE and BR were 1.821t.hr-1, 13.912Kw, 75.709 % and 6.291% respectively. For 0.9cm clearance the MP, PR, HE and BR ,were1.902 t.hr-1, 12.763 Kw, 72.935% and 5.854% respectively.
Keywords: Rice, Clearances, peeling machines S-KB40,Y-ST50 , JA cultivar.

2

Study of Quality Traits of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Cultivars Grown Under two Irrigation Patterns, Locations in Nineveh Province.

AlAjrawy Y.H.Abdulrahman1Abdulsattar A.Alrijabo2SalimHammadi Antar3

Pages: 10-23 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted at two environmental locations in Nineveh province (Tel Kaif and Fayda) during season 2021-2022, to evaluate 30 cultivars of durum wheat under two patterns of irrigation (Rain-fed and supplementary) and their effects on the qualitative traits of flour, for this Aim, field experiments were implemented. The results showed that the Guayakan cultivar was superior in the moisture % trait for both locations (Tel Kaif and Fayda) as it reached 10.04 and 9.16% respectively, and also the superiority of the cultivar Svevo in protein% trait as it reached 13.75 and 14.42% respectively, Cham-9 also excelled in the Total carbohydrates% recorded 75.37 and 73.66% respectively. In color grade trait, the cultivar of Cham-3 was superior at 13.90 and 14.74 grade-1 , The cultivar Ari was superior in ash% at Tel Kaif location recording 3.25% While the cultivar Svevo excelled in the Fayda location for the same trait, it was recorded 3.66%. Under Supplementary irrigation, all traits were superior compared with those in the rain-fed location.
Keywords: wheat,cultivars,Quality, Irrigation.

3

Estimation of active compounds in Ganoderma spp. and evaluation of its activity against leaf spot disease caused by Alternariatenuissima on tomato

Mahmoud Adel Saadi1and Abdullah Abdul Kareem Hassan 2

Pages: 24-39 English

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Abstract

This study aims to evaluat some active compounds of Ganodermaspp. to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungus Alternariatenuissima in the laboratory and control leaves spot disease, inducing plant resistance and encouraging its growth in the field on tomato plants. The results showed the highest inhibition of the pathogenic fungus A. tenuissima growth by the filtrates of the G. applanatum Has.AA-6 , G. lucidum Has.AA-7, G. resinaceum 1049, and G. resinaceum Has.AA-8 growing in Malt Extract Broth medium, The diameters of the pathogenic fungus colonies were 2.79, 2.95, 3.17, and 3.19 cm, respectively.The highest chitinase and β-glucanase activities were in the interaction treatment with (extract + filtrate of G. lucidum) (1:1) in present of A. tenuissima, reached 2.532 and 1.774 units/ml, respectively in the Agro-Tip tomato variety. The same treatment achieved a high rate of reducing the percentage of infection severity against A. tenuissima, reaching 15.33, 17.07and 20.36% for the cultivars Agro-tip ,S25 and Rawaa ,respectively. Agro-tip cultivar treated with Extract + filtrate of G. lucidum in present of A. tenuissima also achieved the highest plant height, plant dry weight and yield reached to 148.56 cm, 112.38g and 7812.78 g.plant-1 , respectively.
Keywords: Alternariatenuissima, Tomato, Ganoderma spp. Biological control.

4

A Survey and Molecular Study for Ten Samples of Rice Weeds in Najaf Governorate

Hayder Azeez Ali Al-Shebly1, Ameer Sahib. Abd-Ali Al-Haddad2 and Hassan Moomin Lilo 3

Pages: 40-50 English

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Abstract

Ten samples of rice weeds from the Najaf Governorate were analyzed to determine their genetic polymorphisms. The samples of genetic polymorphisms were isolated from ten different sources of Cyperaceae and Poaceae families. Genes from the 18S, 5.8S ribosomal RNA, intron 1, intron 2, and 26S rRNA were amplified in this study. The amplified genetic locus' PCR amplicons were sequenced directly using the direct sequencing strategy. In order to determine the precise phylogenetic distances alongside relative sample sequences, a comprehensive phylogenetic tree was constructed using the observed variants. The results of this study show that the investigated samples and species of the Cyperaceae and Poaceae families have a variable homology. The sequenced results showed the presence of three variants distributed in the investigated samples. According to the phylogenetic data, In the currently generated comprehensive tree, the examined samples were distributed among nine major phylogenetic clades. These positions were represented by nine organisms with nine different distances, namely Cyperus difformis, Eleocharis geniculata, Cressa cretica, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colona, Diplachne fusca, Sesbania sesban, Paspalum dilatatum, and Paspalum distichum. Most of the clades were distinctly positioned in separated places from each other in the tree. Based on the utilized rRNA amplicons, it was to be clear that all investigated samples were separated into distinctive phylogenetic positions. The different positions were generated due to the several ancestral differences which were found in the pattern and extent of the observed nucleic acid variations in the cyperaceae and poaceae families. In addition, the present tree is provided an inclusive tool for the guaranteed identity of the investigated samples due to the high similarity that notified with a variety of sequences. All DNA samples were identified using the PCR-sequencing strategy, and their phylogenetic distribution patterns were clearly visible.
Keywords. Molecular, Rice, Weeds, Echinochloa Crus-Galli, Echinochloa colona.

5

Field test for methods and cultivation distances on wheat productivity

Shathar. A. Alaamer1, Salih K. Alwan Alsharifi2*Naim Shtewy3

Pages: 51-63 English

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Abstract

The impact of sowing method,organized lines traffic ( SOLT) and random lines traffic(SRLT), on the wheat/Abu Ghraib3 cultivar was carried out based on some technical indicators, under two levels SDE of 9.6 and 10.8cm, and three SD of 14,16and 18cm. A field experiment carried out in the AL-Hashimia 15 km south of the centre of Hila city, for the fall agricultural season of 2021 in silty loam soil. The SDE of 9.6cm was meaningfully better than SDE of 10.8cm in all studied parameters. Such as, the germination percentage, germination speed, PVI, root length, root dry and fresh weight, plant dry and fresh weight and grain yield, were79 %,75.87%,54.76%, 16.88 cm, 1.42 g,0.43g, and 4.311tha-1respectively. The MS- SOLT was meaningfully superior than MS- SRLT in all study properties .The SD (14cm) was significant at level better than of 16 and 18cm in all studied parameters. For sowing distances of 14cm, the germination percentage, germination speed, PVI, root length, root dry and fresh weight, plant dry and fresh weight and grain yield, were 79.66%, 75.99%, 57.24% ,17.31 cm, 1.42 g, 0.43g, and 4.656 tha-1 respectively.
Keywords:Famarol, wheat/Abu Ghraib3 cultivar, ( SM), SDE, SD.

6

Contamination of Some Heavy Metals in Soil at Diyala/Sirwan River Banks

AbdulmutalibRaafat Sarhat1,2 and BasimShakir Al-Obaidi1

Pages: 64-73

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This study investigated contamination of a number of heavy metals including (Cadmium, Cupper, Lead, Nickel, Zink and Cobalt) in the soils of agricultural lands within Sirwan/Diyala River Banks. To determine the soils contamination by the mentioned heavy metals, sampling process was conducted in different points of the river banks. The evaluation of soil contamination in the current area was conducted by using some indices such as ecological risk factor (ER), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), and geo-accumulation factor (Igeo). The outcome indicated that the levels of these elements were with the following order: Ni>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>Cd. The values of enrichment factor were ranged from deficiency of Cu with a value of (EF = 1.04) to significant enrichment of Ni (EF = 18.87). However, the values of contamination factor indicated low contamination of soil by Cu, Cd, Pb, Co and Zn with mean values of (0.15), (0.56), (0.65), (0.72) and (0.76) respectively, to significant contamination by Ni (3.07). In terms of ecological risk factor, the average values of (Er) of all the observed elements were under low ecological risk category. The values of (Igeo) index for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Co were under (unpolluted) category; while, Ni was under (unpolluted to moderate) category with a mean value of (0.94).
Keywords. Sirwan/Diyala River Banks, heavy metals, contamination, Soil indices.

7

Effect of BiohealthBiostimulant and Dry Yeast Suspension on Growth and Yield of Two Varieties of Kohlrabi Brassica oleraceavarGongylodes

HayderAbdAlwahabAbdAlrazaq Ali1 and Khalid Abed Mutar2

Pages: 74-79 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala for the season 2021-2022 in order to know the effect of adding the Biohealth stimulator and spraying dry bread yeast suspension on the growth and yield of two cultivars of Brassica oleraceavargongylodes, where the experiment included two factors:The first factor includes eight fertilizer combinations without adding (T1), adding Biohealth (T2), spraying the yeast suspension at a concentration of 2 gm L-1 (T3), spraying the yeast suspension at a concentration of 4 gm L-1 (T4), spraying the yeast suspension at a concentration of 6 gmL -1 (T5), add Biohealth + spray yeast suspension at a concentration of 2 gm L-1 (T6), add Biohealth + spray yeast suspension at a concentration of 4 gm L-1 (T7), add Biohealth + spray yeast suspension at a concentration of 6 gm L-1 (T8) ,The second factor is two varieties of words: (White Vienna and Purple delicacy), The most important results of the study can be summarized as follows:Treatment T8 outperformed on the other treatments in the average plant height and gave 27.27 cm and in the average number of leaves gave 18.15 leaves of a plant -1, It also gave the highest average leaf area and amounted to 31,268 cm2 and in the percentage of dry matter in the leaves and gave 15.63% and the average weight of the pivot stem, which amounted to 279.2 g.The Purple delicacy was superior to the White Vienna cultivar in plant height 27.38 cm, number of leaves 19.24, leaf area 27,515 cm2, dry matter percentage 15.82%, and stem weight 234.8 g.
Keywords. Bio fertilizer, Biohealth, Yeast, Kohlrabi.

8

The Role of Nitrogen, Organic and Biofertilizers in some Chemical and Qualitative Characteristicsof Spinach Spinaceaoleracea L.

HaneenFadel Kazem1 and Khalid Abed Mutar2

Pages: 80-88 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala in Al-Hussainiya district of Karbala governorate during the autumn season 2021-2022 to study the response of some chemical and qualitative characteristics of spinach variety Viroflay, with 2 factors,the levels of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) represent the main plots and the sub plots the fertilization treatments of the secondary panels (Sub plot) and the experiment included 54 experimental units, and the differences were compared using the least significant difference test (L.S.D) at a probability level of 0.05. The most important results that were reached can be summarized as follows The results of the fertilizer addition biological fertilizer + poultry manure (T6 treatment) showed a significant superiority in the leaves’ content of nutrients (N, P, K)in leaves, the leaf area( 86.68 cm2.plant-1 ) , the total chlorophyll content of leaves (212.8 mg.100g) and the total yield (44.81 tons.ha-1). The addition of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) in treatment with N100% led to significant differences in the leaves in most of study indicators, The binary interactions between the fertilizer treatments and the nitrogen fertilization (urea) significantly affected the studied traits, as the interaction treatment N100×T6 achieved the highest values in the leaf nutrients content (N 6.217%, P 2.202% and K 4.480%), The same interaction treatment showed a significant increase between the levels of fertilization, as it gave the highest rates of vegetative characteristics and yield, and the leaf area was 104.0 cm2.plant-1 and the total chlorophyll content of leaves was 2016.0 mg.100gm and the total yield was 48.86 tons. ha-1.
Keywords. Spinach, Sheep manure, Bio fertilization, Azotobacter, Nitrogen fertilizer.

9

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Moringa Leaf Extract Spraying and Bunch Bagging on some Physical and Quantitative Characteristics of Khidrawi and Bream Cultivars

Mohammed S. Abdulrahman1, Kadum M. Abdullah2 and Manar I. Alwan3

Pages: 89-102 English

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Abstract

This investigation was conducted in the 2021 growing season at the Fadak farm, which belongs to the Imam Hussein Holy Shrine/Karbala province, to assess the effectiveness of spraying with various concentrations of moringa leaf extract (0, 100, and 200 ml.L-1) and bunch bagging in some of the physical and qualitative traits of two date palms cultivars (Khidrawi and Bream). Three sprays with the previously stated concentrations were used in the study; the first spray was applied after 7 weeks of pollination (at the end of the Hababuk stage and the start of the Jamri stage), and three weeks passed between each spray. The bunches were then covered with brown paper after each spray. The obtained results revealed the superiority of spraying treatment with 200 ml. L-1 of Moringa leaf extract with bagging on the Khidrawi cultivar fruit characteristics (length, diameter, size, weight, and flesh weight), bunch weight, and total yield, which did not differ significantly from treatment with spraying at a concentration of 100 ml. L-1 with coverage for the same cultivar except for the seed weight, was not impacted significantly by the factors under study when comparing the results with the control treatment. The study's findings suggest that natural plant extracts can be used in place of synthetic chemicals to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of some date palm cultivars and other horticultural crops. These natural plant extracts can be used as growth regulators or fertilizer supplements in conjunction with some agricultural practices.
Keywords. Bunch bagging, Date palm, MoringaoleiferaL., Plant extract.

10

Effect of Ground Addition of Seaweed Extract and NPK Fertilizer on the Some Active Substances of Aloe vera L.

ShahlaaAdilAkahit Al-Jameel1 and Sabah Abid Fulaih2

Pages: 103-109 English

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Abstract

The experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture / University of Karbala in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering for the agricultural season (2021-2022) to study the effect of ground addition of seaweed extract and NPK fertilizer on some chemical growth characteristics of Aloe vera plants, and the experiment was conducted with two factors by comparing the use of An environmentally friendly nutritional program by adding seaweed extract and the chemical program by adding NPK fertilizer neutralized 20:20:20, as the first factor was the addition of seaweed extract, the first factor in three concentrations 3,1.5,0 g.l-1 and the second factor was the addition of fertilizer For NPK neutralized with three concentrations (4,2,0) g.l-1, the experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment according to the system of randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the plants were planted with 24 cm diameter anvils filled with a ratio of 3:1 with moss and sand and distributed in three replications, each replicate contains 9 Experimental units and each experimental unit includes 5 plants, and the comparison was made through the averages of the treatments using the (L.S.D) test, the least significant difference at the probability level of 5%, where the results showed that adding seaweed extract and NPK fertilizer to the plant Aloe vera has led to a significant increase in the specific growth of the plant, especially in the concentration of T3N4. The ground addition of seaweed extract of Aloe vera plant significantly increased most of the chemical properties and active compounds when T3 was treated with concentration (3g.l-1) (percentage of chlorophyll 34.25%, aloin 194.53 µg.gm-1, Aloe-emodin 98.9 µg. g-1, salicylic acid 12.54 mcg.g-1, cinnamic acid 12.77 mcg.g-1). The addition of neutral NPK fertilizer to the aloe vera plant at a concentration (4 g / liter-1) when treated showed significant differences in most of the chemical properties and active compounds (percentage of chlorophyll 33.53%, Aloin 178.19 μg.gm -1, Aloe emodin 96.2 mcg.gm-1, salicylic acid 11.15mcg.gm-1, cinnamic acid 12.46 mcg.gm-1).
Keywords. Aloe vera, NPK, Seaweed extract,Aloin, Aloe emodin.

11

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN AGRICULTURAL LOCAL PRODUCTS IN IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD 2000-2019

Ali. S. Shukr

Pages: 110-119 English

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Abstract

This research aims to study the measurement of the most important factors affecting agricultural production in Iraq for the period 2000-2019. Both descriptive and quantitative methods were used in analyzing the gross domestic product, per capita income, agricultural worker productivity, agricultural exports, and their impact on the agricultural production in Iraq. It should be noted that the model data was transformed into logarithmic form, and the analysis using Eviews software showed that the signal of the GDP was negative during the study period, which is contrary to economic theory. The reason for this is that the increase in this variable was not directed towards the agricultural sector, but towards other sectors, and it was statistically significant. However, the signal of per capita income was positive, consistent with economic theory, despite not being statistically significant. The signal of agricultural worker productivity was also positive and statistically significant, consistent with economic theory. As for the agricultural export variable, its signal was negative, contrary to economic theory, due to the fluctuation of agricultural product prices and the difficulty of new exporters entering the market, especially small farmers. The research recommended the necessity of directing the support towards the agricultural GDP and working on establishing a free market at the country's borders to facilitate export procedures.
Key words: Agricultural exports, agricultural worker productivity, gross domestic production.

12

Evaluation of the Pleurotin Efficacy Extracted from Pleurotus spp. in Controlling Leaf Spot Disease caused by Alternariaalternata on Broad Bean

Maarib Ahmed Awad Abdullah Abdul Kareem Hassan

Pages: 120-130 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, to evaluate the efficacy of Pleurotin extracted from Pleurotus spp. mushroom in controlling leaf spot disease caused by Alternariaalternata on broad bean. The results of this study revealed that treatment with Pleurotin induced systemic resistance, which included both peroxidase and chitinase activities. The highest peroxidase and chitinase activities were 3.188 and 2.725 units/mL for the spanish and local bean varieties, respectively, compared to 0.32 and 0.057 units/mL for the turkish variety in the control treatment for these enzymes, respectively. Furthermore, healthy plants treated with pleurotin showed the highest peroxidase and chitinase activities reached 2.931 and 2.604 units/mL, respectively. The treatment with Pleurotin also stimulated the vegetative growth of all tested broad bean varieties, with the highest plant height recorded in the spanish variety, reaching 108.24 cm/plant, compared to 63.77 cm/plant in the turkish variety infected with A. alternata. Moreover, the dry weight of the plants increased to 115.33 g/plant in the healthy plants treated with pleurotin, for the Spanish variety, compared to 45.53 g/plant in the Turkish variety infected with A.alternata. The results indicated a reduction in disease severity for all studied broad bean varieties infected with A. alternata and treated with pleurotin, reached to 24.08, 21.09, and 15.57% for the turkish, local, and spanish varieties, respectively, compared to 78.86, 74.07, and 67.55% for the same respective varieties in the A. alternata control treatment. As a result of the reduced disease severity and stimulated vegetative growth due to the elicitor effect of Pleurotin, this was reflected in the increased plant productivity indices. The highest weight of fresh grains was 221.70 g/plant in the healthy plants treated with pleurotin for the spanish variety, compared to 18.01 g/plant in the turkish variety infected with A. alternata.
Keywords: Pleurotin, Pleurotus spp., Alternariaalternata, leaf spot, Bean plants, Biological control.

13

Effect of Tillage Methods on Some Physical Properties of Soil and Yield Components Oats (Avenasativa L.)

Aqeel J. Nassir1Akram A. A. Al-Khalidy2Sadq J. Muhsin3

Pages: 131-140 English

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Abstract

An experiment was conducted on in the field of Agriculture College, University of Basrah, Iraq, during the 2021-2022 season to determine the effect of different tillage strategies on some soil physical characteristics as well as oat growth under three different plowing depths. The experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design with four tillage methods, namely, moldboardplow following by single pass of disc harrow (MPDH), chisel plow following by one pass of disc harrow (CPDH), two passes of disc harrow (2DH) and one pass of rotary tiller (RP). Three tillage depths 10,15 and 20 cm were used for each primary or secondary implement tillage as a subplot. The results showed that tillage depth and increasing the tillage depth led to significant increases in soil porosity and reducing in MWD (high soil pulverization) and soil bulk density. The plowing depth had a significant effect (p< 0.05) on the growth and yield of the oat. Whereas the plowing depth of 20 cm registered the highest values of percentage of emerged seedlings, plant height, leaf area, number of spikes per square meter, thousand kernel weight, and grain yield of oat was 82.83%, 95.05 cm, 23.12 cm2, 251.33 spike m-2, 17.87 g, and 2.98 Mg ha-1 respectively. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the tillage methods significantly affected oat growth and production. The 2DH registered the highest value of the percentage of emerged seedlings, plant height, leaf area, number of spikes per square meter, 1000 kernel weight, and grain yield of oat was 85.78%, 102.30 cm, 24.15 cm2, 256.44 g, 19.03spike m-2 and, 2.99 Mg ha-1 respectively. The optimal operating was at a tillage depth of 20 cm and using DH method followed closely by CPDH method then MPDH and the latest was RT.
Keywords. Tillage methods, Tillage depth, Soil physical properties, Oat growth, Yield components.

14

Effect of spraying compost tea, sulfur, and DAP fertilizer on the growth characteristicsofonionplantsAlliumcepaL.

HusseinAliSalimUdayNayefSalehMarwaAbdulKarimKazem,FatenNaseerFadel, Dithar FaroukMuhammad,

Pages: 141-149 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at the Baqubah nursery, Directorate of Diyala Agriculture,Iraq, during the seasons 2022–2023 to study the effect of organic fertilizers (compost tea),which included horse, poultry, cow, and vegetative fertilizers, besides chemical fertilizer(DAP) and sulfur, on the growth and yield of onion plants. The results indicated that thetreated plants with horse compost tea were significantly superior in onion diameter (4.333cm),the poultrycompost tea andhorsecompost tea recordedthe highest value inonionlength reached (8.267 and 7.533 cm, respectively), and spraying sulfur on the plants led to anincrease in plant weight (483 g.plant-1) and total weight (96.600 ton. hectare-1) as compared tothecontroltreatment.
Keywords:Onion,compostteaandsulfur

15

Probiotics: Benefits Against the Risks

SadiqJaafir Aziz Alneamah1, Haider I. Ali2 and Sarmad Gaze Al-Shawi.3

Pages: 150-163 English

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Abstract

probiotics (usually lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) It has been shown to be helpful in preventing certain medical conditions in addition to the potential to enhance certain aspects of health. In The current review, evidence from clinical trials of the benefits of probiotics to promote health for many diseases, it has been mentioned, as well as a comparison between the benefits and disadvantages of using it as a food additive or food supplement.
Probiotics may be beneficial Malnutrition, especially in the case of lactose and calcium intolerance Absorption and constipation. Done probiotics Clearly shown to boost immunity in the elderly, however the clinical significance of this remains to be clarified.
The results are encouraging, and further studies are large-scale it seems justified to create a place for probiotics.

16

Insects that Transmit Plant-Pathogenic Nematodes

Liqaa Hussein Mohammed1 and Estabraq Mohammed Abdalreda2

Pages: 164-169 English

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Abstract

Insects are the largest phylum belonging to the animal queen and constitute the most diverse group of living organisms on Earth. They contain more than one million species, and beetles alone amount to 360,000 species. Most types of insects cause heavy economic losses in various ways, including the transmission of other pathogens, especially nematodes, which is the second largest group After insects in number and variety, it does not have respiratory and circulatory systems but contains a pseudo-body cavity and is found in every ,The wet environments of the world and their parasitic species are invisible to the naked eye. However, the insect species that transmit nematodes do not form , More than 1% of the number of parasitic nematodes on plants. The search results show that ,The pine saw beetle Monochamustitillator and the coconut palm weevil Rhynchophoruspalmarum transmit Aphelenchoidesxylophilus nematodes and the coconut palm nematode Rhadinaphelenchuscocophilus on pine trees causing huge economic losses.
Keywords. Insect, Nematode

17

Effect of spraying with silicon and methyl Jasmonate on vegetative and flowering of DigitalispurpureaL.

MervatNajemFakhriAbboud Abdul Kareem A.J. Mohammad Saeed

Pages: 170-179 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in one of the greenhouses of the Baquba Arboretum Research Station Center / Diyala Agricultural Directorate during autumn season of the year 2021-2022. To study the effect of spraying silicon and methyl Jasmonate on the growth and flowering of Digitalis purpurea L. The first factor involved spraying the vegetative growth with silicon at two concentrations, 0 and 100 mg L-1andmethyl Jasmonate at different concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L-1, Afactorial experiment (2 × 3 × 3) was conducted according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, and the results of the experiment were as follows:
The results showed that there was a significantly excelled when spraying with silicon at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 in the traits of plant height (39.19 cm), number of leaves (18.86 leaf plant-1), leaf area (2069.6 cm 2), and chlorophyll content in leaves (2.59 mg 100 gm-1).The dry weight of the leaves (10.84 g), the early flowering time (94.77 days), the number of inflorescences (9.35 inflorescences-1), the number of florets per inflorescence (38.10 florets. inflorescences-1), the fresh weight of the inflorescence (13.13 g), and the dry weight of the inflorescence (3.12). cloud). The results showed that there was a significantly excelled when spraying Methyl Jasmonate at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 in plant height (38.07 cm). The number of leaves (18.15 plant leaves-1), the leaf area (1939.8 cm2), the relative chlorophyll content in the leaves (2.55 mg 100 gm-1), the dry weight of the leaves (10.13g), the early flowering time (95.08 days), the number of inflorescences (8.91 inflorescences. plant-1) and the number of florets per inflorescence (36.89 florets plant-1) The fresh weight of the inflorescence was (12.81 g) and the dry weight of the inflorescence was (2.93 g). The results of the interactions between the two factors of the study indicated a significant effect in improving most of the vegetative and flowering growth traits of the digitalis plant, and the interactions Si100×Mj100 excelled in recording the best results.

18

Response of maize to spraying with gibberellin and thiamine at different growth stages

Ehab Hussein Ghabin Al-Husseini and Ahmed Hassan Fadel

Pages: 180-188 English

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Abstract

The field experiment was conducted on one of the private farms located in Al-Musauib project area, 40 km north of Babylon Governorate, during the spring andautumnseasonsof2022.Toknowtheeffectofsprayinggibberellinandthiamineandsprayingstagesonthegrowthandyieldofcorn.Where the main plot includedthreestagesofadditionandtheywere(thestageofformationof4leaves,thestageof formation of 8 leaves, the stage of flowering) and symbolized by the symbol (A1,A2, A3). The subplot included spray concentrations and were as follows (sprayingwith distilled water only, gibberellin at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and thiamine(vitamin B1) at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and the interaction between gibberellinat a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and thiamine 100 mg.L-1) and symbolized by (B0,B1,B2,B3) andtheresultswere asfollows:The results showed that the stages of spraying had a significant effect, where the stage of formation of 8 leaves (A2) was significantly excelled and gave the highest rate for most of the studied traits and for both season respectively, the number of grains per cob was (1171.42 and 925.76) grains. cob-1, the weight of 300 grains was (83.35 and 76.71) g, the percentage of protein was (7.54 and 8.69)%, the percentage of oil (47.40 and 44.52)%, the total plant yield (181.07 and 175.01) kg.ha-1.B3 treatment was significantly excelled on the rest of the other treatments and gave the highest mean of both season, respectively, for the traits of the number of grains per cob(1322.18 and 1059.95) grains. cob-1, weight of 300 grains (86.38 and 81.73) g, protein percentage (8.15 and 9.30) %, oil percentage (50.44 and 44.83)%, total plant yield (201.56 and 195.49) kg.ha-1.The interaction treatments(A2 + B3) excelled and gave the highest values for most growth, yield and qualitative traits.

19

Effect of organic fertilizer and ground feeding with chelated iron  zinc on the concentration of elements in potato(Solanumtuberosum L) tubers in soil with low gypsum content

Mohammed Jamal RezoqiALdouriAyad Ahmed Hamada

Pages: 189-204 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at research station of soil Department and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, for agricultural season 2022 AD, according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), with eighteen treatments and three replications for the purpose of studying the effect of adding organic fertilizer and ground feeding with iron and chelated zinc on the concentration of elements in potato tubers in low soil. Gypsum content, the experiment included three factors each of organic fertilizer at level of (0, 1)% coded as M0 and M1, respectively. Chelated iron with three levels (0,2,4) kg ha-1 soil, coded as F0, F1, and F2, respectively, and chelated zinc with three levels (0,1.5,3) kg ha-1 soil, coded as Z0, Z1, and Z2, respectively. The results showed that adding organic fertilizer, iron and chelated zinc separately led to a significant increase in the studied traits (concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc in the tubers). The interaction between organic fertilizer, iron and chelated zinc resulted in a significant increase, as the triple interaction treatment M1F2Z2 excelled as it gave the highest values (2.00%, 0.339%, 2.51%, 78.18 mg kg-1 and 38.11 mg kg-1) for the above studied traits, respectively, compared to comparison treatment M0F0Z0.

Keywords: Gypsum soil,organicfertilizer, chelated iron. Chelated zinc

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Responses of Growth and Quality treats to Micro-Nano elements of two Varieties of Corn for two Seasons.

Hussein Ahmed Barjas Muthanna Abdulbasit Ali

Pages: 205-214 English

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Abstract

The research was Carry out the spring and autumn of 2022 in the village of Tulul Nasir / Al-Shura district (50 km south of Mosul) north of Iraq. The study included two varieties of maize (Dijlah) and (Al-Forat) and five treatments with micro-nano elements (Fe 9%, Zn 1% and Mn 1%), namely: spraying water and spraying plants with concentrations of 2 and 4 g. L-1 and spraying the soil with a concentration of 2.25 and 5.25 g. L-1 until complete wetness in the flowering stage. The split-plate system was used according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications as a factorial experiment. The following traits were measured: plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), leaf area index, test weight (kg.hL-1), protein percentage, protein yield, oil percentage and oil yield. The study indicate that Dijlah variety was significantly superior in plant height (193.8 cm) and leaf area (5908.5 cm2) and leaf area index (3.15), while the Al-Forat was significantly superior in the characteristics of test weight (73.15 kg.hL-1), protein percentage (11.69%), protein yield (14.76), oil percentage (4.28%) and oil yield (5.41). It is noted from the results of spraying treatments with nano-microelements that a significant superiority was recorded for the treatment of soil spraying with a concentration of 2.25 g for the characteristics of plant height, leaf area and its index, protein percentage and its yield, and values (202.40 cm, 6483.6 cm2, 3.46, 12.31% and 16.29 g) were recorded, respectively, while All treatments of spraying with nano scale microelements, whether on plants or soil, were superior compared to the comparison treatment in the characteristics of test weight, oil percentage, and oil yield. As for a factor season, a significant superiority is observed for the autumn in the characteristics of plant height (215.27 cm), leaf area (6181.3 cm2), its index (3.29), protein yields (5.09), and oil (5.72), While significant superiority is noted for the spring season test weight and protein percentage with an average of (74.93 kg.hL-1 and 11.96%), respectively. Most of the three interactions recorded significant differences for all studied traits, especially those of which nano fertilization is a part of it.
Keywords: Corn, micro-nanoelements, seasons.

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Effect of Adding Different Concentrations of leaves alcoholic extract of the local silybum plant (Silybummarianum ) to Drinking Water on Productive Performance of Broilers Ross 308

Sajjad Mohammed Abba Nihad Abdul-Lateef Ali MajeedHameedAjafar

Pages: 215-230 English

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted in the fields of Al-Anwar Poultry Company in Babylon Governorate for the period from 18/2/2023 to 24/3/2023 The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding different concentrations of alcoholic extract of the leaves of the Silybummarianum plant to drinking water in the productive performance of broilers, where 300 unsexed Ross 308 broilers equipped with a hatchery were used in the experiment. It was randomly distributed to 15) cages )with 5 experimental treatments for each 60 bird treatment and each treatment included three replicates per 20 birds. The treatments of the experiment were as follows: the first treatment: a control group free of any addition, the second treatment: the addition of 10 ml of alcoholic extract to the leaves of the Silybummarianum plant / liter of drinking water at a concentration of 0.5%, the third treatment: the addition of 10 ml of alcoholic extract to the leaves of the Silybummarianum plant / liter of drinking water at a concentration of 1%, the fourth treatment: the addition of 10 ml of alcoholic extract to the leaves of the Silybummarianum plant / liter of drinking water at a concentration of 2%, the fifth treatment: Add 10 ml of alcoholic extract of the leaves of the Silybummarianum plant / liter of drinking water at a concentration of 3%.
The most important results of the study can be summarized as a significant improvement (p≤0.05) for the third, fourth and fifth treatments in the rate of live body weight and total weight gain compared to the first treatment (control), as for feed consumption, there were no significant differences between all treatments, while the third and fifth treatments recorded the best cumulative food conversion ratio with a significant difference (p≤0.05) compared to the first treatment, while the percentage of mortality notes that there are no significant differences between all experience treatments, either For the production index, the third and fifth treatment recorded the improvement measure of the productive index with a significant difference of p≤0.05) compared to the first (control) and second treatment.

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Response of biological and organic fertilizers on the growth, yield and quality of bean plants

Amir n.omran.1deabdalkarim h. alruwmiu2

Pages: 231-239 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2021-2022 to study the response of onecultivars of broad bean (Spani et al) to bio-fertilization at four levels (0, bacterial, fungal, and manure together) and organic fertilizer (decomposing sheep waste) at three levels (0, 4, 8)ton ha-1, and the factorial experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D).As for the bio-fertilization, the level (the two fertilizers together) was excelled for alldue to the presence of significant differences between the treatments in the vegetative, fruiting and qualitative growth. Except for the trait of the number of bacterial nodes, the (bacterial) inoculum excelled, giving the highest mean for the studied trait, amounting to 51.02 plant nodes, while the treatment (the two fertilizers together) gave the lowest average, amounting to 44.53 plant nodes-1. As for the organic fertilization (sheep waste), the treatment (8 tons.ha-1) was excelled on the rest of the treatments with significant differences in trait of,The number of root nodes, the number of pods, and the weight of 100 seeds gave the highest averages (87.15 cm, 2044.64 cm2, 48.85 nodes plant-1, 12.86 pods plant-1, 231.98 g), respectively.As for the bi-interaction between the organic and bio-fertilizations, the combination (the two fertilizations together * 8 tons.ha-1) excelled, for the trait percentage of protein in grains amounted to (29.13%, 4.36%, 27.27%), respectively.

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A study of heritability, genetic advance and some genetic parameters of maize genotypes at different plant densities

WiamYahyaRasheed Al-Shakarchy(1)Mohammed SubhiAlTaweel(2)ShamilYounis Hassan AL-Hamadany(3) Khalid Mohammed Dawod AlZubaidy(4)

Pages: 240-251 English

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Abstract

Estimation of genetic variance, heritability and genetic advance of traits is an essential task in any plant advance programme. Genetic performance and some genetic parameters were evaluated for ten genotypes of different origins of maize in a randomized complete block design,(RCBD) in aFactorial Experimentarrangementwith three replications during the spring growing season / 2022, in the field of (Bashiqa site) in one of the private agricultural fields of Bashiqa district, which is about 40 km away. from Mosul city center.
The results of the analysis of variance showed that the mean squares of the genotypes were significant for all the traits under study at the probability level of 1%, and the presence of such significant differences between the genotypes under study is necessary to study their genetic behavior in order to select the best and improve them. SAGUNTO genotype plants were characterized by the highest values, with an average of 479.400 g and 25.345 ton.ha-1, respectively, for individual plant grain yield and total grain yield. The plants cultivated at the plant density of 44444 plant.ha-1 were characterized by the highest yield per single plant of grain amounted to 371.810 g, and the plants grown at the plant density 66667 plant.ha-1 had the highest total grain yield of 17.173 ton. ha-1. The heritability values in the broad sense were high forall the traits except it was medium for number of ears per plant , while the values of expected genetic advance as a percentage of the average trait were high for total ear weight , no.of grains/ear, individual plant grain yield and total grain yield and oil ratio.
Key words: Herita‎bility - Genetic advance - Maize.

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Effect of cultivar and potassium silicate and the interaction between them on the percentage of NPK, the percentage of calcium, the content of capsaicin and the content of protein in the fruits

Ruaa Wahab Abdel Rahim 1 Ali Ibadi Manea2RajaaAbdulrazzaq Abbas AAnbagi3

Pages: 252-262 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in a field in Al-Azzawiya region - Al-Musayyib district (40 km) north of the center of Babylon province, during the spring agricultural season 2022 within the longitude 44.07° and latitude 32.76°. The experiment included two factors, the first being two cultivars of sweet pepper, the first being the imported cultivar, California Wonder, and the second being the local cultivar. The second factor was the use of two concentrations of potassium silicate (3.5) ml. L-1 in addition to the control treatment,The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design, according to the split plot system, with three replicates. The items were placed in the main plot and sprayed with potassium silicate in the system sub-plot. Means were compared using the Least Significant Difference test.L.S.D. at the probability level of 0.05. The results of the table showed that the imported cultivar California Wonder achieved a significant superiority over the local cultivar in traits of phosphorus 0.47%, potassium 1.24%, calcium 0.54% in fruits. Nitrogen 1.60%, phosphorus 0.62%, potassium 0.79% in leaves and protein 9.32% in fruits. While the local cultivar achieved the highest percentage of nitrogen 1.46% and the fruit content of vitamin C 117.10 mg.100g-1 fresh weight, the two cultivars also achieved a significantly excelled in the fruit content of carbohydrates 2.91% and capsaicin 0.29gm.100g-1. Also achieved spraying treatment at a concentration of 5 ml. L-1 with potassium silicate had a significantly excelled in the percentage of phosphorus 0.47%, potassium 1.30%, calcium 0.55% in fruits, and the fruit content of vitamin C reached 117.75 mg. 100g-1 fresh weight, nitrogen 1.65%, phosphorus 0.64%. Potassium 1.83%, calcium 0.80% in the leaves and capsaicin 0.30 g. L-1 excelled in nitrogen in fruits 1.46%,Carbohydrates 3.02% and protein 9.37%. Also, the bi-interaction was achieved between the imported cultivar California Wonder and spray at a concentration of 5 ml / L.It excelled in the proportion of phosphorus in fruits 0.49%, the percentage of potassium in fruits 1.34%, the percentage of calcium in fruits 0.56%,The percentage of nitrogen in the leaves is 1.70%, the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves is 0.65%, the percentage of potassium in the leaves is 1.85%, the percentage of calcium in the leaves is 0.83%, and the percentage of capsaicin in the fruits is 0.30 g.Also, the local cultivar and spray at a concentration of 5 ml / L achieved a significant superiority in the fruit content of vitamin C 118.03 mg. 100g-1 fresh weight, While the imported cultivar California Wonder with spraying at a concentration of 3 ml.L-1 achieved a significantly excelled in the fruit content of protein 9.45%.
Key word: sweet pepper, cultivar, potassium silicate

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Study of genetic parameters and cluster analysis for genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.)

Tamara NazarAl-ChalabiManal Abdel-Muttalib Al-Hayali 1, Mohammad Subhi Al-Taweel 2

Pages: 263-273 English

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Abstract

In this study, five genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) were used, which were sourced from Al-Dabbana Company for Modern Agriculture Ltd., where the seeds were planted in fallseason 2022 in the fields of a farmer in Nineveh Governorate, and the following traits were studied:Number of days to tassling, number of days to silking, plant height, number of leaves on plant-1,leaf area of the main ear, number of ears on plant-1, ear length, number of rows on ear-1, number of grains on row-1, number of grains on ear-1, weight of 100 grains and yield of individual plant.The results of the analysis of variance showed that the genotypes were significant for all the studied traits, and that the values of genetic, phenotypic and environmental variation were also significant for all traits, while the values of the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation (GCV%,PCV%)were medium for the number of grains on ear-1 and the yield of an individual plant, and low for the other traits.The heritability values in the broad sense showed that they were high for most of the traits, and the expected genetic improvement was average for most of the traits. The results of the cluster analysis showed that the genotypes were distributed into three main groups. The first group included the Reserave genotype. The second group included the genotype 215482, while the third group was divided into two subgroups, the first secondary group included the genotype 215479, and the second secondary group included the Konsens and Jameson genotypes.
Keywords: corn, genetic markers, cluster analysis

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Effect of moringa leaf extract, Kinetin and humic acid on the growth and yield of Rocket plant

AthmarFadhilShaheedBaydaaRasheed Hill Nadia HameedAbd - Aoun

Pages: 274-283 English

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted in an orchard in Babylon province - Al-Kifl district, in autumn season of the year 2021-2022, on the Rocket plant (Erucavesicariasubsp.sativa).To know the effect of the first factor, Moringa extract at concentrations of 10 g/L, 20 g/L, and Kinetin at concentrations of 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and the second factor, humic acid at concentrations of 2 kg/ha, 4 kg/ha, with the control treatment (without addition or spraying) for each factor and the interaction between factor on the growth yield of Rocket .It was conducted as a factorial experiment (5x3x3) according to the Complete Randomized Blocks Design (R.C.B.D) and with three replicates, where each replicate contains 15 treatments. The results showed that there are significant differences in the vegetative traits of Moringa extract, chitin and humic acid. The results indicate that the treatment of Moringa leaf extract with a concentration of 10 g / L was excelled in giving the highest plant height (57.95 cm), the highest number of leaves (19.09), and the highest percentage of dry matter for the first cutting (6.040 %).The results also indicate that the treatment of Kinetin with a concentration of 20 mg / L was excelled in giving the highest dry weight for the first cutting which reached (5.437 %) and the highest dry weight for the second cutting was (5.923 %). (2.252 tons) and the highest yield for the second cutting was 1.737 tons. The results also indicate the humic acid treatment at a concentration of 4 kg / ha excelled by giving the highest plant height (58.87 cm), the highest percentage of dry matter for the second for cutting (7.083 kg), and the highest yield for the second cutting 1.464 tons/ha (Likewise, the humic acid treatment excelled at a concentration of 2 kg / ha by giving the highest yield for the first cutting, which reached (1.926 tons), and the control treatment excelled in the number of leaves, recording the highest mean of 18.34.As the signals of the results in the interaction in trait of plant height .The treatment, M2H2, recorded the highest average of (70.25 cm). As for the number of leaves, it was recorded as M1H0, and the highest average was 25.80In trait of the percentage of dry matter for cutting first, the treatment M2H2 recorded the highest average of (6.88) kg.As for the percentage of dry matter for cutting the second, the treatment M3H2 recorded the highest average (7.525 kg). As for the yield of the first for cutting, the treatment M4H2 recorded the highest average (2.580 ton/ha). As for the yield of the second for cutting, the treatment M2H1 recorded the highest average (2.093 %(
Keywords: Moringa extract, humic acid, kinetin, Rocket plant introduction-:

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Efficiency of aqueous and alcoholic extract of Rosmariniusofficinalis and lemon Eucalyptus plants in controlling nymphs and adults of the Macroisphumeuphorbiae(Hemiptera: Alyrodidae) on cut flowers

Riham Kareem AlwanHadi Abdul Jaleel Naas ImanJawadKadhim

Pages: 275-284 English

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Abstract

A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the impact of lemon Eucalyptus and Rosmariniusofficinalis aqueous and alcoholic extracts on a few elements of Macroisphumeuphorbiae's life performance.The results of the study showed that the alcoholic extract of Rosmariniusofficinalis had a significant effect on the non-cumulative mortality of the different fungi of the insect, and at concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75) mg / ml, the results were (66.7, 83.3, 93.3) for nymphs, respectively, and for adults it was (70.0 , 85.3, 88.0), respectively, where the concentration exceeded 0.75 mg / ml, where the highest killing rate was (93.3, 88.0) for nymphs and adults, respectively, after 72 hours. While the mortality rate in the aqueous extract of Rosmariniusofficinalis plants at the same concentrations for nymphs was (50.0, 66.7, 83.3), respectively, and for adults (30.0, 53.3, 66.7), respectively, as the concentration exceeded 0.75 mg / ml, and the highest mortality rate was (83.3, 66.7). nymphs and adults, respectively, after 72 hours. Also, the alcoholic extract of lemon eucalyptus plant at concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75) mg / ml had a significant effect on the non-cumulative destruction of the different roles of the insect, as the results were (56.7, 73.3, 86.3) for nymphs, respectively, while the adults were (59.7, 73.0, 78.0) respectively after 72 hours. While the percentage of mortality in the aqueous extract of lemon eucalyptus at the same concentrations was (40.0, 55.8, 73.3) for nymphs, respectively. and (36.7, 56.7, 70.0) for adults, respectively, where the concentration exceeded 0.75 mg / ml, where the mortality rate was (73.3, 70.0) for nymphs and adults, respectively, after 72 hours. The results indicated that there is a direct relationship between the concentration of the extract and the percentage of death rate.
Key Word : Macroisphumeuphorbiae, Rosmariniusofficinalis, lemon Eucalyptus.

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The Possibility of Benefiting from Date Seed Powder in The Manufacture of Chocolate Spread and Studying Its Quality Characteristics

Rawaa Houri Tlay A. M. Al-Baidhani

Pages: 285-298 English

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Abstract

This research aimed to study the possibility of benefiting from date seed powder as a healthy substitute for cocoa powder in chocolate processing, by determining some chemical indicators of cocoa powder and date seed powder and studying the effect of replacing cocoa powder with date stone powder in different proportions in the content of total phenol, antioxidant activity and color indicators, and sensory properties of chocolate compared to the control. The cocoa powder sample showed a significant increase in moisture content and pH compared to the date seed powder sample. The date seed powder sample was characterized by higher fiber content (79.31%) on a dry weight basis than cocoa powder. Chocolate samples manufactured using 100% date seed powder showed a significant increase in ash and raw fiber content and a substantial decrease in moisture content, pH number, and total sugar content compared to the control sample. The addition of date seed powder led to a significant increase in the content of total phenol and antioxidant activity in the sample (100% date seed powder), a moral increase in the value of (L* and h) indicators, and a significant decrease in the (a*, b* and C)values compared with the other studied samples. The chocolate sample manufactured using 4% date seed powder was significantly superior in the degree of taste, aroma, and texture compared to the rest of the studied samples, while the control sample was significantly superior in color terms.
Key Words: Chocolate Spread, Cocoa Powder, Date Seed Powder, Chemical Indicators, Total Phenols, Antioxidant Activity, Sensory Properties

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The effect of substituting local de-hulled sunflower meal instead of soybean meal with or without the addition of the probiotic on the productive and physiological performance of broiler chicks.

MohammedI.ALmolah1IbrahimS.Kloor2

Pages: 299-311 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in the Poultry Research farm of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul,with the aim of studying the effect of replacing local de-hulled sunflower meal with soybean meal with or without the addition of the probiotic on the productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens. To do this,a total of 360 unsexed (Ross-308) one-day-old broiler chicks were used, randomly distributed in a two-factor experiment (4×2) into eight feeding treatments, in each treatment three replications, a rate of 15 chicks for each replicator, homogeneous in weight, and for a rearing period that lasted 42 days of age, during which they were fed at four levels (0,33,66, and 100%) of de-hulled sunflower meal protein with or without the addition of the probiotic. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the control treatment and the partial replacement treatment (33% Dh-SFM) in live body weight, feed conversion factor, carcass characteristics, microbial content, or gut morphology. while increasing the level of substitution to 66 and 100% led to a significant deterioration(P≤0.05). in all these traits. The results of the interaction showed that the partial replacement treatment (33% Dh-SFM with the probiotic) was significantly superior (P≤0.05) to the negative control treatment in live body weight, weight gains, production index, intestinal content of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus), and villus height. While the results showed significant deterioration in the partial and total substitution treatments (66 and 100%Dh-SFM with or without probiotic) in all these traits.
Keywords: De-hulled sunflower meal, Soybean meal, Probiotic, Broiler.

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EFFECT OF ADDING AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF IRAQI JASMINE (LONICERA JAPONICA) TO DRINKING WATER IN PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS TYPE LOHMANN BROWN

Najeh Jabir ThowbanNihadA.AliBushra S. Rasul

Pages: 312-321 English

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Abstract

This experiment was carried out in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production at the College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University, to study the effect of adding an aqueous
The paper is extracted from a doctoral thesis of the first researcher
and alcoholic extract of Iraqi jasmine leaves (Lonicera Japonica L.) to drinking water in the productive performance of laying hens, where 147 laying hens were used in this experiment. type Lohmann Brown, at the age of 50 weeks, and it is in the production stage. The experiment included seven treatments Each treatment included, three replicates, with 7 chickens in one replicate. The experiment lasted 12 weeks, and the water and alcoholic extract of Iraqi jasmine leaves were added to the drinking water for three production periods, each 28 days. The first treatment (control treatment) was without any addition, while the second, third and fourth contained the addition of the water extract of jasmine leaves at a dose of 10 ml / A liter of drinking water with a concentration of 15%, 30% and 45%, respectively. The fifth, sixth and seventh treatment added the alcoholic extract of jasmine leaves at a dose of 10 ml / liter of drinking water with a concentration of 15%, 30% and 45%, respectively. The results achieved in this experiment was a significant superiority (P≤0.05) in weekly egg weight, egg mass and cumulative number of eggs in all treatments of water and alcohol extract compared to the first treatment during the second and third periods and during the total period of production, as well as the feed conversion coefficient decreased significantly ( P≤0.05) during the first, second and third periods and during the total period of production in the aqueous and alcoholic extract treatments compared to the first treatment, where it was the best food conversion coefficient in the treatments with a significant decrease.

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Effect of planting date and bio fertilizer levels on growth and yield of bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Safaa abd al-Hassan al-zubaidy1 Maryam Abdulhasan karbul2 Hasanain Saleem Oleiwi3

Pages: 322-330 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season 2022-2023 in the Field Crops Department College of Agriculture in order to improve the growth efficiency and yield of bread wheat by the influence of the planting date of bio fertilization. A complete randomized plot design was used with a split plot arrangement. The main factor included planting dates, while the secondary factor included levels of bio fertilizer. The results showed that the sowing dates did not differ between them in most of the studied traits, except for the characteristic of chlorophyll content, the length of the spike and the number of grains in the spike. The results also showed that there was a significant difference between the levels of bio fertilizer, as the level 6 kg ha-1.excelled in giving the highest averages for the studied traits, as it gave the highest average grain yield of 2.71 ton ha-1.and the highest biological yield reached 7087 ton ha-1.. The results also showed that there was an overlap. Significant between sowing dates and bio fertilizer levels, as the overlap treatment of date 11-15 and 6 kg ha-1.of manure achieved the highest mean of the number of tillers, spike length, weight of 1000 seeds and biological yield, which amounted to 7099 ton ha-1., while the treatment of overlap date 10-12 with 6 kg ha-1.has the highest average of plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of spikes, number of grains per ear, and grain yield which reached 2081 ton ha-1.

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Effect Extract And Nanoparticles of Ginger Root on Pseudomonas Bacteria That Isolation From Otitis Infection

Duha A. Ameer1, a Wejdan-AL-Deen1, b

Pages: 331-341 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted to test the inhibitory activity of alcoholic extracts (using ethanol) of ginger roots, as well as the inhibitory activity of alcoholic and aqueous nanoparticles of ginger roots against (Pseudomonas bacteria) , isolated from cases of ear infection , the natural effective antibacterial chemical compounds contained in the prepared nanoparticles were detected. 100 samples were collected from the patients and patients in Alexandria General Hospital and Morgan Teaching Hospital from October /2022 to April /2023 and included isolates for patient of different ages and genders. The number of bacterial isolates that came from females was 42 and the number of isolates from males was 58. The bacterial isolates calculator tested the directions of 8 antibiotics circulating in health institution. The sensitivity and resistant varied according to nature of the antibiotic and the type of bacterial isolate tested Pseudomonas bacteria, it showed sensitivity against the antibiotic Imipenem, but it had high resistance against the antibiotic Gentamycin. The alcoholic extracts as well as the alcoholic nanoparticles of ginger roots ,showed an effective inhibitory effect on the bacterial isolates , and the nature of the extract and that the inhibitory effectiveness is directly proportional to the increase in concentration , so at a effectiveness of 40 of the extract, the effectiveness was better than the effectiveness of the extract at a concentration of 10 , therefore , the inhibitory activity of alcoholic nanoparticles of ginger root was directly proportional to the increase in concentration , as it was higher at concentration 500 , but at concentration 100 the inhibition was lees than that.

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The optimal size of wheat farms irrigated by supplementary irrigation of pivot sprinklers is 60 dunums in Salah al-Din Governorate / Tikrit district for the production season 2021/2022.

Maher Mustafa Shabib1

Pages: 342-347 English

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Abstract

The research aims to study the reality of the costs of producing the wheat crop in Salah al-Din Governorate / Tikrit District using pivot sprinklers of 60 donum.. The cost function was estimated in the long run by introducing land area as an independent variable in the function in addition to production. The results showed that the optimal area of wheat that achieves economic efficiency and optimal production volumes for the sprinklers under study is (54,655) donum, in contrast, the optimum production was (1076.23) kg / donum. And the average cost per donum (284.405) thousand dinars / donum. Sprinklers also achieved economic efficiency (90%), while the maximum profit production reached (1006.868) kg /donum. Therefore, the study recommends using the optimal quantities of inputs in order to obtain the best production.
Keywords: optimum size, wheat, supplemental irrigation

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Estimating the technical and economic efficiency of tomato crop farms in Samarra district for the production season 2022

Manar Saleh Hamad1

Pages: 348-356 English

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Abstract

The aim of the research is to estimate the technical, specialized and economic efficiency of the tomato crop in Salah al-Din Governorate according to the data envelope analysis (DEA) method. (100) farms using modern irrigation techniques (drip), the program (Deap) to analyze efficiency according to the method of the data envelope, and the study relied on the descriptive and quantitative analysis that is based on the foundations, principles and concepts of economic theory in achieving the objectives of the research through the application of the data envelope analysis method DEA And in two ways, according to the concept of stability and change of return to capacity, which allows estimating technical efficiency and capacity efficiency, and using the same method, specialized efficiency and economic efficiency were extracted, and the results of the efficiency analysis were reached according to the data envelope of the production and cost functions with the stability and change of capacity returns. The percentage of the average technical efficiency was (77%). As for the technical efficiency in light of the change in the return on capacity, the percentage of the average technical efficiency was (93%). Depending on the cost function variables, the results showed that the number of farms that achieved price efficiency (AE) at the level of (100%) are (4) farmers, and the average rate of economic efficiency (EE) was ((69%). The study concluded that the tomato growers by drip irrigation method do not achieve reaching the optimal size of production, and this means that there is a deviation from the optimal size of the crops of the study sample, and in the light of The results that were reached, the study recommended to take advantage of the efficiency indicators obtained through the data envelope model.

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Effect of NPK Fertilizer and the Treatment with Neutro-sol (CaO) in Some Chemical Growth traits of Two Olive Cultivars Olea europaea L.

Ayat Habib Dhaher Imad Ali Aubied Bassim Haleem Kshash

Pages: 357-374 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in one of the private orchards in Al-Sanniyyah sub-district belonging to Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, south of Baghdad Governorate, during the agricultural season 2021, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying levels of fertilizer, NPK compound, and ground addition of Ultrasol on some traits of olive cultivars Manzilillo and Bashiqi. Factorial experiment (3 × 3 × 2) according to the completely random block design CRBD, with duplicate seedlings, at the rate of 4 seedlings per observation, and the treatments included cultivar (V1: Manzilillo cultivar, V2: Baashiqi cultivar, and three levels of spraying NPK (N0: 0, N1 = 1, N2 = 2) gm - liter and the ground addition of ultrasol fertilizer (C0: 0, C1 = 1, C2 = 2) gm - liter, the results were analyzed using niaine analysis for the lowest level difference between the treatments and using the lowest level difference Lsd at the level of 0.05, and the results can be analyzed as follows. Differences were found in the triple overlap VNC treatments with V2N2C2 overlapping, the seedling height was 18.07 cm, while the treatment V2N2C2 excelled with the number of branches 9.87, the leaf area 2.733 cm. The triple overlap of V1N1C0 with a branch length of 12.57 cm . The wet weight of the roots and the wet weight of the shoot were 33.0 g and 120.3 g, respectively:

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Effect of vermiecompost and bio-chemical fertilizers on yield traits of strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa) Rubygem cultivar

SabaaJawadAbdulkadhim* and RawaaNaser Hussein

Pages: 375-386 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in one of the greenhouses belonging to a farmer\'s field in Al-Al-Musayyib project / Babylon Governorate during the agricultural season 2022-2023. To study the effect of Vermiecompost fertilizer with three levels (0,400,800) gm and biofertilization with the highest levels (without addition, mycorrhiza fungus, azospirillum bacteria, a mixture of fungal and bacterial inoculum) and chemical at two levels (0.50%) on the characteristics of the quantitative and qualitative yield of strawberry plant Rubygem and below-Covered cultivation system (green house) and RCBD design was used with three replicates.The results showed a significantly excelled of vermicompost (V3) in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the plant (number of fruits, weight of fruits, total yield, vitamin C, percentage of TTS), as it amounted to (12.19 plant fruits-1,21.74 gm, fruit-1, 397.32 kg greenhouse-1). , 20.91 mg/100 g fresh weight -1, 9.73%), respectively. The mixture of bio-fertilizer (B4) excelled in all studied traits The chemical fertilization (C2) when added was 50% of the fertilizer recommendation in all studied traits..The triple interaction (V3B4C2) gave a significantly excelled in all studied plant traits, which amounted to (17.92 fruit of plant-1, 25.04 g. fruit-1, 603.04 kg . greenhouse-1, 25.53 mg of 100 gm fresh weight-1, 11.70%), respectively.
Keywords: vermiecompost, biofertilization, chemical fertilization, strawberry, yield traits

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Effect of two inhibitors of transpiration, copper, Chitosan, some plant extracts, and storage period on the storage traits of local orange fruits, Citrus sinesis.

Atheer Adnan JawadGhaleb Nasser Hussein

Pages: 387-398 English

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted in a special refrigerated warehouse in the city of Baquba, Diyala Governorate, for the season 2021-2022. The study showed the effect of the treatments (plant extracts and anti-transpiration agents) and the storage period on the storage trait of the local orange fruits, Citrus sinensis L. The experiment was conducted in the period from 1/12/2021 to 1 /3/2022Where the fruits were harvested by the manual method using manual scissors and cutting the fruits from the fruit bearer at the level of the surface of the fruit from a private orchard in the city of Jdeidet Al-Shat, Diyala province, where a group of fruits were immersed in pomegranate peel powder extract in two concentrations (3 and 9 g.L-1) for 15 minutes. Another group dipped in thyme leaves extract in two concentrations (6 and 9 g.L-1) for 15 minutes.Another group was immersed in chitosan at a concentration of 2 g.L-1for two minutes, and a group was immersed in Disper Cu max at a concentration of 3 g.L-1for two minutes, and the comparison treatment was dipped in distilled water, and the fruits were packed in polyethylene bags of one kilo size and perforated with 16 holes.It was stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of (4∓0.5) C and a relative humidity of 80-85% for a period of three months. The results were analyzed in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering of the College of Agriculture - University of Diyala. The experiment was conducted using a complete random design (CRD), and the averages were compared according to the Dunkin' multiple limit test. At a probability level of 0.05, the results were all the following: The results showed that the lowest percentage of weight loss was when the treatment with pomegranate peel powder extract with a concentration of 9 g.L-1, and also the treatment with pomegranate peel powder with a concentration of 9 g.L-1 excelled in the highest weight of the peel. While the treatment with thyme leaf powder at a concentration of 6 g.L-1excelled in the highest rate of thickness of the peel and the percentage of carotene in the skin of the fruit, and the treatment with pomegranate peel powder extract at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 excelled in the highest percentage of fruit juice, andThe highest percentage of chlorophyll in the fruit peel

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The effect of adding chelated zinc and vermicompost on the readiness of some nutrients

Fatima Bassem Yassin Mohammad Salal Aliwi Saad Shakir Mahmood

Pages: 399-407 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on yellow corn crop in the field of the College of Agriculture of the University of Babylon during the fall season 2022 to study the effect of adding chelated zinc and vermicompost and the interaction between them on the readiness of some nutrients according to the RCBD design. The experiment included two factors, the first factor is the addition of chelated zinc with three levels (0, 5, 10) kg H-1 and the second factor is the addition of vermicompost with three levels (0, 10, 20) tons H-1 and with three repetitions, so the number of experimental units became 27 units and then The seeds of yellow corn were sown, and the results were as follows:
1- The addition of chelated zinc to treatment Z2 gave the highest availability of the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium available in the soil and the available zinc also amounted to 46.78, 29.50, 219.95 and 7.18 mg kg-1 soil sequentially.
2- The addition of vermicompost to the F2 treatment gave a higher availability of the nutrients in the soil represented by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as an increase in the availability of zinc in the soil (mg-1 soil).
3- The Zn2F2 binary interaction treatment excelled by giving the highest availability of nutrients in the soil represented by nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc as it reached 56.17, 35.92, 245.82 and 8.15 mg kg-1 soil respectively.

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Effect of nano-fertilizer on growth traits of potato cultivars grown under water stress

Ali Mahmoud Kadhim Al-Sharifi Ali Hassan Ali Al-Zubaidi,

Pages: 408-423 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in the field of the Plant Production Techniques Department at the Technical College of Musayyib for autumn season of 2020. The first experiment included three factors. The first factor was the use of four cultivars (Burren, Sifra, Arizona, Royal) and symbolized by the symbol (C1, C2, C3, C4). ), the second factor has four levels of water stress (without water stress, water stress during the germination stage starting from the date of planting to 30 days of planting, water stress during the vegetative growth stage starting from the end of the germination stage until 45 days of planting, water stress during The stage of tuber formation and starts from the end of the vegetative growth stage until 60 days of planting) and is symbolized by the symbol (W0, W1, W2, W3). The third work included spraying three levels of nano fertilizer (khazra) which are (0, 1, 2) g. L-1 and its symbol (S0, S1, S2), and the experiment was implemented according to the RCBD (Randomized complete block design) with three replicates, and the transactions were distributed randomly within each replicate. The results were analyzed according to the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at the level of probability. 5%The cultivars had a significant effect on the studied traits, the two Burren cultivars significantly excelled on the other cultivars and gave the highest values for traits of plant height 57.70 cm, number of leaves 48.00 leaves. plant-1, chlorophyll 50.39 spade, number of tubers 10.16 tubers. plant-1, The fresh weight of the tubers was 511.29 gm, the dry weight of the tubers was 132.94 gm.The two treatments of stress during the tuber formation stage (W3) and stress during vegetative growth (W2) had a negative effect on reducing the values of most of the studied traits, while a treatment without stress (W0) was recorded, and gave the highest values for most of the traits.The triple interaction treatment consisting of (Burren variety, treatment without stress, and spraying at a concentration of 2g.l-1) excelled significantly and recorded the highest values for the characteristics of plant height 66.33 cm, number of leaves 54.95 leaves, plant-1, chlorophyll 51.44 spad, number of tubers 12.54 tubers.plant-1, the fresh weight of the tubers 828.31 gm, the dry weight of the tubers 215.36 gm

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Extracting β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae,and its biological effect in reducing cholesterol levels in the laboratory and studying its effect

Maha Ahmed Najm1 Athraa Harjan Muhsen1,

Pages: 424-433 English

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Abstract

Glucan was extracted from acid-alkaline-based yeast samples Hydrolysis method; the dry weight of glucan was 4.8g/100g of Yeast. Carbohydrate and protein contents were determined for the glucan sample and the results indicated that the carbohydrate and protein ratio in the glucan was 44% and 0.45%, respectively. Glucan A analyzed by FT-IR and the results confirmed that the extracted glucan showed a high degree of similarity and purity compared to the standard and the extracted glucan was considered β glucan examination of the compound extracted by FTIR in the diagnosis of some major groups involved in the composition of the compound, and the peak of Absorption at 1074 cm-1 and peaks at 1156-1165 cm-1 which is the hallmark of the β-glucan structure that extends with the standard 1051 cm-1 indicates the linear structure of β-glucan and the compound was also examined by ultraviolet light to estimate the carbohydrate and protein contents. The results indicated the the ratio A Carbohydrate and protein of the extracted glucan were 44% and 0.45% respectively as components of both glucose and protein A important indicators of the purity of glucan and a high amount of sugars with of protein content and compare the the the standard compound and the results showed that the compound extracted matches the standard complex. The ability of the compound extracted in of concentrations (10 mg/body weight and 40 m / body weight) to lower blood lipid levels was tested in the laboratory, where the concentration of 10 mg/body weight extracted from the yeast S.cerevisiae showed a significant effect in lowering the ratio of cholesterol, where the percentage of decrease was (123) compared to positive control therapy (mg/dl 262) in contrast to the concentration of 40mg / bw, where cholesterol decreased by (184.7 mg/dl) compared to positive control factor..

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Effect of irrigation duration on the growth and yield of thirteen genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L)

Mustafa Eskander Zaid Al-Wardi 1 Abdul Kadhim Jawad Musa2,

Pages: 434-448 English

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Abstract

Water has become an impeding source for the agricultural sector, and in Iraq today we suffer from a water crisis that is worsening year after year, and as a result, it has led to a reduction in cultivated areas, especially for the rice crop. The limited water resources and the loss of large amounts of water during traditional irrigation operations prompted many researchers to try to find different methods to determine the quantities of irrigation water needed to be added to agriculture, and thus it became one of the necessities of agricultural progress to use modern irrigation methods. A field experiment was conducted at the rice research station in Al-Mishkhab, which is affiliated to Al-Najaf Research Department - Agricultural Research Department, which is 20 km south of the center of Al-Najaf Governorate, during the summer season 2022. Under the influence of three irrigation levels, the experiment was conducted in a split plot according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replicates .The experimental parameters represented irrigation scheduling: daily irrigation, irrigation at intervals of 4 days, and irrigation at intervals of 8 days for thirteen genotypes of rice.The results of the experiment showed that there was a significantly of the KHA2 genotype on the rest of the cultivars under study in traits of plant height and the total number of seeds in the panicles, and it reached 121.22 cm, 174.67 grain. panicles-1, respectively. As for the KHA4 genotype, it excelled in the traits of flag leaf area, weight of 1000, grain yield, harvest index, and water use efficiency, reaching 32.31 cm2, 24.30 g , 6.10 ton. ha-1, 42.73%, and 0.2507 kg m-3, respectively. The results also showed that there was a significantly excelled of the treatment of the daily irrigation interval in all traits of vegetative growth, yield and its components. As for the bi-interactions between genotypes and irrigation periods,The results showed that there is an effect in most of the traits, where the interaction treatment (KHA2 and daily irrigation) excelled in traits of plant height, flowerpot length, and total number of grains in the flowerpot, reaching 131 cm, 26.90 cm, and 205.00 seed grains -1, respectively, and the interaction treatment (KHA4) outperformed and daily irrigation) in traits of flag leaf area, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, and harvest index, and the values were 35.63 cm2, 25.72 gm, 7.94 tons. The results of the research showed that the water use efficiency was with daily irrigation 0.0945 kg m-3 and at the irrigation interval every 4 days 0.1999 kg m-3, while the irrigation interval every 8 days gave 0.2174 kg m-3, the results indicate that there are significant differences for the effect of efficiency water use,The irrigation treatment every 8 days excelled compared to the daily irrigation schedule, which gave the lowest mean. Water stress negatively affected all vegetative growth traits and yield components

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Effect of NPK Fertilizer and the Treatment with Neutro-sol (CaO) in Some Morphological Growth traits of Two Olive Cultivars Olea europaea L. and its Economic Feasibility

Ayat Habib Dhaher Imad Ali Aubied Bassim Haleem Kshash

Pages: 449-463 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in one of the private orchards in Al-Sanniyyah sub-district belonging to Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, south of Baghdad provainc, during the agricultural season 2021, with the aim of studying the effect of spraying levels of fertilizer, NPK compound, and ground addition of Ultrasol on some traits of olive cultivars Manzilillo and Bashiqi, and to study the economic feasibility criteria of using these fertilizers. Factorial experiment (3 × 3 × 2) according to the completely random block design CRBD, with duplicate seedlings, at the rate of 4 seedlings per observation, and the treatments included cultivar (V1: Manzilillo cultivar, V2: Baashiqi cultivar, and three levels of spraying NPK (N0: 0, N1 = 1, N2 = 2) gm - liter and the ground addition of ultrasol fertilizer (C0: 0, C1 = 1, C2 = 2) gm - liter, the results were analyzed using niaine analysis for the lowest level difference between the treatments and using the lowest level difference Lsd at the level of 0.05, and the results can be analyzed as follows. Differences were found in the triple overlap VNC treatments with V2N2C2 overlapping, the seedling height was 18.07 cm, while the treatment V2N2C2 excelled with the number of branches 9.87, the leaf area 2.733 cm. The triple overlap of V1N1C0 with a branch length of 12.57 cm . The wet weight of the roots and the wet weight of the shoot were 33.0 g and 120.3 g, respectively:

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The economic feasibility of cultivating local cucumbers (Cucumis milo var.flexuosus )in plastic house

Bassim Haleem Kshash1* , Abaas Khdair Mijwel1 and Zahraa Naseer Sabri1

Pages: 464-469 English

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Abstract

Cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.), is widely cultivated under protected condition. The summer local cucumber variety (Cucumis milo var.flexuosus ) did not previously subjected to protected cultivation. This variety was cultivated in a plastic house, for the first time in Iraq, with an area of 504 square meters, to show the possibility of success of this cultivation, and to calculate its economic feasibility. The study was conducted in one of the plastic house belonging to the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the fall season 2020. The results of the study showed the success of cultivating this variety in the plastic house in winter. Cost and returns analysis indicates that the cost and profit of this cultivation turned out to be (1746, 3039 ) thousand dinar respectively. The returns, profit, benefit-cost ratio, rate of return ratio, and operating ratio indicated that local cucumber cultivation in plastic house was profitable. The study recommends the expansion of cultivation of this summer variety in the plastic house in winter.

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Response of some growth indicators of different bread wheat cultivars to spraying with nano-potassium fertilizer

Hawra Dawood Matar Al-Ajili, Mahdi Abdul Hamza Al-Saeedi

Pages: 470-483 English

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in plot numbered 95, plot 2, affiliated to Al-Mahaweel district, north of Babylon, during the seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. In order to know the response of three bread wheat cultivars to the stages and concentrations of nano-spraying potassium. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split-split plot with three replicates. As the cultivars (Abu Ghraib, Hawler, Aras) occupied the main plot, and the spraying stages (branching, elongation, inlay) occupied sub plot , while potassium nano fertilizer concentrations (0,1,2 g/L) occupied the sub-sub plot. The results showed the Hawler cultivar excelled in plant height and the content of leaves of chlorophyll for both season of the study, with averages of (80.59 and 81.45) cm and (39.43spad and 41.17spad) respectively, while the Abu Ghraib cultivar recorded the highest values for the harvest index and for both seasons, with averages of (36.45%). and 37.29%, respectively.The treatment of potassium spraying with a concentration of 2 g L-1 was excelled in booting stage and recorded the highest values in the potassium content of the leaves (2.26% and 2.29%) for both seasons, the chlorophyll content of the leaves, plant height and biological yield, and for both season it reached (38.87 spad and 40.40 spad). And (74.54 cm and 76.30 cm) and (40% and 47%) respectively.

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EFFECT OF ADDINING VITAMINS E AND C TO BROILERS RATION CONTAINED HIGH LEVEL OF TALLOW IN CARCASS TRAITS

Baydaa Younis Ali ALnaamat* D.Th. Younis

Pages: 484-493 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in poultry–Field which related to Animal production department – college of agriculture and forestry –University of Mosul. From a period From 5 November 2022 to 17 December 2022 for (42) days . The aim of the study the addition of fat to the feeding mixtures was identified the effect of adding Tallow as a source of energy instead of grains with addition of vitamin C or E or their combination to the ration on Carcass traits. Two hundred forty Ross (308) one day old unsexed chickens used in this study. Birds distributed to five treatments (Four replicate of each twelve birds in each replicate). Reared in semi- opened house and the treatments were as follows: T1 (control) without addition, T2: Addition 6% of Tallow to ration, T3: Addition 6% of Tallow to ration and 250 mg Vitamin E / kg feed, T4: Addition 6% of Tallow to ration and 250 mg Vitamin C / kg feed, T5: Addition 6% of Tallow to ration and 250 mg Vitamin E / kg feed and 250 mg Vitamin C / kg feed. Statistical analysis of data showed: Significant increase (P < 0.05) in Live body weight in treatments of Tallow and Vitamins as compared with control, also the adding of Tallow and Vitamins caused highest dressing percentage, High percentage of drip loss by cooling in treatments of adding tallow and adding Tallow and Vitamin C. No significant differences between treatments in the relative weight of the chest, thighs, back, two wings and neck. And reduce the speed of passing feed in digestive track for treatments of adding Tallow and Vitamins as compared with control. We can conclude the adding tallow as a source of energy instead of grains with addition of vitamin C or E or their combination to the diet significantly improved the broiler Carcass traits.

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EFFECT OF ADDINING VITAMINS E AND C TO BROILERS RATION CONTAINED HIGH LEVEL OF TALLOW IN PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE

Baydaa Younis Ali ALnaamat* D.Th. Younis

Pages: 494-501 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted in poultry –Field which related to Animal production department – college of agriculture and forestry –University of Mosul. From a period of 5 November 2022 t0 17 December 2022 for (42) days. The aim of the study was identified the effect of adding Tallow as a source of energy instead of grains with addition of vitamin C or E or their combination to the ratio. two hundred forty Ross 308 one day old unsexed Broiler chicks used in this study. Birds distributed to five treatments (Four replicate of each twelve birds in each replicate). Reared in semi- opened house and the treatments were as follows: T1 (control) without addition, T2: Addition 6% of Tallow to ration, T3: Addition 6% of Tallow to ration and 250 mg Vitamin E / kg feed, T4: Addition 6% of Tallow to ration and 250 mg Vitamin C / kg feed , T5:Addition 6% of Tallow to ration and 250 mg Vitamin E / kg feed and 250 mg Vitamin C / kg feed . Statistical analysis of data showed: Significant increase (P < 0.05) in Weight gain in the treatments of adding Tallow and Vitamins as compared with control , also the adding of Tallow and Vitamins caused highest dressing percentage. Significant improvement in feed conversion ratio for treatments adding Tallow and Vitamins as compared with control. No significant differences between treatments in in feed consumption and relative weight of heart and liver. Significant decrease relative weight of gizzard in digestive track for treatments of adding Tallow and Vitamins as compared with control.

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Response of some Summer Squash cultivars grown in greenhouses to the addition of cobalt and its effect on growth and yield

Jamal Kamel Kassar, Abdullah Abdel Aziz Abdullah, AqilHadi Abdel Wahed

Pages: 502-512 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted during both seasons 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 in one of the greenhouses affiliated with the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Basrah University, in Karmat Ali, in order to study the effect of cobalt addition on the growth and yield of some summer cultivars. It included 18 factorial treatments consisting of combinations of six varieties: AL nahrain, Alexandria F1, Seminis, Eskandrany2, Khatoon F1, Mullah Ahmed, and three concentrations of cobalt in the form of cobalt sulfate, CoSo4, which are 0, 0.75, and 1.5 mg. L-1. It was coundected as a one-time split factorial experiment, according to the randomized complete block design and with three replicates. The results showed that the AL nahrain hybrid was significantly superior in increasing plant height, number of leaves and leaf area. The number of female flowers, the sexual ratio, the number of fruits, and the yield of one plant, for both seasons of the experiment, were superior in fruit weight in the first season only, while the cultivar Khatoon F1 was significantly excelled in increasing the number of male flowers for both seasons of the experiment and in fruit weight in the second season.The plants were treated with cobalt at a concentration of 0.75 mg. L-1 significantly increased plant height and number of leaves Leaf area, number of female flowers, sexual ratio, weight of one fruit, number of fruits, yield of one plant, and significantly reduced the number of male flowers for both seasons.The interaction between the study factors showed a significant effect on most of the traits under study, as the hybrid plants gave AL nahrain and the cobalt treatment at a concentration of 0.75 mg. L-1 had the highest yield per plant for both seasons of the experiment, which was (1.671 and 1.537) kg, respectively.

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Effect of alcoholic extract of Nerium Oleander plant in controlling beetle Castaneum (Herbst) Tribolium

Abbas Ghanem Hamza Najah Muhammad Bari Huda Abdel-Amir Muhammad Shnwer

Pages: 513-516 English

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Abstract

Abstract: A laboratory study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the alcoholic extract of the Nerium oleander plant on some aspects of the life performance of the red rusty flour beetle T. castaneum. The non-cumulative concentration of the larvae and the adult insect, where the concentration of 75 mg / ml gave the highest percentage of the death rate in the larvae and adults (80.12% and 75.31%), respectively, compared with the control treatment, which amounted to 0.00, and at the lowest concentration of 25 mg / ml after 24 hours, the percentage of the death rate Larvae and adults in the alcoholic extract (23.33% and 13.00%), respectively, compared with the control treatment, which amounted to 0.00.

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Developing a protocols to micropropagate Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) in vitro

L.K.J. Al-Amery, * M. A. Al- Shamari** , I. H. Mohammed⃰⃰⃰ ⃰ ⃰, H.S.A. Al-Jubori

Pages: 517-526 English

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Abstract

A simple and rapid protocol was established for proliferation of Gac fruit in vitro. In this paper, the response of Gac fruit explants for sterilization was examined. The experiments were carried to select the most appropriate methods of reproduction. Best shoots multiplication was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 2 mgL-1 of BA as the highest average of main and secondary brunches (3.0 and 23.2 respectively), shoots length (7.3 mm), leaves number (28.6), fresh and dry weight (0.570 and 0.054 gm respectively) was recorded. Regenerated shoots were transferred to MS media containing (0, 0.5, 1 & 1.5) mgL-1 Indole-3 butyric acid (IBA). The highest average of root numbers (14.10) and length (7.5 cm) was noticed on medium enriched with 1.5 mgL-1 of IBA. Regenerated plantlets survived and grew vigorously in the field when cultured on peat moss with survival percentage (90%). Based on the results of present paper, a good proliferation was obtained using direct pathway via organogenesis, that should be useful for the rapid propagation of this important plant and led to produce plantlets that have ability to still alive in the field.

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Cartographic analysis and morphological description of the soil of Abu Gharq in Babylon Governorate using GIS

Amal Radhi Jubier Hendreen Adel Al Hello*

Pages: 527-535 English

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Abstract

A test and detection of 12 pedons for the study area, district of Abu Gharq, and after conducting a cartographic analysis and drawing a map of soil chains using geographic information systems, in order to determine the largest chains in area and frequent, and to locate pedons for the purpose of description them morphologically. The results showed that the DW45 series is the largest of the series, with an area of 3020.17 ha, with a rate of 16.49%, and its frequent was 6. The least area was occupied by the DM36 series, which amounted to 52.4 ha, with a rate of 0.29%, and its frequent was 1. The two series occupied a very small area, DM53 and DM46, with an area of 102.09 ha, with a rate of 0.56% and an area of 84.8 ha, with a rate of 0.46% for each of them, respectively, The purpose of this research is to characterize and diagnose the largest and most frequent chains in the study area.

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Effect of Adding Anise and Marjoram Seed Powders and Their Mixtures to Iraqi Local Chicken Male Diets on Seminal Plasma Traits

Nashwan Majeed Ali Al-Gburi 1*, Mohammed Rasoul Mahdi Jasim2*

Pages: 536-543 English

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Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of three levels of anise and marjoram seed powders and their mixture added to the diets of male Iraqi local chickens in the traits of sperm plasma, the males used in the trial were divided into four treatments (12 male per treatment) and by three replicates per treatment (four males per repeater) as the division of the trial treatments was as follows: the first treatment T1 (a control treatment fed on a basic diet without any addition), the second treatment T2 was fed on a basic diet added to 1.5 g of anise seed powder/kg feed, third treatment T3 fed on a base diet with 1.5 g of marjoram seed powder/kg feed, the fourth treatment T4 fed on a base diet with 1.5 g of anise seed powder + 1.5 g of marjoram seed powder/kg feed, the study period lasted 3 months from 16/2/2021 to 3/6/2021 (a period of two weeks was allocated for the purpose of preparing birds and responding to the collection process), collecting semen with special collection tubes and transferring it directly to the centrifuge (borrowed from a private laboratory) for the purpose of obtaining sperm plasma, then the sperm plasma was transferred to a specialized laboratory for the purpose of studying the traits that included the concentration of (total cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides, MDA enzyme activity, SOD enzyme activity, GSH-px), these traits were calculated every 22 days. The results obtained from the current study show the effective effect of anise and marjoram in reducing the concentration of total protein, cholesterol, and MDA activity, while the effect was evident in the activity of SOD and GSH-px enzymes in sperm plasma.

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Antioxidant Effect of A. graveolens (Dill) on Adult Male Rats induced to Paracetamol

AumaimaTariq 1 SafaIsam Hakeem 2 Nibras Al-Ibrahemi 3

Pages: 544-549 English

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Abstract

Abstract. An apparent side effect of paracetamol overdose is liver damageIn this study, we examine how paracetamol effects on oxidative enzyme malaldehyde (MDA) in liver and antioxidant enzyme glutation (GSH) and glucose of male rats that drenched A. graveolens (Dill) , 40 laboratory male rats were randomly assigned into four groups in the animal house at Karbala University's. (G) G1 control given water and food , G2 injection with paracetamol 500 mg/kg , G3 injection with dill oil 150 mg/kg , G4 injection (paracetamol 500 mg/kg and dill oil 150 mg/kg ) , Dill was discovered to be able to protect liver enzymes from paracetamol's toxic effects by decreasing MDA and glucose concentration and increasing GSH enzyme, according to the study's findings. Antioxidant properties of dill volatile oil are being studied.

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The Impact of Magnesium, Copper Nanoparticles at A Concentration of (2-1) Mg/Liter on Main and Secondary Metabolic Components of Three CichoriumIntybus Cultivars

AnsamFouad Ahmed1Intedhar Abbas Marhoon2

Pages: 550-556 English

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Abstract

On April 11th, 2021, three types of Cichoriumintybus were planted after being sprayed with nanoparticles at two doses (2-1) mg/litre. While the rate of interactions between three cultivars of Cichoriumintybus recorded the most significant value, the wild cultivar treated with nanoparticles at a concentration of (2 mg/L) amounted to (15–15) amino acids attained the highest value (173.58). While the interaction rate between Cichoriumintybus plant varieties was recorded at the highest value in the American variety treated with magnesium nanoparticles at a concentration of (1 mg/litre), which reached (34-4) enzyme, the red variety reached (225.94) for catalase enzyme, where the highest value was recorded (1.03). Peroxidase (POD) had the most significant value (0.506), and the red variety of Cichoriumintybus plants treated with copper nanoparticles at a dosage of (2 mg/L) had the highest interaction rate among cultivars (0.665).

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Economic analysis of the production costs of the potato crop in the Abu Ghraib region for the year 2021

Suaad H. Ali

Pages: 557-565 English

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Abstract

The research aims to estimate the production cost function of the potato crop in the Abu Ghraib district for the spring season 2021, where the data was collected through a random sample that included (40) farmers within the Abu Ghraib district, despite the economic importance of the potato crop and as a result of the increasing demand for it for food and industrial purposes. Today, it has become at the forefront of the main food, as some called it the second bread. The estimated results indicated that the variable costs acquired the largest percentage of the total costs of the total potato crop in the research sample, at an average of 66.3% of the total costs. While fixed costs accounted for 33.7% of the total costs. The results of the research also concluded that the optimal production volume of potatoes amounted to (7.92) tons, achieving the lowest production cost. While the optimal area was (16.83) dunums, bearing in mind that the size of the farm holding for the research average was (12.5) dunums, so the research recommends expanding the cultivated areas of the potato crop to reach optimal production and the use of modern technologies in agriculture to reach optimal production capacities.

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The effect of spraying nutrient solution (Growmore) and benzyl adenine on some vegetative traits of sour orange seedling

Fatimah Khayoon Mohammed Al-Waeli (1)HadiKadhim Hussein Al- Jubouri(1)

Pages: 566-572 English

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Abstract

The experiment was carried out in the lath house of the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the growing season 2022-2023, to study the effect of foliar spraying with the nutrient solution (Grow more) and the growth regulator benzoyl adenine( BA ) on the vegetative growth of 6-month-old sour orange seedlings. The experiment included spraying with Grow more nutrient solution in three concentrations (0, 1 and 2) gm. l -1 and benzyl adenine in three concentrations (0, 50 and 100) mg .l -1. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment with two factors according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for each treatment. The results can be summarized as follows: The study factors affected all the studied traits, as it gave the highest values for average plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, chlorophyll content in the leaf and number of branches, when the two factors overlapped with Grow more nutrient solution and benzyl adenine (BA) at a concentration of 2 g. l -1 and 100 mg.l -1 for both agents, respectively, it recorded 73.14 cm, 0.75 cm, 77.14 leaf. plant -1, 70.63 spad and 5.37 branch. plant -1, respectively.

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GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA UNDER GA3 (GIBBERELLIC ACID) FOLIAR APPLICATION AND MULTINUTRIENT NPK FERTILIZER

Bawale, SaniHalliru1, Aisha Abdullahi Mahmud2Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara3; Duraid K. A. AL-Taey4 and Mohammed Ibrahim4

Pages: 573-583 English

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Abstract

A field survey was conducted during the rainy season in June to September, 2023 in the research garden of Biological Science Department of Al-Qalam University, Katsina, Nigeria. Five levels of GA3, namely; 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm were sprayed at 2 weeks after sowing. A randomized block design was used to lay out the treatments (RBD). GA3 treatments significantly increase the plant height than control plants. GA3 with 20 and 25 ppm significantly increase in terms of number of leaves. Okra treated with 15ppm showed highest weight of (94.58g) with 8 total numbers and lowest (38.5g) in 10ppm. Whereas, in Clemson spineless, the highest plant height (17.5cm) was recorded in 20ppm and the lowest height was (5.2cm) of the control in NPK. While in GA3 20ppm recorded (28.9cm) and the lowest 10cm. Okra treated with 10ppm showed the highest weight of (47.09g) with 5 total number and the lowest is 0 at 20ppm. The significant means were calculated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) where the calculated P-value of local variety (0.003975) and (0.009687) for Clemson Spineless are lower than (0.05). This implies that, there is a significant difference in the means of all the tested parameters. Therefore, the research recommends the use of local seeds during plant and growing Okra plant.

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THE EFFECT OF PLANTING MEDIA AND FOLIAR FEEDING WITH SEAWEED EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF PEPPER PLANTS

Zainab Hassan akram Hassan H.ALAwayEmanHekmet Hassan

Pages: 584-592 English

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Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted in one of private farms which is located in Baquba district of diyala Governorate with coordinates 33°44'41"N 44°38′37″E to study the effect of seaweed extract on the growth of pepper Capsicum annuumvar. Crystal. The study included two factors: the planting media, which is peat moss medium and a mixture of peat moss and sand, and the second factor was seaweed extract at four levels 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g l-1. The experiment was conducted using the complete randomized block design (RCBD), and the experimental units were distributed randomly on three blocks, and plastic pots were used in the experiment. The seaweed extract was sprayed when the plants reaches the fourth fully mature leaf stage, and the second spray 30 days after the first spray. The results showed that the treatment of the peat moss media was significantly superior to the other media (mixture of peat moss and sand). The results also show that seaweed extract treatment was significantly superior to the concentration of 7.5 gm-1 over the rest of the treatments in the characteristics of plant height 35.00cm, number of leaves of 79.83 leaf.plant-1, number of branches of 16 breanch.plant-1, relative chlorophyll content of 56.31 spad, and leaf area of 268.21dm2, while the concentration of 5 gm-1 was superior in the fresh weight of 42.00 gm.plant-1.

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Effect of pinching, paclobutrazol and kinetin on the growth and flowering of Cassia Occidentalis

Nebras Abbas Ali Jinan Qasim Hussein

Pages: 593-603 English

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Abstract

The experiment was conducted in lathhouse of the Agricultural Preparatory School / AbiGhareq for the spring season 2022_2023 to study the effect of fencing and spraying with paclobuterol and kinetin and its interaction on the growth and flowering traits of Cassia Occidentalis.Where the symbol for pinching is C1 and no edging is C0, the plants were sprayed with three concentrations of paclobetrazole with two concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 g. L-1) and its symbol is (P0, P1, P2), and the plants were sprayed with kinetin at concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg.L-1) and its symbol (K0, K1, K2. It was conducted as a factorial experiment (2*3*3) in a split-plot design according to a Complete Randomized Blocks Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates .Where each replicate contains 18 treatments with five plants per experimental unit (one plant per pot), the pinching represented the main plot and the concentrations of paclobetrazole and kinetin and their interactions represented the sub plot .The averages were compared using the Least Significant Difference L.S.D test at the 5% level, and the results showed excelled of edging on without pinching in the traits of the leaf area (587.75 cm2) and the number of flowering inflorescences (3.33 inflorescences.plant-1),The treatment of paclobetrazole with a concentration of (1 g.L-1) excelled in plant height (17.15 cm), leaf area (346.17 cm 2), length of internodes (1.94 cm), and number of inflorescences (2.7 inflorescences. plant-1). While the treatment of kinetin with a concentration of (100 mg.L-1) excelled in length of the internodes (1.66 cm), the diameter of the flower (3.13 cm), while the treatment of Kinetin with a concentration of (50 mg.L-1) excelled in leaf area (630.20 cm2

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Effect of addition annatto seed powder (Bixaorellana) and astaxanthin to the diet in carcass traits, microflora, and oxidation indices after meat storage for broiler (Ross-308)

ZakariyaAbd al-ameer Al-masoudiFadhilRasool Abbas Al-Kafaji

Pages: 604-613 English

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted in the farm of Al-Anwar Poultry Company in Babil Governorate, for a period 35 days from 15/2/2022 - 22/3/2022, during which the effect of adding powder annatto seeds (Bixaorellana) and astaxanthin to the diet in quality traits, microorganisms and oxidative indices after storage, using 225 unsexed one-day-old (Ross-308) chicks, The chicks were randomly divided15 cages with 5 treatments (45 chicks per treatment) and each treatment contains 3 replicates for each replicate 15 chicks, and the experimental treatments were as follows: without addition, Annatto seed powder 0.5 & 1 g / kg feed, astaxanthin 50 & 100 mg / kg feed for T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively. As for the following study results: significant superiority (p≤0.01) for T3 and T5 treatments in carcass percentage, gizzard, and spleen relative weight, and for T4 treatment in the liver, and bursa of fabricius, meanwhile significant improvement (p≤0.01) for T3, T4, and T5 in the chest, as well as for T2, T3, and T5 in thigh, significant superiority (p≤0.01) for T2, and T1 in neck and back respectively. A significant increase (p≤0.01) for all treatments addition in ileum Lactobacillus count as well as a significant decrease (p≤0.01) for all treatments addition in ileum E. coli count. A significant decrease for all treatments addition in FFA%, PV, and TBA.