Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The experiment was conducted in one of the private nurseries - Babylon province - Nile Region during the growing season of 2022-2023, on seedlings of Cassia acutifolia plant (Cassia acutifolia), one month age and homogeneous in size after transforming them into pots with a diameter of 22 cm.To study the effect of two factors, the first factor is the salinity of irrigation water (1.3dS m-1, 5 dS m-1, 10 dS m-1(The second factor is spraying nanosilicon and selenium at concentrations (0, 50,100) mg.L-1 to know the extent of Cassia acutifolia plant's tolerance to salt stress, and at any concentration of salt stress the medically effective compounds of the plant increase.Evaluation of the contribution of anti-stress agents in reducing irrigation water salinity damage, improving growth and the content of medically effective compounds of Cassia acutifolia plant, and the interaction between factors on Cassia acutifolia plant in its content of active compounds.The experiment was conducted under the same environmental conditions as a factorial experiment (3×5) with a split-plot arrangement according to the Complete Randomized Blokes Design (R.C.B.D) and with three replicates, where each replicates contains 15 treatments with 5 seedlings per experimental unit. Salt stress represented the main plates and such as spraying with silicon and selenium nanoparticles in the secondary plates, and the averages were compared using the least significant difference L.S.D test at the level of 5%. The results of the experiment can be summarized as follows:Irrigation with salinity water (5 and 10) dSm-1 led to an increase in the amount of phenols, flavonoids, and proline, where the W2 treatment gave the highest content of total phenols in the leaves, reaching 0.94 mg-g-1, dry weight.While the W2 treatment gave the highest content of flavonoids, reaching 39.50 mg-g-1 dry weight, while the W2 treatment gave the highest proline content in the leaves, reaching 4.18 mmol/g fresh weight.Spraying with selenium and silicon significantly reduced the amount of phenols, flavonoids and proline in plant leaves.Spraying with selenium and silicon led to a significant increase in the percentage increase (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in the leaves of the Cassia acutifolia plant. As for the interaction between the experimental factors, salt stress, silicon, and selenium, it reduced the effects of salinity and increased the percentage (of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). The control treatment outperformed and gave the highest percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, reaching 8.76%. The control treatment excelled and gave the highest percentage of phosphorus in the leaves, reaching 8.76%. 0.97%. The control treatment also excelled and gave the highest percentage of potassium in the leaves, reaching 1.89%. Corresponding to a decrease in (phenols, flavonoids, and proline).

A field questionnaire study was conducted in the tenth month of 2022 to determine the impact of the gender variable on the opinions and desires of students regarding the development and some components of Landscape (gardens and paved squares) of Al-Mustaqbal University College in Babylon provainc. Students of both genders agreed on many items of the questionnaire, as it was (93.4)%. (97.6)% of the male students and (97.6)% of the female students preferred to develop parks and paved squares, and (91.6)% of the male students and (96.8)% of the female students preferred to participate in expressing their opinion in developing gardens, and (96.8)% of the male students and (96.6)% of The female students preferred to change the current design of the gardens, and (71.1)% of the male students and (84.5) of the female students suggested the mixed design, and (93.2)% of the male students and (92.4)% of the female students preferred to provide both types of shaded and exposed seating, and as was (97.6)% of the male students and (97.1)% of the female students preferred the presence of kiosks and health services, and (97.1)% of the male students and (96.8)% of the female students preferred the presence of water basins, fountains, monuments, and statues. The male and female students differed in their choice of two items, which were group and individual seats. (95)% of the students preferred group seats, while the percentage of female students was (94.5)% who preferred individual seats. The other item was the activities they practice in the parks. The percentage of students was (59.2)% who preferred individual seats. They prefer to communicate with friends, and the percentage of female students (60.5) prefer to read. From this, we conclude that the students’ harmony of opinion is due to their vision and interest in developing the landscape (parks and paved squares) to create a comfortable university environment for them, where they spend most of their time, in addition to taking their place in decisions related to their psychological comfort and the practice of their scientific, cultural, and artistic activities...etc. As for the difference in opinion between the sexes, it is due to the influence of the prevailing social environment in various cities of Iraq and social traditions that limit women’s freedom and reduce the extent of their choices, while their impact on students is less significant.

A field experiment was carried out at the Farmer Field, Al-Abbasiya, Mosul, Iraq, during the growing season of 2023 to evaluate the effect of cultivars and combinations of Phosphorus and Nitrogen levels and their interaction on grain yield and its components of Ming bean. The experiment included two Mung bean cultivars (Black-gram and Green-gram), and four combinations of Phosphorus and Nitrogen fertilizer applications (P0/N0, P50 /N25, P25 /N50, P50 /N50 kg/ha), and their interactions. The current experiment was laid out with a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications. Among the Mung bean cultivars, Green-gram cultivar produced a higher branch number(4.14 branch/plant), Pod number(26.00/pod/plant), grain number(5.80 grain/pod), 100-grain weight (3.97 g), grain yield (6.12 g/plant). Under the combination of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer, the treatment P50 /N50 produced the maximum value in most studied traits. However, the interaction of Green-gram cultivars and the combination of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer (P50/N50) was significant in most studied traits. It is concluded that selecting the suitable cultivar and applying the proper combination of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer can improve grain yield and its components of Mung bean grown under North Iraqi conditions.

This study was conducted to propagate Citrumelo swingle rootstock in vitro. At the initiation experiments, single nodes were cultured in MS or MT medium supplemented with five concentrations of BA (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg l-1). After four weeks of the initiation, the MS medium showed a significant response increase in percentage (92%). While the MT medium gave 56%, as soon as, the highest significant No. of shoots obtained from MT medium (2.04 shoot). During the multiplication experiments, shoots in 1 cm length were cultured in the best medium from the initiation stage (MT + 2 mg l-1 BA) supplemented with five concentrations of Kin (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg l-1). After 8 weeks the results of the multiplication stage showed that the MT medium overcame significantly in comparison with the MS medium in the shoot length (1.12 and 0.69 cm respectively), Furthermore, the media supplemented with 2 mg l-1 of BA and Kin achieved the highest significant value in all multiplication characters (5.15 shoots, 1.13 cm, and 19.80 leaves) respectively. For the rooting stage, MT medium in ½ strength of salts supplemented with IBA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg l-1) was used. After 6 weeks, The results of the rooting experiment showed that 1.5 mg l-1 IBA resulted in the highest value in the rooting percentage (90%), the highest No. of roots (4.67 roots shoot-1) has overcome significantly in comparison with 0, 0.5, and 1 mg l-1 treatments, although.

A field experiment was conducted in autumn season (2022) on one of the farms in Al-Madhatiya district, south of Babylon province (randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment). The experiment included three factors, namely licorice extract and three concentrations (0, 5, 10) mg.L-1 and are coded (L0, L1, L2). The second factor is adding seaweed extract sprayed on the leaves at three concentrations (0, 4, 8 mg L-1) and are coded (A0, A1, A2). The third factor is the number of sprays and Three sprays (once, twice, and three times) were coded (N1, N2, N3). Thus, the experiment included 27 treatments for each replicate, and the total number of experimental units reached 81 experimental units. The results showed the following:

This study aims to comprehensively assess the effects of various manufacturing processes and treatments on heavy element concentrations in a selection of fruits and vegetables. The investigated samples include okra, grapes, dates, and tomatoes. The primary focus lies in evaluating the efficacy of different processing techniques, such as washing, peeling, high-temperature concentration, drying, and boiling, in reducing heavy element levels in these edible plant products.

The area of Al-Rarangiyah, located in the province of Babylon, was chosen within the sedimentary plain, with an area of 9540.36 hectares, which is confined between within longitudes 44012'0" to 44030'0" east and latitudes 32012'0" to 32024'0" north. Prospects are described morphology and sampling The results of the mineral analysis of light sand minerals showed that the percentage of light sand minerals ranged between 90.40 - 97.80%. Quartz is the dominant mineral in light sand minerals, followed by lime and rock pieces.

The mortality rates of the alcoholic extract of the enamel tree plant for the adults of the red rusty flour beetle were 22.18% at a concentration of 25%, while the larvae reached 33.28%, while at a concentration of 50% it reached 50.11% for larvae it reached 52.22%, while at a concentration of 75% it reached 74.44%, and the larvae reached 81.16% Compared with the control treatment, where the highest percentage of death reached 0.00%, and this is an average of time periods during (72,48,24) hours for dendritic enamel plants, and the results indicated that there is a direct relationship between the concentration of the extract and the percentage of the death rate

The current study aimed to add pectin extracted from the peels and calyxes of eggplant in the manufacture of low-energy yogurt with different proportions (0.1, 0.3, 0.5) g pectin/100 ml skimmed milk, in addition to the control treatment without any addition to milk and study its effect on the chemical, physical and microbiological properties for yogurt. The value of pH and the titration acidity of the skimmed yogurt manufactured by adding the extracted pectin indicated that there were no significant differences between the control treatment (TC) and the treatments which the extracted pectin was added immediately after the manufacturing process, while it was noted that there was a significant decrease in the pH values with an increase in the acidity values with increase in the cold storage and for all treatments. That addition of pectin extracted from eggplant peels and calyxes to skimmed milk improved the physical characteristicsof yogurt, including viscosity, whey exudation and water holding capacity during refrigerated storage periods of 21 days compared to the control treatment (TC). The total numbers of bacteria varied for the yogurt treatments with added pectin extracted from eggplant peels and calyxes, as the increase in the total numbers of bacteria decreased with increasing the storage period compared to the control treatment (TC) which increased the total numbers of bacteria with increasing the storage period.The results of the numbers of psychrophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds showed that all treatments were free of them in the first and second week of storage, and numbers began to appear in the third week of storage for the control treatment and treatment (T1) by adding (0.1) g pectin / 100 ml milk, while the numbers did not appear in the rest of the treatments ( T2, T3) only on the last day of storage.The results also showed that all yogurt treatments were free of coliform bacteria, starting from the day of manufacture until the end of the 21-day storage period.

The issue of food security is one of the most important core issues that are receiving increasing attention for its economic, social and political impacts on the stability of countries. Therefore, these countries (Egypt, Morocco) have adopted a set of agricultural policies, and these policies are embodied in an integrated system of procedures and legislation enacted by the state in order to achieve renewed goals included in agricultural development plans. These goals often aim to increase agricultural production to achieve food security, and achieving the maximum degree of self-sufficiency. The analysis was done using the Eviews 10 program and the multiple linear regression method , a number of important tests were used to detect the unit root in time series, as well as the Phillips-Peron test, which takes into account errors with heterogeneous variance and integration test. In both (Egypt and Morocco), in addition to the weak policies followed in the aforementioned countries, so there are a number of proposals to reduce the gap, which is to rely on scientific methods in preparing production plans in order to achieve the set goals and reach self-sufficiency for these crops and then achieve food security in those countries.

Youth constitute the main labor force in agricultural production. Attitude is one of the most important determinants of an individual's achievement of the work assigned to him. The study was conducted in Al-Talyaa district Babylon Province, Iraq; to analysis attitudes of rural youth towards agriculture. Three hundred of rural youth were randomly selected. About three – quarters of the rural youth had an favorable attitude towards agriculture. Rural youth attitude toward agriculture becomes more favorable with increasing of age, educational level, family annual income and cultivated area. An effective agricultural extension strategy is needed to form a favorable attitudes among rural youth towards agriculture.

Consumption of chicken meat increased widely. Studying of chicken meat consumption Provides necessary informationto set policies for the production and supply of chicken meat. The study was conducted in Babylon Province, Iraq; to investigates household consumption of chicken meat. Three hundred and fifty families were randomly selected. Most families consumed live chicken, 2-3 times a week, consumed 2-4 kg each time. Chicken meat consumption increased with increasing of family size and monthly income. An effective strategy is needed to increase chicken meat production to meet the increasing demand for live chicken meat.

The study was conducted in one of the greenhouses of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, for the period from September 15, 2022, to June 1, 2023, on the pot Marigold plant Calendula officinalis L. cv. Pacific Beauty, in yellow and orange colors, with the aim of this study is the effect of spraying gibberellin at conc. (0, 200, 300 mg L-1) conducted with a randomized complete block design (R.C. B. D.) was used. Spraying treatment with gibberellin at a concentration of 300 mg L-1 resulted in a significant increase in plant height 49.04 cm and plant spread 29.46 cm compared to the control treatment and the total chlorophyll content showed significant differences. As for the flowering growth traits, it was noted that the least number of days for the first inflorescence to open was when spraying gibberellin at a concentration of 200 and 300 mg L-1, and reached 66.67 and 79.67 days, respectively, while the largest diameter of the first inflorescence reached 58.58 mm, which was significantly excelled on the two treatments sprayed with gibberellin. While it was observed from the traits of the seeds and the content of carotenoids, it is noted from the table that the treatment of not spraying with gibberellin gave the highest values in the two traits of the number of total seeds and the total seed yield of 452.29 seeds. plant-1 and 1.88 g. plant-1, respectively, and it significantly excelled in the treatments spraying with gibberellin. While the traits of the content of carotenoids (alpha and beta) in the inflorescences did not show any significant differences between the treatments when sprayed with gibberellin or not, the highest values of alpha-carotene for yellow and orange inflorescences were for the treatment without spraying with gibberellin and reached 392.54 and 397.2 μg L-1, respectively.

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Mashroo / Al-Hamzawi area of Al-Musayyib district (35 km north of Babylon province) within longitude (44) and latitude (32). The cultivation took place in two seasons: the spring season on 18/1/2022 and the autumn season on 9/15/2022. For the purpose of finding out the effect of adding biofertilizer and Metribuzin on the quality traits under the influence of different irrigation periods on the growth and yield of potato Niemae using a split-split plot design within Randomized Complete Block Design( RCBD) with three replicates, with 108 experimental units. The following traits were measured: the percentage of dry matter in the tubers (%), the percentage of starch in the tubers (%), the percentage of nitrogen in the tubers (%), and the percentage of phosphorus in the tubers (%). The results of the statistical analysis showed that the pre-emergence and post-emergence treatments were significantly excelled in the percentage of dry matter, the percentage of starch and the percentage of nitrogen. 47.18%, 36.08%, 38.02%, 1.524, 1.934%, 0.431, and 0.448%) for both season, respectively. Irrigation treatment every 7 days was significantly exelled in dry matter, starch and phosphorous percentage (45.59, 47.62%, 36.09 and 38.41%, 0.443 and 0.462%) for both season, respectively. The bi- interaction between irrigation and herbicide periods was significant in qualitative traits indicators, exceeding the interaction of 7 days × each of pre and post, and the percentage of phosphorus was (0.484, 0.481%, 0.504, and 0.503%) for the both seasons, respectively. The interaction between irrigation and biofertilization periods had a significant effect, and the interaction of 7 days × Myco was excelled in the percentage of phosphorus (0.499 and 0.519%) for both season, respectively. The interaction between the herbicide and biofertilizer had a significant effect, and the interaction of post × Myco was excelled in dry matter and percentage of nitrogen amounted to (49.40 and 52.18%, 1.699 and 2.368%) for both seasons, respectively. The effect of the triple interaction between the three factors was significant, and the interaction of 7 days × post × Myco was excelled in the percentage of phosphorus (0.563 and 0.590%) for both season, respectively.

The study was conducted during the winter agricultural season of 2021, in the agricultural fields in the Ba'ashiqah region (city of Mosul). It involved ten parental genetic combinations of durum wheat, which were divided according to the factorial mating design (A.B). Six of these combinations were paternal lines, obtained from the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), while four were maternal lines, including three approved varieties. Additionally, a fourth genetic entry that had been previously cultivated under the region's environmental conditions and proven suitable was included. The second-generation seeds were obtained from the first-generation seeds provided by the supervising professor. The parental genetic combinations and their factorial hybrids, totaling twenty-four hybrids, were sown using a completely randomized block design with three replications.

In the fall of 2022, a study was conducted in an agricultural area in Raranjia (Hamzawiyah) province, situated 10 km south of Babylon Governorate and the center of Hilla. The study aimed to enhance the growth efficiency of Maize plants (Zea mays L.) Fajr 1 cultivar under water stress conditions through experimentation with different irrigation periods and amounts of potassium sulfate in soil with a sandy clay mixed texture. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates in a split-plot arrangement. The irrigation periods they consisted of four levels (6, 8, 10, and 12) days, while the levels of potassium sulfate included four levels (0, 150, 200, and 250) kg.h-1. The results indicated that the irrigation period of every eight days led to the highest yield, while 12 days significantly reduced output. Adding potassium sulfate also greatly enhanced maize yield, with the highest rates achieved at 250 kg.ha-1. Combining the two factors resulted in the highest average grain yield, with biological crops amounting to 8.7 tons.ha-1 and 19.06 tons.ha-1, respectively.

Climate change is greatly related to greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) where the agricultural sector is responsible for approximately 14% of total emissions. In this research Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was considered, and the carbon footprint of dry bean in the supply chain process in Sulaimani was expressed. Data was collected via an online survey and face to face administration of questionnaires among a sample of 386 adult city dwellers in Sulaimani. This paper provides for the first time a comprehensive evaluation of the life cycle environmental impacts of dry white beans consumed in Sulaimani city. The system boundary was set to cradle-to-grave with a functional unit of using different amount of dry beans in the Sulaimani household, two methods of cooking dry white beans at the consumer stage tested in the study were cooking in normal pot and pressure cooker. The aim of this research is to assess the environmental impacts of the consumption of domestic and imported white beans by using LCA methodology. The results illustrated that great number of the residents bought imported white beans which have huge impacts on the environment. Even though the dweller’s soaking the beans precooking, it boils for long time (4-6 hours) with mean (1-2 hours) that means using more energy (gas or electricity) and this stage is the hot spot of consumption white bean. Moreover, the majority eat 1-2 meal/week with amount of ¼ Kg. The research conducted that cooking time and energy use efficiency as two parameters that affect the consumption at the consumer stage. Further research is required to investigate the impact of cultivation beans in Kurdistan, Iran, and Turkey as these two countries main export for bean to Sulaimani and comparison among them.

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2022-2023 to study the impact of the response of barley and broad bean to the efficiency of loading systems and productivity indicators by the effect of organic fertilization in the district of Al-Musayyib project / in Babylon provainc on 10/18/2022, according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in the arrangement of split plot. And with three replications, where the main plot included fertilization (without fertilization, organic fertilization (with poultry), while the sub plot included loading systems. The following results were obtained: Fertilization was excelled on no fertilization in barley and broad bean for traits. The percentage of chlorophyll in barley and broad bean reached (45.48 and 55.91). Seed successively Trait number of grains/seeds barley and Broad bean amounted to (50.74 and 6.601) respectively traits weight of 100 grains/seeds Plant-1 barley and bean amounted to (7.76 and 93.03) g Plant-1 . The yield of the plant barley and Broad bean leaf reached (7.76 and 93.03) g. (31.60 and 35.42) g.plant-1, respectively. The excelled of loading (1 barley: 2 broad bean) in traits of the number of grains and seeds for barley and Broad bean was (42.34 and 6.361), respectively. The excelled of loading (2 barley: 2 Broad bean) and (3 barley: 3 Broad bean) in traits of the percentage of chlorophyll for barley was (48.97 and 49.76) and (57.24 and 56.16) respectively .As for the combinations between fertilization and loading systems, the combination excelled between (fertilization and 1:2) in most of the studied traits in terms of number of grains/seeds, barley and Broad bean, were (57.35 and 7.799) respectively.

The experiment was conducted in the certified citrus nursery , Indian Horticultural Station , General Horticultural Department , Ministry of Agriculture during the summer season of 2022.To study the effect of pruning, seaweed extract and kinetin on the growth and flowering of Solidago Canadensis plant, the plants were pruned using two types of pruning, the first at a height of 100 cm and the second at a height of 30 cm, in addition to the control treatment (without pruning). The plants were also sprayed with seaweed extract at concentrations (0, 2, 4 ml.L-1) and Kinetin (0, 50, 100 mg.L-1). The experiment was coundected as a factorial experiment (3×3×3) according to the Complete Randomized Blocks Design (R.C.B.D) and with three replicates, each replicates containing 27 treatments with 7 plants per experimental unit, and the averages were compared using the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at level 5. %. The results showed the following:

To study the effect of Gypsum - CKD mixture in different proportions in the Bahr Al-Najaf sand
dunes area, and to study the strength of this mixture in resisting wind pressure, the sand dunes were
covered in the study location, an area of 4 * 4 m, with nine iterations by adding a layer with a
thickness of 1 cm of the studied treatments (D3G0, D3G1, D3G3). Physical and chemical tests were
conducted, including penetration strength, shear strength of soil, and stability of soil aggregates.
Physical tests showed that the stability of the soil aggregates increased with the increase of Gypsum
content, and ranged between 27.4% and 32.1%. As a result, the shear strength of the millings also
increased, ranging between 62.69 and 96.83 kN/m2. The results of the penetration resistance
indicated that the treatments containing high Gypsum percentages experienced a decrease in the
penetration resistance values over time as a result of the influence of climatic factors such as
humidity and precipitation. The penetration coefficient values for the treatments ranged between 5.38
and 6.13 kg.m2 per second.

The study included preparing a protein concentrate from quinoa seeds, studying its chemical composition and comparing it with whole and defatted seeds. Chemically, there were significant differences between each of the whole seed powder, the seeds removed from the fat, and the protein concentrate in terms of the percentage of protein, and the protein center recorded the highest protein percentage, amounting to 38%. While the defatted seeds contained the highest percentage of ash, amounting to 2.6% compared to the whole seeds and the protein concentrate. The results indicated that the highest percentage of moisture, fat and carbohydrates were in the whole seeds compared to the seeds removed from the fat and the protein concentrate, while the seeds removed from the fat recorded the highest percentage of fiber 5.2% compared to the seeds removed from the fat and the protein concentrate which recorded the lowest percentage of fiber 2.0%. The results showed the functional properties, which included the ability to hold water and bind the fat for each of the whole and defatted seed powder and the protein concentrate at different pH numbers, including pH (12, 7, 4). The protein concentrator gave the highest ability to hold water at pH 7, followed by the defatted seeds, while whole seeds recorded the least ability to hold water. As for the ability to bind fat, the protein center also recorded the highest ability to bind fat at pH 4, followed by the defatted seeds, while the powder was recorded. Whole seeds are less amenable to attachment. The results of the ability to form foam indicated the superiority of the protein concentrate, which gave the highest ability to form at pH 12 followed by the defatted seeds, while the whole seed powder recorded the least ability to form foam. As for the stability of the foam after 15, 30, 60 minutes, the results indicated the superiority of the seeds. Defatted at pH 12 by giving it the best foam stability after 60 minutes, followed by protein concentrate and then whole seed powder at the same pH. As for the results of the capacity and stability of the emulsion, it indicated the superiority of the protein concentrate by giving it the best emulsification ability and at pH 12 and the best stability of the emulsion, followed by defatted seeds, while the whole seed powder recorded less emulsifiability and less stability of the emulsion.

A field experiment was carried out during winter seasons (2021-2022) in the field experiments field of the Muradiya, to know the study of the effect of silicon nanospraying on the growth and yield of three varieties of faba beans grown in saline soils. The experimental design was carried out in the arrangement of splinter panels according to the design of the complete random sectors (RCBD) in three repeats, The varieties(Turkish, Spanish and Dutch) included the main panels while the secondary panels included the paper spraying of nano-siliconIncluded three concentrations (0, 1 and 2 ml/L). The process of spraying silicon nanotechnology was performed in two periods, the first spray after 88 days of germination (the stage of the beginning of flowering) and the second spray two weeks after the date of the first spray, the first season was planted on 15/10/2021. The results showed the superiority of foliar feeding with a concentration of silicon nano scale 2 ml \liter significantly in the paper area (2869.20 cm 2) and the seed yield (2.75 tons / h), while the varieties outperform the Spanish variety in most of the studied characteristics plant height (108.92 cm), leaf area (3315.00 cm 2 and seed yield (3.01 tons / ha).

A field experiment for the winter season (2022-2023) was carried out in the field of the Department of Crops / Faculty of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University, to find out the estimation of gene expression and genetic distancing using cluster analysis The four genetic structures of beans under stress of different salinity levels, the experiment included two factors according to factor experiments, the first factor is four genetic structures (local V1, Turkish V2, Spanish V3, Dutch V4) while the second factor included three levels of soil salinity (2, 6 and 9 decemens). The results indicated that salt stress had an effect on gene expression and the highest gene expression in the Turkish and Spanish varieties showed the highest values in the amount of gene expression of the study genes at the salt level 6 and 9 decimensem-1, while the local and Dutch varieties gave a lower amount of gene expression compared to the control gene.The results of the data analysis also showed that the highest Euclidean distance based on quantitative indicators was 1111 between the Turkish genotype V2 and the Spanish genotype V3 V3, while the Euclidean distance between the V3 genotype and the V4 genotype was (237.51), which is the lowest distance calculated. Based on PCR molecular indices, the highest Euclidean distance was 2.24 between local composition V1 and Dutch V4, while the lowest Occilidental distance of 1 was between Spanish composition V3 and Dutch V4.

The study area was chosen in the western Jadwal district in the holy governorate of Karbala, , with the aim of A study evaluating the suitability of the wheat crop, as 12 pedons were identified and the coordinates were determined by a GPS device, then it was saved and transferred to the laboratory and it was conducted The chemical and physical laboratory measurements required for it, and the final results of evaluating the soils of pedons in the study area indicated that there is a variation and diversity in the varieties suitable for the cultivation of wheat crop, as the assessment of suitability was classified into three categories, which are S3, N1, and N2, and the marginal variety S3 occupied the largest area of the study area .

A field experiment was carried out in the fields of the Department of Field Crops - College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University during the agricultural season 2022-2023 to investigate the response of three bread wheat cultivars to chemical and biofertilization as well as nano-NPK and its impact on yield traits and its constituent parts by arranging split-piots in Sectoral. Three replicates of the Randomized Complete Block Design( RCBD). The main plots of wheat were planted with three different varieties, while the sub plots were fertilized with various combinations. The results showed that the cultivars differed among themselves in most of the studied traits, where the Baghdad cultivar excelled by giving it the highest mean for the number of spikes, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index, which amounted to 339.1 m-2, 41.42 g, 4.60 ton.ha-1, and 13.55 ton.ha-1and 33.69% respectively, while the cultivar IPA 99 gave the highest average number of grains per spike with 55.61 grains.spike-1. The results also demonstrated a significant distinction between the fertilizer combinations, with the highest averages for the studied traits being produced by the fertilizer combination of 50% compound fertilizer + 50% biofertilizer + 50% nano fertilizer, which also produced the highest average number of spikes (428.4 m2), highest average weight of 1000 grains (41.66 g), highest average yield of seeds (5.15 tons ha-1), and highest biological yield (15.89 tons ha-1). While the Baghdad variety's interaction with the fertilizer combination produced the highest average yield characteristics for 50% compound fertilizer + 50% biofertilizer + 50% nanofertilizer.

This study was conducted at Al-Anwar Poultry Company , located Babil Governorate, for a period of 35 days 11/8/2020 until 12/12/2020, in order to demonstrate the effect of nano-selenium and astaxanthin and their mixture added to the diet on the histological characteristics of the liver of broiler . where 315 broiler chicks, one day old, unsexed, were used. The average weight of chicks was 40 g, divided randomly into 7 treatments, and each treatment consisted of 3 replicate, with 15 chicks for each replicate, the treatments were as follows: T1: control treatment without addition, T2, T3: addition ( 0.3, 0.5 ) mg nano- selenium/kg, T4, T5: add ( 60, 70 ) mg astaxanthin /kg, T6: addition (0.3 + 60) mg nano- selenium and astaxanthin/ kg. T7 : addition (0.5 + 70) mg nano- selenium and astaxanthin/ kg
The histological slide of the liver in the treatment of adding nano-selenium at a concentration of 0.3 mg / kg feed (T3) and astaxanthin treatment 60 mg / kg feed (T4) showed a normal appearance of the liver anormal appearance of the hepatic vein, hepatocytes and sinusoids when compared with the rest of the treatments.
. Treatments T1, T2, T5, T6, and T7 displayed congestion in the hepatic vein and the exudation of inflammatory cells (white blood cells) and fibrosis around the blood vessels in experience treatments .

Isolation and identification results showed that different isolates were obtained from different regions of the pathogenic fungus Verticillium spp. The results showed that there was a high antagonistic ability between the pathogenic fungus V.nubilum and the elements of the biocontrol , compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 0.0%, as the treatment of Bacillus subtilis gave the highest inhibition rate against the pathogenic fungus, which amounted to 96.75%, followed by the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum. It reached 91.07%, and Beltanol treatment gave an inhibition rate of 100%. The results of the greenhouse also showed the effect of the used biotreatments on the inhibitory effect of the pathogenic fungus Verticillium nubilum, significantly, as it provided good protection for some varieties of eggplant plants used in the experiment from disease, which led to a significant reduction in the percentage of infection severity.The treatment of integration of the biofungus T. harzianum and the bacteria B.subtilis excelled in reducing the severity of infection with the pathogenic fungus of the three selected eggplant cultivars (Barcelona, Samara, and Zumurud ), which amounted to 5.55, 8.33, and 11.11, respectively.Compared with the treatment of the pathogenic fungus V. nubilum alone, in which the infection intensity was 83.33, 91.66, and 94.44, respectively.The results of the field experiment confirmed the results of the greenhouse experiment, as the addition of biocontrol factors represented by the fungus Trichoderma harzianum and the bacterium Bacillus subtilis had a significant antagonistic effect against the pathogenic fungus V. nubilum, The biointegration treatment of T. harzianum and bacteria B.subtilis excelled in reducing the infection severity of the selected cultivars (Barcelona, Samara, Zumurud ), reaching 2.77, 5.55, and 8.33, respectively, compared to the control treatment (the plant with the pathogenic fungus), which amounted to 77.77, 80.55. , 83.33 respectively ,This was positively reflected in the rate of vegetative and root growth length, fresh and dry weight of the plant and root for the canopy experiment and the field experiment. The Barcelona cultivar also gave the best results in terms of resistance to the pathogen and plant growth criteria.

Abstract: This study was applied in season 2021-2022 in Telkaif district, north of Mosul city, in order to find out the response of two use varieties of rye wheat (Sara, Rizan) and seven levels of seed treatments of nano fertilizer and amino acids (polyamine) to yield traits and its components. variety Sara was significant superior in no. the spikes.m2, no. the grains. spike-1, biological yield, grain yield , which amounted to (146.2, 35.2, 375.5, 122.5) respectively, and the second and third treatments were superior to the number of spikes.m2, and the second treatment to the biological yield and straw yield, while the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh treatments record the highest average for yield of grain and the interaction between the variety Sara and the sixth treatment gave

The experiment was carried out in Babylon Province, on one of the farms affiliated with the College of Agriculture - Al-QasimGreen.This experiment was conducted during autumn season 2022-2023 in one of the private fields in Al-Azawia in Al-Musayab districtit is located 40 kilometers north of the center of Al-Hillah city in Babil Governorate, within specific longitude 44° 25' 10.67" E and latitude 32° 27' 49.21" N coordinates , to study the production of arugula organically comparing used nitrogenous chemical fertilizer (urea) , within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. And with two factors:- The first factor: control treatment included (without addition) and carrier substances only(40% decomposed palm compost - 30% decomposed sheep waste - 20% poultry waste-5%charcoal-5%sawdust) adding the bio-fertilizer that It contains bacteria(50ml.liter-1),Trichoderma (30g), Mycorrhiza(30g) and a combination of microorganisms (bacteria, Trichoderma and mycorrhizal fungi).The second factor:Nitrogen fertilizer(urea) control treatment included (without addition) and the addition of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) a quarter of the recommended (15km/hectar) and half of the recommended (30km/hectar). The results showed that: each of these traits increasedsignificantly, such as Plant height, leaf count, leaf area, and dry matter percentage in the first harvest and quantity of yield in the second harvest, total chlorophyll content, and leaves content of soluble total carbohydrate increased upon the addition of combination of microorganisms and nitrogen fertilizer (urea). Carrier materials didn't affect all studied traits significantly.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of agricultural polymer application and irrigation frequency on soil nutrient levels and wheat yield in sandy soil. The research was conducted at the Al-Bandar Research Station of the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University during the agricultural season of 2022-23. The study employed a split-plot design with three replications. The experimental design comprised five levels of agricultural polymer, labeled as P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4, which were administered at rates of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1, correspondingly. The secondary plot was assigned these levels of irrigation. labeled as R1, R2, R3, and R4, representing 6, 7, 8, and 9 instances of watering, respectively.
The findings of the statistical analysis indicate that the inclusion of varying amounts of agricultural polymer resulted in enhanced plant characteristics. Specifically, when the polymer level exceeded P3 (75) kg polymer ha-1, there was a significant increase in plant height, chlorophyll content, iron content, and zinc content. The average values for these characteristics were 104.03 cm, 51.19 spad, 2.51 mg Fe kg-1 soil, and 0.600 mg Zn kg-1 soil, respectively.
The observed traits were significantly influenced by the bilateral relationship between the levels of the agricultural polymer and the frequency of irrigation.
Keywords: agricultural polymer, SAP, irrigation number, Zn, Fe, wheat.

A field experiment was conducted for potato plants in the field of the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station in Al-Muradiyeh of the Directorate of Agriculture of Babylon _ Babylon Governorate for the agricultural season according to the Factorial experience RCBD design . The addition of bacterial biofertilizer to treatment B1 gave the highest rate of microbial respiration to the soil with a value of 5.88 (mg CO2 g-1 dry soil) and the highest percentage of total organic carbon in the soil, which amounted to 1.61%, as well as the highest percentage of organic matter in the soil after harvest, which amounted to 0.65 %, led to the addition of phosphorus sourcesThe treatment P2 gave the highest rate of microbial respiration for the soil with a value of 6.35 (mg CO2g-1 dry soil) and the highest percentage of total organic carbon in the soil as it reached 1.54% and the highest percentage of organic matter gave 0.98%. Also, the addition of vermicompost to treatment F2 gave the highest Soil microbial respiration rate Its value was 5.36 (mg CO2 g-1 dry soil), the highest percentage of total organic carbon in the soil, which reached 1.66%, and the highest percentage of organic matter in the soil after harvest, which reached 0.68%. (mg CO2 g-1 dry soil) and higherThe percentage of total organic carbon in the soil reached 2.02% and the highest percentage of organic matter amounted to 0.75, and the binary interaction treatment B1F2 excelled by giving the highest rate of microbial respiration of the soil with a value of 6.73 (mg CO2 g-1 dry soil) and the highest percentage of total organic carbon in soil Where it reached 1.83% and the highest percentage For organic matter, it amounted to 0.83%, and the two-overlap treatment P2F2 excelled by giving the highest rate of microbial respiration for soil with a value of 7.10 (mg CO2 g-1 dry soil), the highest percentage of total organic carbon in the soil, which amounted to 1.79%, and the highest value for organic matter amounted to 1.50%, as well The B1P2F2 overlap treatment outperformed by giving the highest Soil microbial respiration rate of 6.63 (mg CO2 g-1 dry soil) and the highest percentage of total organic carbon in the soil amounted to 2.55% and the highest percentage of organic matter amounted to 0.93%, and thus we recommend the use of biofertilizer, phosphate rock and vermicompost to achieve an improvement in microbiological characteristics and increase inThe percentage of organic matter in the soil after harvest.

A field experiment was done at the second agricultural experiment station of the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University, during the agricultural season of 2022-2023. The objective of the study was to investigate the physiological response of different bread wheat varieties to the impact of partial irrigation.
The study employed a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with split plots arrangementand three replications. The main plots consisted of different levels of irrigation deficiency, denoted as D1 (control), D2 (tillering stage), D3 (elongation stage), and D4 (booting stage). The secondary plots included different cultivars, coded as V1 (Mawadah), V2 (Bohuth22), V3 (Baraka), and V4 (Ibaa99).
The statistical analysis yielded considerable disparities among the stages of water stress. The D2 treatment demonstrated superior results in terms of stomatal length on the upper surface (3.720 μm) and the width of stomatal opening on the upper surface (1.300 μm). Following this, the D4 treatment exhibited exceptional performance in terms of stomatal density on the upper surface (147.0 stomata mm-2) and the width of the aperture on the lower surface (2.880 μm).
Regarding the cultivars, Bohuth22 demonstrated superior performance in various anatomical characteristics, including the length and opening of the stomata on the upper surface, as well as the length, width, and opening width of the stomata on the lower surface (measuring 3,760, 4,200, 3,540, 2,800, and 1,340 μm, respectively). On the other hand, the cultivar Mawadah exhibited higher density of stomas. The lower surface had a stomatal density of 115.9 stomata mm-2, while the variety Ibaa99 demonstrated a higher stomatal density of 136.7 stomata mm-2 on the upper surface.
Regarding the observed overlap, a notable impact was observed across the majority of features, as evidenced by the superior performance of treatment D1V1 in terms of stomatal density on the lower surface (134.8 stomata mm-2), while the combination D2V1 exhibited superiority in stomatal density on the lower surface (133.3 stomata mm-2). The treatment D4V2 exhibited a significant increase in stomata density (4.240 stomata mm-2) and stomata width (127.4 μm) on the lower surface. Conversely, the combination D4V3 demonstrated superior stomata length (4.480 μm) on the lower surface. Additionally, the treatment D4V4 displayed superiority in stomata density (167.4 stomata mm-2) and stomata length (4.560 μm) on the upper surface, as well as stomata density (125.2 stomata mm-2) on the lower surface.
Based on the aforementioned information, it can be inferred that water stress exerts a detrimental influence on physiological characteristics. This phenomenon is seen as a plant's adaptive response to withstand stress by diminishing transpiration.
Keywords: cultivars, deficient irrigation, Stomata, physiological characteristics, stress.

The experiment was conducted in lathhouse of one of the private farms near the Technical College / AlMusayib for the period from September 2022 to July 2023. To study the effect of EM Bokashi and foliar spraying with some plant extracts on three cultivars of American grapes, the experiment included three factors, as the first factor included three cultivars of grapes They are (Summer Royal Seedless, Flame Seedless, Crimson Seedless( As for the second factor, it included the addition of EM Bokashi in two levels (without adding, adding 250 g. seedlings-1), while the third factor included foliar spraying with plant extracts in four levels, namely (without spraying, the aqueous extract of licorice root powder at a rate of 15 ml L-1, the aqueous extract of leaves Kumquat petals at a concentration of 15 ml L-1 and Moringa Leaves Extract 15 ml L-1( The research was conducted as a factorial experiment (3 * 2 * 4) with a complete randomized block design (RCBD) and with three replicates, as each replicate includes 96 seedlings, 3 seedlings for each experimental unit.The results were as follows. The treatment of triple interaction between the cultivar Summer Royal Seedless and the ground addition of EM Bokashi at a rate of 250 g.Seedling-1 interfering with the foliar spraying of the Moringa Leaves Extract at a concentration of 15 ml L-1 (C1B1E2)) gave a significant increase in the rate of seedling height, number of leaves relative chlorophyll in leaves and the content of the leaves of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compared to the treatment of the cultivar Crimson and the absence of the addition of EM Bokashi and the absence of foliar spraying (C3B0E0), which recorded the lowest average of the studied traits.

The experiment was conducted on a French black grape cultivar in a private orchard in Babylon province/ Al-Hamzah Al-Gharbi district, and the experiment was conducted using the factorial design of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates with three factors. The first factor is adding biofertilizer consisting of Bacillus megaterium and Mycorrhiza glomus fungus at two levels (0 and 10 ml L-1) to the soil, and the second factor is adding liquid organic fertilizer at a concentration (0, 15 and 30 ml L-1) to the soil, and the third factor is foliar spraying with nano organic fertilizer at a concentration of (0,1 and 3 ml L-1) for both seasons (2020-2021). The experiment included (54) vines for the cultivar, and the averages were compared by testing the least significant difference (L.S.D) at the level of probability 0.05 (Al-Rawi and Khalaf Allah, 2000) and using the statistical program GenStat .The most important results that were reached were summarized as follows: While the results indicated that there was a significantly excelled with regard to biofertilization at a concentration of 10 ml L-1 in most of the chemical indicators, where it led to an increase in the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves by 0.43 and 0.44%, the percentage of total soluble solids in the juice of the berry s, as it reached 15.19 and 14.46%, The percentage of total acidity in berry juice was 0.74 and 0.99%.The percentage of total soluble solids/total acidity amounted to 32.5 and 27.6%, the percentage of reducing sugars in berry juice amounted to 8.02 and 7.24% for the two seasons, respectively,.The organic fertilizer at a concentration of 30 ml L-1 had a significant effect on the trait of the phosphorus percentage in the leaves, 0.392 and 0.475 %, for both seasons, respectively. The percentage of total soluble solids/total acidity amounted to 37.6 and 30.3% for both seasons, respectively...

The study involved the use of 180 chicks, with an average age of 1 day and a body weight of 40 g, regardless of sex, distributed among four treatments, since one treatment contained 45 bird, each in 3 replicates (15 chicks/ Replicat), for 5 weeks, from the third week to the end of the experiment, chicken temperature (28-36 -30 ± 2 °C) and humidity (40-60-50 ± 2%) time (700-1200- 1900) at the end of the fifth week. Chicks were randomly assigned as follows: - The first treatment (T1) was a control treatment with no supplementation of drinking water, the second treatment (T2) was supplemented with 300 mg/L vitamin C in the water , the third treatment (T3) addition to 300 mg/l water from Petroselinumcrispum alcoholic extract, fourth treatment (T4) added to 300 mg/l water from Petroselinumcrispum alcoholic extract and 300 mg/l vitamin C to water to each, study The results showed a significant increase in the proportion of lymphocytes for all additional treatments and a significant decrease in the percentage of heterophil and the ratio of heterophil to lymphocytes (H/L) in favor of the add-on treatment compared to the control treatment, the results also showed that the percentage of total protein in serum was significantly increased in favor of adjuvant therapy, e favored T3 and T4 in glucose, cholesterol, ALT and AST enzyme concentrations and significantly favored T3 and T4 The results also showed that some T3 and T4 parameters significantly increased antioxidant enzymes represented by catalase and glutathione peroxidase in serum. We concluded from the study that using Petroselinumcrispum alcohol Extracts and Vitamin C and their blends helped to improve the physiological properties in most of the studies, stating that T3 and T4 gave the best results.