Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The experiment was conducted during the agricultural seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 in the field belonging to the Agricultural Research Station at the University of Basra\'s College of Agriculture in Karima Ali (30.5616698 , 47.7517014). The objective was to study the effect of two broccoli hybrids (Matsuri and 2004), three seedling ages (30, 45, and 60 days), and five concentrations of garlic water extract (10, 20 mL L-1 of local garlic variety and 10, 20 mL L-1 of Chinese garlic variety), along with a control treatment (0). A total of 30 experimental treatments were implemented as a split-plot design with two replications using a complete randomized block design.Matsuri hybrid exhibited statistically significant superiority over the 2004 hybrid in total productivity and the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaves, as well as the chlorophyll content in the leaves for both seasons. Additionally, the 30-day-old seedling treatment showed significant superiority in the studied traits for both seasons. Furthermore, the foliar application treatment demonstrated superiority with increasing concentration, where the 20 mL L-1 concentration of Chinese garlic extract significantly outperformed in all studied traits during both seasons.

The experiment was conducted during the 2021 agricultural season in one of the greenhouses in the Al-Azzawiya area in Babylon province. The research aims to determine the effect of foliar spraying of four concentrations of the amino acid tryptophan (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg L-1 water) on the growth and yield of two hybrid cucumbers, Jamila and Super Faris. The experiment was applied according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The results showed the significantly excelled on of the Super Faris cultivar on the Jamila cultivar in average plant height (223.7) cm, number of leaves (40.58)leaf , stem thickness (13.60) mm, and dry weight of Vegetative growth (31.92) g . The results also showed significantly excelled of the Jamila cultivar on the Super Faris cultivar in average fruit length (16.75) cm, fruit weight (113.50) g , number of fruits (12.00) per plant and yield per plant (1.367) kg. All foliar spray treatments also showed significantly excelled in the rate of Vegetative growth traits, fruit traits, and yield compared to the control treatment. The results of the interaction showed the significantly excelled of the Super Faris cultivar at the concentration of 100 mg L-1 in the average plant length (236.0 cm), the number of leaves (47.67)leaf , the thickness of the stem (15.26 mm), and the dry weight of Vegetative growth (40.00) g, while the Jamila cultivar was excelled on The concentration of 150 mg L-1 significantly affected the average length of the fruit (19.00) cm, the weight of the fruit (120.00) g , the number of fruits (14.00) per plant, and the yield of one plant (1.676) kg.

The experiment was carried out in a private refrigerated warehouse to study the effect of some nutrients, salicylic acid spray on the storage ability of strawberry fruits. The study included three factors, the first was two strawberry cultivars (Albion, Camarosa), the second factor included five treatments of nutrient solutions (control, the spray of nano-iron at 10, 20 mgL-1, riboflavin at 100, and 200 mgL-1), whereas the third factor is the spray of salicylic acid at three concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mgL-1). Ripen fruits were taken from the previous treatments and stored in plastic boxes for 10 days at a temperature of 0±1°C and 90-95% relative humidity. An evaluation of the studied characteristics was conducted 10 days after the start of storage. The experiment was lay out as A factorial experiment according to a C.R.D design with three factors and three replications. The results were analyzed using the statistical program SAS (2003) and the means were compared according to Duncan’s Multiple range test at 0.05 level. The experimental results can be summarized as follows:
The Camarosa variety was significantly superior in preserving stored fruits by giving the lowest percentage of damage, weight loss, and the lowest changes in TSS compared to the Albion variety. Riboflavin spray at 200 mgL-1 gave the lowest percentage of fruit damage, weight loss, and the highest TSS content, whereas this treatment gave the lowest amount of changes in total acidity compared with untreated one. Salicylic acid spray at 200 mgL-1 was significantly superior in giving the lowest percentage of fruits damage in stored fruits, the least weight loss, and the highest percentage of TSS.
Keywords:strawberries. Riboflavin, nano-iron, salicylic acid, cold storage

The experiment was conducted in lathhouse of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/College of Agriculture/Al-Qasim Green University in autumn season (2022-2023), where rosemary seedlings were used.At the age of one year, of uniform development, the experiment included two factors: the first factor (pinching), where it is done Half of the plants were stranded, symbolized by the symbol P1, and the rest of the plants were left without pinching, P0, and the factor second (adding humic acid and spraying kinetin), where the effect of adding humic acid was studied.For the soil according to the concentrations (0,4,8 ml/L) and symbolized by (H0, H1, H2), the plants were sprayed with kinetin and the treatment was conducted by spraying on the leaves until they were completely wet with concentrations of 0.50, 100 mg/L) and symbolized by (K0). K1K2), and it was conducted as a factorial experiment (3*3*2)) in a split-plot arrangement according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) and with three replicates, where each replicate contains 18 treatments with five seedlings for each experimental unit. The main plot are pinching, and the humic concentrations and kinetin concentrations and their interactions are represented. sub plot. The averages were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The results showed the following: The pinching achieved significantly excelled in the studied physical traits of the volatile oil and the active compounds, including: - Specific gravity of the oil (0.81 mg), Myrcene compound (5.81%), and Camphor compound (14.74). (%), and the a-pinene compound (19.59%), and the treatment without pinching achieved excelled on the pinching treatment in the percentage of oil in the leaves amounting to 0.68%. Also, adding humic acid to the soil had a significant effect on the plants treated with humic acid at a concentration (8 ml/ liter) as it excelled in giving the best rates in traits of: -The specific gravity of the volatile oil is (0.77 mg), the percentage of oil in the leaves is 0.87%), and the active compounds of the oil include Myrcene compound (6.19%), and Camphor compoundand the compound a-pinene (19.70%). The spraying treatment with kinetin at a concentration (100 mg/L) achieved significantly higher values in the physical traits of the volatile oil and the active compounds of the oil, including: -The percentage of oil in the leaves is (0.74%), and the specific weight of the oil is 0.81 mg. Spraying with kinetin also achieved the highest values in compounds, including Myrcene (5.87%), Camphor (14.82%), a-pinene (19.70%), and the interaction The combination of the three factors: spraying P1, adding humic acid at a concentration of 0, and spraying with kinetin at a concentration of 0 gave significantly the highest values for the following traits:The density of the volatile oil is (0.14 mg.µl -1), and the specific gravity of the volatile oil is (0.92 mg). Also, the P1 impregnation parameters, the addition of humic at a concentration of (8 ml/l) and spraying with kinetin at a concentration of 0 achieved the highest values for the leaf content of the oil density (0.14 mg. µl -1), also the impurity parameters (P1), humic (8 ml/l) and spraying with kinetin (50 mg/l) gave the highest values that significantly affected the density of the oil (0.14 mg). µl-1), and the treatment that gave the highest values for spraying P1 and humic at a concentration of (8 ml/L) and spraying with kinetin at a concentration of 100 mg/L was achieved significantly in the Myrcene compound (6.64%), and the compoundCamphor (15.73%), and a-pinene (20.83%). The treatments without P0, humic (8 ml/L) and kinetin (100 mg/L) also achieved the highest values for the percentage of oil in the leaves (1.34%).

The use of algae, especially spirulina, as a functional food has been proposed due to the fact that it is not only a protein-dense food source, but because its amino acid profile is considered to be a highly valuable protein of biological value. Spirulina also provides essential lipids (e.g., oleic acids (gamma-linolenic acids), which accompany For low content nucleic acids. It also contains an exceptionally high percentage of vitamin C, vitamin A and glutathione, as well as carbohydrates, fats and a wide range of photosynthetic pigments. Spirulina platensis algae was grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions in Zarrouk medium to examine its content of sugars, proteins, fats, chlorophyll, vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione. The results showed that spirulina contains 20.7% of sugars. And 28% of protein, 27 mg of fat, 3.79384 of chlorophyll, 1.850 mg.g of vitamin C, 2.10 mg of vitamin A, and 0.612 mg.g of glutathione.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station / College of Agriculture, University of Basra / Karma Ali site in the soil of the Grené mixture, during the winter agricultural season 2022-2023 , with the aim of studying the effect of varieties and nitrogen fertilization on the growth of thetriticale crop triticosecalewittmack X. The study included three varieties (Farah, Amal, Muhannad) , And four levels of nitrogen fertilizer: 0, 100, 120 and 140 kg ha-1. The experiment was applied according to the method of factor experiments using the of randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. Some growth characteristics were studied,include plant height, flag leaf area and number of tiller and the biological yield and the protein yield . The varieties differed significantly in some of the characteristics of the study, as the variety gave Amal variety the highest average height of the plant and the area of the flag paper and the number of of tiller and the biological and the protein yield and amounted to 100.13 cm and 52.92 cm 2 and 615.5 tiller. m2 and 22.75 Mg ha-1 and 0.821 Mg ha1- respectively. The results showed that the increase in nitrogen fertilizer levels led to an increase in growth characteristics, as the level achieved 140 kg N hectare 1- the highest average height of the plant, the area of the flag leaf, the number of tiller and the length of the spike amounted to 106.61 cm and 50.40 cm2, 704.8 m2 and 11.38 cm respectively.
Research extracted from the master's thesis of the first researcher
Keywords : Varieties , Nitrogen fertilization , Tritical

An experiment during the two seasons 2019,2020.The experiment was conducted according to Split Plot Design by two factors, the first was addition Nano NPK with five levels (control, addition 7.5 g.plant-1 , addition 15 g.plant-1 , spray 1 g.L-1 , spray 2 g.L-1 ) symbolized (N0,N1,N2,N3,N4) respectively, and the second factor was four levels of Un Nano (mineral) NPK which were (control, 50 g.plant-1, 100 g.plant-1 , 50 g.plant-1+1.5 g.L-1 ) symbolized (A0,A1,A2,A3) respectively. Result showed that N3 increased leaves content of K, Fe, Mn, in both seasons and Zn in first season, N4 increased leaves content of N, P, and Zn in second season. Mineral NPK A3 treatment increased N, K, Fe and Zn in both season. A2 treatment increased Mn and P in both seasons.

The objective of the current study was to determine the chemical makeup of the Shamar plant (Foeniculumvulgare Mill) essential oil extracted by hydro distillation and to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the Shamar essential oil extracts. Shamar was discovered to have a 0.79% essential oil extract yield. Analysis of the essential oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy GC/MS revealed the presence of 17 chemicals, with the primary constituents being CELIDONIOL, DEOXY-%15.72, n-Hexadecanoic acid%13.31, 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-%10.12, Oleic Acid%7.85, Hexadecane%6.96, and Tetradecane%6.89. Shamar essential oil demonstrated good DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 of 330 µg/ml, While the essential oil shown significant antibacterial action against two Gram negative bacteria, E. Coli (ATCC 25922) and B. Cereus (ATCC 14579) and one Gram positive bacteria S. Aureus (ATCC 29213) The MIC and MBC were determined using the microdilution method, and the results showed that the MIC was 1000 µg/ml. We also used inductively coupled plasma ICP-AES to investigate the trace element and heavy metal levels of the Shamar plant, including Pb, Al, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ca, Cd, Cr, and Ba. Lead, Cadmium, and Nickel were not detected, according to the results, whereas the other metals were found in the following order: Al > Ca > Fe > Ba > Mn >Cr > Cu > Co. According to the findings of the current study, the trace metal levels of Shamar grown in Kurdistan, Iraq, were in the low range. The aforementioned findings suggest that isolated essential oils might be employed in the food industry as a safer substitute for synthetic additives.
Key words:Shamar; Foeniculumvulgare Mill; GC/MS; antioxidant activity; antibacterial activity; ICP-AES.

The study was conducted on a random sample consisting of 68 local Awassi ewes in the fields of Al-Kafeel Station in Karbala Governorate, and their productive performance was followed up (genotype) of the IGF-1 gene as well as the GH gene, which were 24, 30, 14 in the studied ewes sample for the AG, GC, and CC genotypes, respectively, for the IGF-1 gene, and 41, 27 for the CT, TC genotypes, respectively, for the GH gene. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the age of the dam and the genotypes of these genes on the traits of wool production and certain of its physical traits. The results showed the effect of the dam's age significantly on some of the productive and physical traits of wool. On the contrary, it was noted that the genotypes of the GH gene had a significant effect on some products and physical traits of wool, as the ewes of the genotype TC recorded the highest averages in of greasy and clean fleece weight, staple length and fiber length. As for the percentage of clean wool and fiber diameter, they were not significantly affected by the difference in genotypes.
key words: Awassi sheep, wool traits, genotypes IGF-1, GH.

The study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape gardening, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, during the period from November 2022 to June 2023 as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors and ten replicates, the first factor being Putrescine (PUT) at four concentrations (0 , 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg L-1) and the second factor (CPPU) at three concentrations (0, 4 and 8 mg L-1) added to the nutrient medium to determine their effect on the growth of multiplying kumquat (Japanese orange) plants in vitro. The results can be summarized as follows:
1-The results showed that there were significant differences between the concentrations of Putrescine (PUT) added to the nutrient medium in most of the vegetative and chemical growth traits at the concentration (7.5 mg L-1), which was significantly excelled on the other concentrations as it recorded the highest average in branch length, number of leaves, and fresh weight. And the survival of the crops and the content of the shoots of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and the content of the shoots of total soluble sugars, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, auxin, and cytokinins (2.0011 mg 100 g-1, 1.9267 mg 100 g-1, 10.0956 mg g-1, 13.5811 µg kg. -1, 24.2344 µg kg-1) respectively, compared to the lowest results with the control treatment (0(While the concentration (5 mg L-1) showed a significantly excelled on the other concentrations, as it recorded the highest rates in gibberellin, reaching (31.820 µg kg-1), respectively, compared to the control treatment (0(.
2-The results showed that there were significant differences between the concentrations of CPPU added to the nutrient medium in most of the vegetative growth traits and chemical traits, especially at the concentration (0.8 mg L-1), which was significantly excelled on the other concentrations as it recorded the highest rates in the shoots’ content of chlorophyll and carotenoids. The content of the shoots of total soluble sugars, auxin, and cytokinins reached (2.1383 mg.100g-1, 1.9908 mg.100g-1, 10.1792 mg.L-1, 13.7992 µg kg-1, 24.4975 µg kg-1), respectively compared to By transaction (0). Adding a concentration (0.4 mg L-1) showed significantly excelled on the other concentrations, as the highest rate was recorded in gibberellin, reaching (32.249 µg kg-1) compared to the control treatment (0(The bi- interaction between the two experimental factors, (PUT) and CPPU, had a similar significant effect on most of the studied traits, especially with the interaction treatments. There was a significant difference for the interaction (PUTx0.8CPPU7.5) in its chlorophyll content, the carotene content of the shoots, and the shoots’ content of Sugars, the auxin content of the shoots, and the shoots’ content of cytokinins were recorded (2.5133 mg 100 g-1, 2.3367 mg 100 g-1, 10.5700 mg L-1, 14.3633 µg kg-1, 25.3733 µg kg-1) respectively compared with the interaction ( PUT 0 x CPPU 0 (
Keywords: Plant Tissue Culture, Pyotrcine (PUT), CPPU, NAA, BA

The results of the research showed that nano zinc are highly effective in inhibiting the growth of the fungus Alternaria alternata, which causes alternarial leave spot in beans. It was found that the concentration of 20 micrograms/ml was the best, as the inhibition rate was 100% for the fungal isolate used when treated with ZnON-Ps compared to the control treatment. which reached 0%. The field experiment was carried out to study effect of adding nano-zinc oxide on broad bean growth indicators. The results of the field experiment showed the superiority of spraying with nano-zinc oxide in all treatments, as the lowest percentage of infection with the fungus A. alternata in nano-zinc oxide treatment was 28.33%.Compared to the fungi treatment alone, which amounted to 88.33%, the infection severity was also lower when using nano-zinc oxide by 6.75%. When compared to the fungi treatment alone, which amounted to 70.91%, the results also showed effect of nano-zinc oxide on the studied vegetative growth traits. This study showed that nano zinc (ZnO-NPs) were the best, as they gave the highest results in recording the highest average chlorophyll content of 54.01. The average dry weight of vegetative growth, which amounted to 65.1 g.plant-1, the average dry weight of the root system, which was 5.92 g.plant-1, and the plant height, where effect of adding nano-zinc oxide on plant height was 47.56 cm in the treatment of the healthy plant to which ZnO-NPs were added.
Keywords: ZnO-NPs, zinc oxide nanoparticles, Alternaria spot in broad beans, Alternaria alternata

During the winter agricultural season of 2022-2023, a field experiment was carried out in Al-Basateen Al-Sharqiah region, which is located approximately 4 km away from the center of Al-Muthanna governorate. The objective of the experiment was to investigate various anatomical and phenotypic parameters of wheat cultivars under the influence of the mutagenic alkaloid colchicine, at concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 750 mg L-1. The study employed the RCBD design was used with the arrangement of the split plots with three replications. The main plots were assigned to different concentrations of colchicine, while the sub-plots were assigned to different cultivars (Ibaa 99, Mawadah, Bohuth22, Babel).
The statistical analysis yielded considerable variations among the cultivars in terms of both phenotypical features and histological sections of the leaves. The cultivar Bohuth22(V3) shown exceptional performance in terms of spike density, with an meanof 242.3 spikes per square meter, as well as grain yield, with an meanof 65.90 grains per spike. On the other hand, the cultivar Babel(V4)exhibited superiority in terms of the weight of 1000 grains, averaging at 54.27 grams. Regarding the cultivar Ibaa 99(V1), it had a notable advantage in relation to the thickness of the vascular bundles found in the leaf tissue, measuring 115.33 µm.
The results clearly indicated the positive impact of mutagenic colchicine on various traits. Specifically, at a concentration of 250 mg L-1, and the weight of 1000 grains was 51.04 g. However, when the concentration exceeded 750 mg L-1, the effects were not further enhanced. The flag leaf area is measured to be approximately 36.66 cm², the biological yield is recorded as 14.17 tons ha-1, and the grain yield is recorded as 4.574 tons ha-1. Additionally, the concentration surpasses 500 mg per liter as the number of grains per spike reaches 64.38.
Regarding the interaction between the mutagenic compound colchicine and the cultivars, was significant for most studied traits.
Keywords: Wheat cultivars, colchicine alkaloid, Vascular bundles.

The research was conducted at the rice research station in Al-Mishkhab / Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf for the years 2021 and 2022, which is 20 km south of the center of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf province and located at latitude 31.48 north and longitude 44.29 east, at an altitude of 70 m above sea level, using eight genotypes of rice, which are four. Local cultivars (Amber 33, Yasmine, Al-Furat, and Degla), which were obtained from the rice research station in Al-Mishkhab, and four Egyptian cultivars (Giza 201, Giza 178, Giza 179, and Basmati 1), with the aim of evaluating the performance of the cultivars used in the research and the hybrids derived from them using the factorial hybridization method, numbering (16). Hybrid and estimating the proportions of hybrid vigor and the combining ability in public and private GCA (General combining ability) SCA(Specific combining ability ) with some other genetic parameters. In autumn fall season of 2021, hybridization was conducted according to the factorial hybridization method. Comparative experiments were carried out for hybrid and their parents for the year 2022 using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed the following:
Significant differences were found between the genotypes (cultivars and their hybrids) in all the studied traits. The results showed that the Hybrid Vigor values were significant for most of the studied traits and for the two seasons, indicating the effects of complete dominance and superdominance of the genes that control the inheritance of these traits. The genetic analysis of the study showed that the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) and the male parent (3) and female parent (8) showed high combination ability and in the desired direction in most of the traits. The values of the specific combination ability of the hybrids were significant in most of the traits. The hybrid (3×5) was distinguished by giving the best effect of the specific combination ability in most of traits, and the average degree of dominance was higher than one true in all traits. It was found that the percentage of heritability in the broad sense was high in all traits. The narrow sense heritability peracentage was low to moderate for all traits. The results indicate that the hybridization method is the most appropriate for improving these traits. The hybrid (3×5) (Giza 201 × Al-Furat) is one of the most promising hybrids

A field experiment was conducted at the Second Research Station of Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, in Al Bandar area (which is located 3 km southwest of the center Al-Muthanna Governorate at a longitude of 45.26 and a latitude of 31.31) during the 2022-2023 agricultural season. To study the effect of four seeding rates (80, 100, 120, 140) kg ha-1, represented by the symbols S1, S2, S3, S4, on most growth traits of three genotypes (Krzuca v1, Daukowskie zlote v2, Horyzo v3) of the Rye crop. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot with (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates, with seeding rates occupying the main plots and genotypes occupying the subplots. The results of the experiment showed the following:
Daukowskie zlote genotype outperformed Krzuca genotypes in the height of the plant (131.64 cm) and the number of tillers (273.0 stalks m-2), while Horyzo genotype outperformed Daukowskie zlote genotypes in the number of days from germination to 50% flowering (103.42 days), While Krzuca genotype was superior in biological yield. As for seeding rates, the 100 kg ha-1level outperformed the 80 kg ha-1 level in the number of tillers (298.5 stalks m-2), and the 120 kg ha-1 level outperformed the 100 kg ha-1 level in the number of days from 50% flowering to physiological maturity (60.78 days). At the interaction between the two factors, the combination (Horyzo × 120) outperformed the other combinations in the height of the plant (141.93 cm), and the combination (Horyzo × 100) outperformed the other combinations in the number of tillers (352.9 stalks m-2) and biological yield.
Keywords: Rye; Secale cereale L.; split-plot design; days number from emergence to 50% flowering; plant height; tillers number.

A field experiment was conducted in two locations, the first in Wasit province, Al-Hafria area, and the second in the Al-Azzawiya area, north of Babylon province, during 2022-2023 agricultural season, in order to study the effect of chemical and nano-fertilizers on traits of the yield and its components of the bean crop. The experiment included three factors, the first three cultivars: Aquadulce, Aquadulge, and LuzDeotono. The second factor is three levels of NPK chemical fertilizer (100, 50, 0%), and the third factor is three levels of nano-fertilizer at three concentrations (4, 2, 0 g L-1). The experiment was applied in a split-plot method according to the design of complete plots. Randomized R.C.B.D with three replications. The Aquadulce cultivar excelled in the number of seeds per pod, reaching 6.05 and 5.92 pod seeds, the total yield was 9.11 and 9.45 tons .ha-1, and the biological yield was 14.32 and 15.04 tons .ha-1 for the two location respectively. While the Luz De Otono cultivar gave the two highest averages in the number of pods .plant and the weight of 100 seeds, reaching 18.83 pods .plant-1 in the second location and 159.22 g in the first location. Increasing the level of mineral fertilizer to 100% led to an increase in the yield trait and its components for the two location, as It gave the highest averages in the number of pods .plant, the number of seeds per pod, the total seed yield, and the biological yield, which reached 21.15 and 22.28 pods .plant-1, 6.28, and 6.22 seed pod-1, 11.94, and 12.36 tons per ha-1, and 17.66, and 18.27. Ton-1 for successive signatories compared to the control treatment. Spraying with nanofertilizer with the highest concentration of N2 gave the highest average weight of 100 seeds, reaching 164.25 and 163.65 grams for the two location respectively. The interaction between chemical and nano-fertilizers had a significant effect on some yield traits, as the combination (F2×N2) gave the two highest averages for total seed yield and biological yield, reaching 14.41 and 15.00 tons ha-1 and 20.87 and 21.60 tons ha-1 for the two location respectively. The interaction between the chemical fertilizer and the cultivars had a significant effect, as the combination (F2×V1) gave the highest averages in total yield, amounting to 12.50 and 13.20 tons ha-1. The interaction between the nano-fertilizers and the cultivars had a significant effect, as the combination (N2×V2) gave the two highest averages in the number of The pods .plant and the weight of 100 seeds reached 20.33 pods .plant and 167.02 grams in the first location. The triple interaction was significant in the total seed yield and the biological yield of the two location in the sequence with the combination (F2×N2×V1), giving the two highest averages of 15.76 and 16.93 tons ha-1 and 22.79 and 24.77 tons ha-1.
Keywords: chemical fertilizer, nano, cultivars

The study aimed to demonstrate the importance of dates and levels of seaweed extracts in accelerating the growth of sweet lemon seedlings and improving their vegetative characteristics and mineral content to obtain fast-growing seedlings.Use two dates for adding fertilizers (every 15 and 30 days) and 9 fertilizer treatments that represent a mixture of the two extracts, Hefe algae and Super fifty, that were sprayed on the leaves.The most important results obtained at the end of the study showed that the ninth treatment of the fertilizer combination included (8 ml.L-1 of Hefe algae extract + 8 ml.L-1 of Super fifty extract) recorded the highest significant increase in the traits) concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron in leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll concentration in leaves, and increase in seedling height) compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the least significant values for these traits. While there were no significant differences between the dates of adding fertilizers in most of the studied traits except for the superiority of the first date (every 15 days) over the second date (every 30 days) in terms of traits (phosphorus concentration in leaves and increase in seedling diameter), while the second date was superior to the first date in Adjective (the increase in the height of the seedlings).

A field experiment was conducted during winter of 2022-2023 in one of the fields at the Shumali region in Babylon Governorate, within latitude of 32.32˚ north and 44.92˚ east. The study planned to evaluate oxidative activities and flavonoid content to four varieties of oats (Shifaa, Oat11, Algouda, and Carlup). The experiment was carried out according to randomized complete block design with three replications, All data were collected and analyzed according to analysis of variance table. The means were tested according to the least significant difference test at 0.05 probability. The results showed significant superiority of the Algouda variety in plant height (127 cm), flag leaf area (27 cm2), and capacity of total antioxidant (83.8 mg g-1 dry weight). Total flavonoids (163.8 mg kg-1 dry weight), free radicals inhibition efficacy in grains (72.58%), and the grain content of some Flavonoid compounds. Shifaa variety was significantly superior in the number of tillers (478.1 tillers m-2), number of spikes (457.4 spikes m-2), weight of thousand grains( 36.97 g), and the grains yield (7.15 tons ha-1).
Keywords: Oats, Varieties, Flavonoids, Yield.

This study is aimed to identify the effect of the locally grown algae Spirulinaplatensis in the form of an biological in vitro preparation on Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and the effect of Moringa leaf extract M. oleifera by evaluating some resistance parameters, which included measuring the infection ratio, its severity, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, and the amount of phenols. This study was conducted in the research station of the College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit. CMV was initially diagnosed using immune strip assay, and the diagnosis was further enhanced by using Next Generation Sequence (NGS) modern technology to detect the complete genome of the virus strain.
The infection rate was 100% in the control treatment, While lower infection rate for both treatments of algae S. platensis and M. oleifera, was 31% for each of them. As for the effect of the two treatments on the severity of infection, it was the lowest in the Ghazeer cultivar for both treatments of algae S. platensis and M. oleifera, reaching 40% compared with others of the cultivars which differed significantly, The highest infection rate 80% was recorded in the two treatments of S. platensis and M. oleifera for Jade cultivar compared with control reached 100%.
The results of the peroxidase enzyme measurement showed the highest value for the Ghazeer variety for the two treatments used S. platensis and the M.oleifera which amounted to 3.1 units/mg protein of the root system and for the two treatments used which are the algae S. platensis and the M. oleifera. The rate of total phenols increased to 8.9 mg/g wet weight in treatment S. platensis for the Ghazeer variety while M.oleifera reached 7.9 mg/g wet weight compared the control treatment witch reached 4.6 mg/g wet weight.
The results of the varieties used in this study showed a significant difference and the variety the Ghazeer showed superiority in tolerating infection, While the Jade variety was the most sensitive variety to infection CMV. The early treatment before the infection occurred were superior in all studied traits to the treatment conducted after the infection.
Key words:Sprulinaplatensis, Moringaoleifera, Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), ISR, NGS

A field experiment was conducted in the non-heated plastic house at special field at (44° 27′ east 32° 35′ north) coordinate for the autumn season 2022 to study the response of sweet pepper (Qurtuba cultivar) Capsicum annuum L. to foliar spraying with growth regulator ( Atonik ) and Nano-zinc in sandy loam soil. A factorial experiment was designed according to RCBD design, and the average compared using LSD at significant level of 5%. The growth regulator ( Atonik ) at four levels (0, 25, 50, and 75 mg L-1) and four levels of Nano-Zinc fertilizer (0, 2, 4, and 6 gm L-1) with three replicates, the results indicated to the excelling of the spraying treatment by growth regulator at level (75 mg L-1) which significantly increased the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, early and total yield of plant, fruit vitamin C , total solube solid (T.S.S), total soluble phenols, and soluble saccharides with an average of ( 33.8 fruit , 81.5 gm , 0.70 kg , 2.80 kg , 52.60 mg 100gm-1 fresh weight , 8.63% , 5.83 mg gm-1 fresh weight , and 9.65% ) for the above parameters sequentially. which is the same behavior as the spraying of Nano-Zinc at a concentration of (6 gm L-1) for the parameters above with an average ( 33.9 fruit , 78.2 gm , 0.69 kg , 2.79 kg , 49.70 mg 100gm-1 fresh weight , 8.03% , 5.76 mg gm-1 fresh weight , and 9.23% ) sequentially as compared to the control treatment. As for interaction treatments, it showed excelling the interaction spraying treatment (75 mg L-1 + 6 gm L-1) by giving it the highest values for all the above parameters.

This study was conducted from November 1st to June 1st, 2023, inside the wooden canopy of the Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul. The objective of the study was to assess how two varieties of Hyacinthusorientalis L., called "Carnegie" with white flowers and "Woodstock" with purple flowers, responded to three treatments of Optimus-plus fertilizer (0, 1.5, 3) ml L-1, as well as three treatments of salicylic acid (0, 150, 300) mg. L-1, applied to the vegetative system three times. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and eight plants per treatment was employed in the factorial experiment's implementation within the split plot.
The results indicated the following:
*The white variety (Carnegie) recorded the greatest rates in all of the studied characteristics; plant height, number of leaves, dry weight of leaves, and leaf area.
* Spraying the plants with the organic fertilizer Optimum Plus at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 had a significant influence on obtaining the highest values in all of the studies assessed.
* Salicylic acid spraying at a dosage of 300 mg L-1 had the highest significant values in all of the characteristics that were assessed.
* The results of the triple interactions between the study factors indicated that the highest significant values for plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area were obtained when the plants (Carnegie white) were sprayed with Optimum-Plus, an organic fertilizer, at a concentration of 3 ml L-1, in addition to 300 mg L-1 of salicylic acid.
* Data on the triple interactions between the study factors revealed that spraying purple (woodstock) plants with Optimum-Plus fertilizer at a concentration of 2 ml L-1 combined with spraying with salicylic acid at a concentration of 300 mg L-1 recorded the highest significant values for leaf length, leaves number, leaf area, and leaf dry weight.in split plot)

These study experiment were carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Plant Production Technologies - Postgraduate Studies - Technical College of Mussaib - AL-FuratAL-Awsat Technical University for the period from 19/12/2022 to 4/15/2023.The present experiment aimed to determine the effect of plant extracts (cardamom, cloves, and haramel) at concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6) g. L-1 of each in MS medium grown with saffron corms in tissue culture, to follow up the effect of extracts on growth results. The results of the triple intervention between the second, third, and fourth weeks with clove extract at a concentration 2 g. L-1 was signification to other interventions in giving the highest value for the success of Implants remaining free of contamination, amounting to 25.00.There was also no significant effect of the plant extracts on the apparent characteristics of the saffron corm. The clove extract in the nutrient medium supplied with a concentration of (2 g.L-1) outperformed the rest of the plant extracts by giving it the highest average number of shoots, which reached 6.75 shoots, but it was not significant.Also, the prepared nutrient medium (6 g.L-1) of cardamom extract was not significantly superior in giving it the highest average shoot length of 9.50 cm, While the control treatment (0) gave the highest average number of roots reaching 63.8 roots, and the average length was 15.00 mm at a concentration of 4 g. L-1 for cardamom extract.

This experiment was conducted in the plant tissue culture laboratory at the Department of Plant Production Technologies , Al-Musayyib Technical College , Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University from 9/1/2022 to 6/1/2023 to study the effect of some plant growth regulators: auxin (acetic acid (2,4- Dichlorophenoxy (at concentrations of 0.0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg.L-1) and cytokinin (Benzyle adenine) at concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg.L-1 and their interactions in the propagation of Nephrolepisexaltata plants ex vivo and their effect on callus induction, callus growth, vegetative shoot generation, and shoot formation. Root weight, fresh weight and dry weight. The well-known nutrient medium (Murashig and Skoog, 1962) was used. This experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates, then the means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) under the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the percentage The contamination rate was 100% in the control treatment, and the contamination rate decreased with increasing sterilization duration. The contamination rate reached 63.25% at 20 minutes on the other hand, the concentration of 4% gave the lowest contamination rate, amounting to 28.25%. As for the callus induction stage, the concentration of 3.0 mg .L-1 significantly excelled In all treatments, the highest percentage was given at 53.3%, followed by 2.0 mg at that concentration. L (46.7%), while the comparison percentage was at the lowest value of 6.7%. While the growth regulator BA had a significant effect in increasing the percentage of callus induction, as the two concentrations, 2 mg.L-1 and 1.5 mg.L-1 excelled on the rest of the concentrations by giving them the highest percentage. The percentage of callus induction reached 53.3 and 40%, respectively, while the control treatment gave the lowest percentage of callus induction, amounting to 13.3%. While in fresh weight, the concentration of 3 mg. liter of 2,4-D gave the highest rate of fresh weight, which reached 0.52 mg. While the control treatment gave the lowest fresh weight of 0.01 mg, while the concentration of 2 mg per liter of BA significantly excelled on the rest of the concentrations by giving it the highest fresh weight of 0.49 mg, and the control treatment gave the lowest fresh weight of callus of 0.04 mg.

The experiment was conducted in lathhouseof the Department of Plant Production Technologies/Al-Musayyib Technical College for autumn season of 2022 and the spring season of 2023 to study the effect of the plant Statis, Limoniumsinuatum good uniformity, and seaweed extracts in the bioremediation of saline soils. Plastic pots with a diameter of 27 cm were used filled with an agricultural medium composed of river soil. + Compost (palm waste) in a ratio of 1:3 . The experiment included two factors. The first factor used seaweed extracts and is symbolized by the symbol ((B). It included three levels: without addition (the control treatment) and symbolized by B0 and B1. Spraying at a concentration of 1 g.L-1 and B2. Spraying at a concentration of 2 g. L-1. As for the second factor, it includes salinity and is symbolized by the symbol (S). It has four levels S0: soil salted with sodium chloride at a concentration of 3 dS.m-1 (comparison treatment) and S1, salted soil at a concentration of 5 dS.m-1. S2 is salted soil with a concentration of 7 dS.m-1and S3 is salted soil with a concentration of 9 ds.m-1.The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment according to a completely randomized design (C.R.D) with three replications, and the means were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) test under the probability level of 0.05.The results were as follows: The triple interaction treatment between the study factors resulted in a significant increase in the studied traits. The interaction treatment (S0B2) outperformed the rest of the other interaction treatments and gave the highest values for the traits of plant height, chlorophyll, number of flowering stalks, vase life , carotene pigment, and proline. Compared to the no-additive treatment of seaweed extracts, salinity caused a significant reduction in the studied traits.

The study includes an experiment conducted in a greenhouse of the College of Science/Mosul University to study allelopathic effects of aqueous extract for myrtle and mint that preparation at 5%w:v in growth and anatomical characters.
Results show decrease in germination percentage of Dianthus amurensis L. and Zinnia elegans when treated with aqueous extract of mint amounted to (12.5,36.14%), when treated with mint extract caused increase in (shoot height, root system length, and dry weight of seedlings as well as an increase in leaf area of Dianthus amurensis L. that (27.11, 28.57, 6.42 and 48.74%) while the aqueous extract of mint caused a reduction in germination percentage, shoot height and root length of Zinnia elegans that( 5.88,23.91%) .As will the result anatomically shows that a reduction in stomata number in all treatments, high percentage reducing (56%) in Dianthus amurensis by effect Myrtle increases in stomata index, stomata density, and length of stomata in Dianthus amurensis L. leaves by the effect of mint aqueous extract that (39.13, 49.98 and 20%) . found significant differences in the studied characteristics of the cross section, as the aqueous extracts of Myrtle and mint caused an increase in the diameter of the section for Dianthus amurensis and was accompanied by an increase in the length of the shoots of plants treated with mint extract
Key Words: Allelopathy, Zinnia elegans, Myrtle, Mint, Allelochemicals

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the germination laboratory in the Department of Seed Inspection and Certification, Babel Abu Gharq branch(2022-2023) It was done for the purpose of knowing the effect of cultivars and activation on the laboratory traits of wheat seeds. It included two factors, the first factor: included four of wheat cultivars (IPA 99 - bohouth 22 - Babylon 113 - Mawadah) and the second factor, activation by soaking with cytokinin (0-100-200-300 mg.L -1),. The experiment was conducted according to the arrangement of factorial experiments with two factors and according to a completely randomized design (CRD) with two replicates. The results showed significant differences between the cultivars, where the cultivar IPA 99 was significantly excelled in the standard laboratory germination trait (94.75%). The bohuth 22 variety was excelled in trait of radical length (8.24 cm), and the Babylon 113 variety was superior in the trait of plumule length (9.43 cm) and seedling dry weight (10.08 mg), and the Mawadah variety was excelled in germination strength index (17.48%). Activation also had a significant effect, where the treatment 100 mg.L-1 was significantly excelled the standard laboratory germination rate (96.15%). The treatment 300 mg.L-1was also significantly excelled on the trait of the plumule length (9.57 cm)the Radical length (8.42 cm), germination strength index (18.41%) and seedling strength index (17.60%). As for the interaction, the treatment Mawadah and concentration 300 mg.L-1 was significantly excelled in the plumule length (10.17 cm), and in The radical length trait was significantly excelled on the treatment bohuth 22 and concentration 200 mg.L-1 with an average of (9.30 cm), while the treatment IPA 99 and concentration 300 mg.L-1 was superior in seedling dry weight (11.27 mg). The treatment (babylon 113 and concentration 300 mg.l-1) was significantly superior in terms of germination strength index (19.44%) and seedling vigor index (18.52%).
Keywords: bread wheat, seed stimulants, plant hormones, genetic structures.

The method of soil conservation agriculture (farming without tillage) is one of the modern methods that was introduced to Iraq and was used in growing wheat and barley crops in Nineveh province and some provinces of central Iraq. The research aims to estimate the economic efficiency values and its components for the conservation agriculture system compared to the traditional agriculture system to determine the extent of optimization in Using resources for both systems and diagnosing the amount of waste in the production elements used, based on field data from a sample of wheat farmers amounting to (72) farmers, including (36) farmers who used the conservation agriculture system and (36) farmers who used the traditional agriculture system in Nineveh province for the 2018-2019 agricultural season., use the data envelopment analysis method (DEAP(.The results showed that the conservation agriculture system outperformed the traditional agriculture system in indicators of technical, allocative and economic efficiency on the input side with changes in capacity returns, where they reached (0.87, 0.83, 0.73) respectively for the conservation agriculture system and reached (0.80, 0.78, 0.63) respectively for the agriculture system. Traditional, and excelled in the average technical efficiency index on the output side with changes in capacity returns, as it reached (0.83) for the conservation agriculture system and (0.78) for the traditional agriculture system. Therefore, the researcher recommends expanding the use of the conservation agriculture method as it is the method that contributed to raising productivity and reducing Quantities and costs of production elements used to achieve the best possible revenue.
Keywords: conservation agriculture, economic efficiency, data encapsulation method.

The study was carried out in Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources Lab, College of Agriculture and Forestry, to determine the kinetic parameters (maximum speed Vmax and Substrate matter concentration Km) and to show how temperature influences the activity and performance of the Glutaminase enzyme. therefore, clay loam soil from the Rashidieh district was selected, and it was treated with various Substrate enzyme concentrations (0.15, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1) molar under various temperature influences (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70) Cᵒ.
The results demonstrated: a definite influence of the substrate on the enzyme's activity, as the enzyme's activity increased as the amount of added substrate got in concentration. The greatest value for the Glutaminase enzyme activity [S]/ V was (0.019) microgram NH4-N g-1. 2 hr-1, which came as a result of the substrate's concentration of (1) mmol. The enzyme Glutaminase [S] /V had the lowest activity, measured in micrograms (0.004) NH4-N g-1. 2h-1, as a result of the lowest substrate concentration (0.1) mmol. According to the research results, the Vmax value was reached (0.815) micrograms of NH4-N g-1 2hr-1. Km had a value of (0.033) mmole. The Glutaminase enzyme's activity increased as the incubation temperature was raised when the substrate concentration was (0.5) molar. The highest value for Glutaminase enzyme activity was (213.70) micrograms of (NH4-N g-1 2hr-1), which was obtained from incubating the soil at the highest temperature (60) Cᵒ, as the Glutamines enzyme activity values increased.
Keywords: Micrograms, Glutaminase enzyme, Substrate, Vmax, Temperature.

The research was conducted in one of the private orchards in Al-Musayyib District, Babylon province, Iraq for the seasons 2020 and 2021 to study the effect of spraying with potassium silicate, boron and vitamin C on levels of peroxidases and catalase enzymes and the phytohormonesgibberellin(GA3) and indole acetic acid(IAA) in the black French grapevineThe experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment, and the means were compared using the least significant difference at the probability level of 0.05 to test the significant differences(L.S.D.). The results showed that spraying with potassium silicate at a concentration of 500 mg. l -1 with boron and ascorbic acid, both at a concentration of 50 mg.l -1, resulted in a significant increase in the levels of peroxidase, catalylase, indole acetic acid and gibberellin in French black grape leaves, which gave (40.62 and 40.65) unit.100 g -1, (0.093 and 0.091) unit.g-1 protein, (65.28 and 66.02 μmol.g-1 fresh weightand (32.14 and 32.74) μmol g-1 fresh weight for the first and second seasons, respectively, which was significantly superior to most of the interactions. These levels of the two enzymes and hormones studied are among the appropriate levels for the grape plant to exercise its physiological activity and carry out vital processes.