Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

The research included an evaluation study of the content of four sunflower cultivars of major elements, vegetative growth and seed oil content. The results showed significant increases in vegetative growth (dry weight and leaf area) by the effect of spraying and/or ground addition of humic acid and the effect of different cultivars and combinations. The spraying and adding treatment showed significant increases of 58% and 29%, respectively, while Zahrat Al-Iraq excelled in dry weight and Quds cultivar in leaf area with different percentages of excelled .The cultivar Quds caused a significant increase in the nitrogen content of the seeds by more than 37%. Humic acid treatment had no significant effect. Whereas, all humic acid treatments caused significant increases in phosphorous that reached a maximum when using the (ground addition) treatment, at an average of more than 38%. with regard to the oil content of the seeds, a significant increase was obtained for the treatment of (foliar spray) by approximately 3%.While the cultivars caused significant increases for this trait and for all cultivars, they reached a maximum in the cultivar (French) with an increase of approximately 27%. With regard to the combinations, significant increases occurred for most of them, reaching a maximum in the combination (adding ground x French) with an increase rate of more than 40%.

This factorial experiment was carried out in a private nursery in Wassit province to investigate the best soil media between three different of them .also, the effect of spraying by salicylic acid and a Disper chlorophyll fertilizer 3 Nitrogen and Sodium percentage. The results showed that using 2/3 field soil and 1/3 decomposed animal manure(M2) has a significant effect in studies characters (Chlorophyll content mg.l-1, Nitrogen % and Potassium% were got( 1.31, 1.82, 0.29) respectively. Using salicylic acid spraying by 300mg.l-1 (S2)got best result Nitrogen and potassium percentage got (1.71, 0,39)respectively . Also, results showed a reduction in Chlorophyll content percentage it was got the lowest value by using 200 mg.l-1 of salicylic acid reached (1.15) mg.l-1 and the D2 (spraying by 600 mg.l-1 Disper got the best result of chlorophyll, nitrogen and potassium percentage it was got ( 1.37, 1.71, 0.39).

A study was carried out during the 2022 agricultural season in private nursery in Al-Qadisiya Governorate, to study the response of peppermint plant growth to nano copper and (Algacifo) fertilizer and their effect on the active substances. The experiment was designed with randomized complete blocks, with three replications. The experiment included 4 concentrations of nano copper (0, 1, 2, and 3) g L-1 and 4 concentrations of Algacifo fertilizer (0, 2, 4, and 6) ml L-1. The results showed that the concentration of 1 g L-1 of nano copper in the most of the studied traits was superior in a significant increase (number of branches and leaves, total leaves area, and percentage of Menthone), while the highest plant height was at 2 gL-1 concentration, and the concentration 3 g L-1 achieved the highest percentage of Menthol. The impact of nano copper in all its concentrations was negative in the percentage of Limonene. The concentration of 4 ml L-1 of Algacifo was superior in recording the number of branches, and the concentration of 6 ml L-1 was distinguished in achieving the highest plant height, the number of leaves, the largest total leaves area, and the highest percentage of Menthol, and Algacifo fertilizer had no significant impact on the percentage of Menthone, While its impact was negative in the percentage of Limonene.

The experiment was conducted for the autumn agricultural season (2021-2022) in one of the private fields in the Al-Azzawiya area - Al-Musayyab district, north of the centre of Babylon province. The experiment included three factors: The first was three broccoli plants' hybrids (F1 Polo, Jassmine F1 and Tokita 2004 F1). The second factor: Fertilization treatments (comparative treatment (without fertilization) and humic spraying at an average of 4 ml. L-1 and the addition of bacteria at an average of 25 g. Plant-1 and the mixture of humic fertilizer + bacteria at the same levels of fertilizer mentioned) and the third factor: the spraying of sulfur amino acids compared (without fertilization) and (Methionine and Cystine at 150 mg.L-1 for each), the experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design according to the Split-Split Plot system and with three replications and the averages were compared. According to Duncan's Multiples Range Test, at a probability level of 0.05, The results showed a significantly excelled between the cultivars in most indicators of vegetative growth.

A field experiment was conducted during the autumn agricultural season 2020-2021 in Al-Azzawiya area of Al-Mahaweel district, which is located 30 km north of the center of Babylon province, using the RCBD design and arranging Split plot system to study the effect of two factors: the first factor: nano-fertilizer for microelements (zinc 1%, iron 9% and manganese 1%).It was distributed in the main plot with four concentrations (0, 1.5, 1.5, 2) g.L-1 nano fertilizer and the second factor: spraying with nano biostimulator nano-treated seaweed and bacteria extract distributed in the sub plot and at three concentrations (0, 1.2 ml.L- 1 nano biostimulant ) and the results showed: The effect of nano fertilizer positively and significantly at a concentration of 1 g.L-1 on some characteristics of vegetative growth and yield of one plant and gave the highest averages for the studied indicators, the content of leaves of chlorophyll was 77.52 spad, and the leaves area was 7882 cm2 plant-1, plant yield of one was 2,120 kg plant- 1,The treatment of nano-fertilizer significantly affected a concentration of 1.5 g.L-1 and a concentration of 2 g.L-1 in the content of curd of vitamin C, and it reached 151.42 mg per 100 g-1. Also, the treatment gave 1.5 g the highest results in the content of curd of phenols, which amounted to 0.906 mg g-1 dry weight, and the 2 g.L-1 treatment gave the highest results in curd content of flavonoids, which amounted to 37.739 mg gm-1 dry weight, and 1.5 g.L-1 treatment gave the highest results in curd content of peroxidase enzyme, which amounted to 118.61 ml.L- 1, the treatment of 2 g.L-1 gave the highest results in the curd content of catalase enzyme, which amounted to 97.56 ml.L-1 , and the treatment of 2 g.L-1 gave the highest results in the curd content of antioxidants, which amounted to 70.76 mg gm-1 of dry weight, The nano-bio stimulator had no effect on most of the studied vegetative growth traits, except for some traits, including leaves .The biostimulant also gave the best results in the curd content of vitamin C, where the treatment gave 1.5 ml L-1 the best results, amounting to 148.27 mg per 100 g-1, and the treatment gave 1 ml L-1 the best results in the curd content of phenols, amounting to 0.908 mg gm-1 dry weight, The treatment of 1.5 ml L-1 gave the best results in the curd content of flavonoids, which amounted to 37.316 mg g-1 of dry weight, and the treatment of 1 ml L-1 gave the best results in the curd content of peroxidase enzyme, which amounted to 120.34 ml.L-1 . Also, the treatment of 1 ml L-1 gave the best results in the curd content of catalase enzyme , which was 97.23 ml.L-1 .As for the interaction, it had a positive and significant effect on all the studied traits, including the curd content of chlorophyll, where the interaction treatment gave 1 g.L-1 nano fertilizer and 1 ml L-1 nano-stimulator the best treatment and it was 79.29 SPAD.The interaction treatment of 1 g.L-1 nano-fertilizer and 1.5 ml l-1 nano-stimulator gave the best treatment for leaves area, which was 8693 cm plant. The interaction between 1.5 g.L-1 nano-fertilizer and 1.5 ml L-1 gave a higher biostimulant and a percentage in the curd content of vitamin C was 152.33 mg per 100 g-1.The interaction between the spraying with water only treatment and the 1ml L-1 nano biostimulant treatment gave the highest value in curd content of phenols, amounting to 0.931 mg. g-1 dry weight.The interaction between the spraying with water only treatment and the 1.5 ml L-1 nano biostimulant treatment gave the highest value of 38.407 mg g-1 dry weight in the curd content of flavonoids.The interaction between the treatment of 1.5 g.L-1 nano fertilizer and 1 ml L-1 biostimulant gave the highest value and it was 126.44 ml.L-1 in the curd content of peroxidase enzyme. The interaction that treatment 1 ml L-1 nano biostimulant and spraying with water only gave the highest value and reached 99.29 ml in curd content of catalase enzyme, treatment reached 2 g.L-1 and treatment 1.5 ml L-1 the highest value was 72.29 mg g-1 dry weight of the total capacity of antioxidants in curd of broccoli plant.

The research was conducted during the period from March 1, 2021 to March 1, 2022. with the aim of transforming the archaeological cave of Hazarmerd into a natural tourist place. Which is located 13 km south of the city of Sulaymaniyah at a longitude(35°29'39.22′′N) and latitude(45°18'37.66′′E). and an altitude of 1200 m above sea level, and it is one of the oldest Archaeological caves dating back to the Stone Age. and in which traces of Neanderthal man were found, on an area of agricultural land 10 km located in front of the cave, information for research was collected through personal observations. and through several visits to the site and personal interviews with experts, academics, designers in this field and experts in tourism, as well as conducting a questionnaire process to know the opinions of the population and the demands of their recreational needs in design. However, the research reached several results, conclusions and recommendations in this regard, the most important of which is the suitability of the cave to turn into a natural tourist site according to many criteria. Among the favorite recreational activities for visitors are cable cars with a rate of 88%, children’s games by 85%, sports stadiums by 79%, camping 76% and other family gatherings and tours in nature, and at the end of the research, based on the results, conclusions and recommendations, and according to the desires of visitors, recreational and environmental needs, and the standards adopted in this regard, an appropriate design for the site was developed.

The study was conducted on a sample of 34 local goats in Diyala governorate / Canaan district in one of the goat breeders’ fields in the region, for the period from 13/11/2021 to 1/5/2022, with the aim of knowing the effect of fixed factors represented by type of birth, sex of the newborn and month Birth in the characteristics of daily and total milk production, birth weight, weaning weight, total weight gain from birth until weaning, body dimensions of the newborn at birth and weaning, through the statistical analysis, it was found that there was a significant effect of twin births on the single and the superiority of January and February over the months of October and December in the daily and total milk production, as well as a significant effect of the twin births on the single and the superiority of males over females and the superiority of January and February in weight at weaning. Overall weight gain, as for the body dimensions of newborns at birth, twin births outperformed in breech height and males in body length, as well as February in all body dimensions of newborns at birth. February in all characteristics of body dimensions for weight at weaning.

Agriculture and industrial waste are one of the most components that accumulate in the environment according to the activity of countries. Therefore, these wastes can be used as substrates to produce useful products like amylase enzyme as a friendly solution for this problem. The present research aimed to isolate a total of 100 bacterial isolates (50 from each soil type location) were primarily selected for the isolation of bacteria. Among them, the percentage of G. stearothermophilus bacteria was higher in Kirkuk soil than in Erbil soil, Bacterial growth was observed on cultured nutrient agar (14 that % 28) of positive bacteria were in Erbil government and (21 that % 42) of positive bacteria were in Kirkuk government. The ability of these isolates was tested for starch degradation using a solid starch medium at 55 °C for 2 days. Results indicated that only thirty-five isolates were selected for their capability to produce amylase enzyme according to the diameter (mm) of clearing zones. Secondary screening of thirty-five isolates was achieved in a submerged liquid production medium with 1% soluble starch at pH (7) and 55° C for 2. All isolated bacteria were identified according to morphological, and biochemical characteristics and by VITEK® 2 Compact BCL kit. Four agriculture wastes (wheat bran, broken rice, banana peel and potato peel) were used as a substrate for amylase production, the most active isolates AB1, AB43 and AB97 were inoculated in a submerged liquid production medium with 1% of each waste at 55˚C for 2 days, then quantitative of amylase was determined, which shows that potato peel had a greater result among all other substrate and all food waste had a greater result than positive control which was Nutrient broth with adding %1 soluble starch.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the bio-agent Azotobacter chroococcum and poultry fertilizer with three percentages (10%,15%,20%) against the pathogenic fungus (Fusarium solani) under lath house conditions. The results showed that there was a positive effect when using bacteria with fertilizer on the plant and reducing the pathogenicity of the fungus and its effect on the plant, where using Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria with poultry fertilizer by 15% gave good results such as the fresh weight, dry weight for the total vegetative and root system, and the plant length for the total vegetative and root system, which amounted to (15.60, 8.90, 9.40, and 5.80 g/plant, 51.00, and 38.06 cm/plant), respectively compared to the control treatment which amounted to (5.60, 2.70, 2.00, and 1.00 gm/plant, 42.60, and 31.00 cm/plant), respectively where the fertilizer encouraged the growth of bacteria as well as inhibited the growth of the fungus and its lack of adaptation in the soil, and the highest percentage of inhibition for the fungus was by treating Azotobacter with the poultry fertilizer (15%) with the pathogenic fungus. The fresh weight and dry weight for the total vegetative and root system, and the plant length for the total vegetative and root system were (10.80, 5.80, 6.20, 3.00 g/plant, 47.10 and 35.10 cm/plant), respectively. The results were compared with the fungus treatment alone, and they were (1.00, 0.60, 0.50, 0.00 g/plant, 9.10 and 5.00 cm plant), respectively. Significant and clear differences appeared when bacteria and fertilizer were used with

The research included an evaluation study of the content of four sunflower cultivars of major elements, vegetative growth and seed oil content. The results showed significant increases in vegetative growth (dry weight and leaf area) by the effect of spraying and/or ground addition of humic acid and the effect of different cultivars and combinations. The spraying and adding treatment showed significant increases of 58% and 29%, respectively, while Zahrat Al-Iraq excelled in dry weight and Quds cultivar in leaf area with different percentages of excelled .The cultivar Quds caused a significant increase in the nitrogen content of the seeds by more than 37%. Humic acid treatment had no significant effect. Whereas, all humic acid treatments caused significant increases in phosphorous that reached a maximum when using the (ground addition) treatment, at an average of more than 38%. with regard to the oil content of the seeds, a significant increase was obtained for the treatment of (foliar spray) by approximately 3%.While the cultivars caused significant increases for this trait and for all cultivars, they reached a maximum in the cultivar (French) with an increase of approximately 27%. With regard to the combinations, significant increases occurred for most of them, reaching a maximum in the combination (adding ground x French) with an increase rate of more than 40%.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of using ethyl formate in fumigating three varieties of Iraqi dates (Al-Zahdi hard, Al-Sayer semi-hard, and soft Baraben) on their chemical properties during six months of storage at a temperature of 4 ºC for the cultivar Al-Zuhdi and Al-Sayer and -18º C for the cultivar Barben. The results showed that the treatment with ethyl formate did not affect the percentage of total sugars, protein, fat, ash, tannins, and total phenols, which amounted to (67.37%, 0.34%, 0.2%, 1.27%, 0.001%, 48.00 μg/ml) respectively for the Zuhdi variety,and (67.97%, 0.40%, 0.3%, 1.15%, 0.001%, 71.82 µg/ml) respectively for the treated Al-Sayer variety, and (65.82%, 0.63%, 0.4% 1.10%, 0.01%, 47.50 µg/ml) respectively for the treated Baraben cultivar. No significant differences were observed between the control and treatment samples for the same item. However, the percentage of these components decreased during the storage period for all varieties, with an increase in the moisture percentage for all studied varieties. In particular, the Baraben class as one of the soft varieties. The moisture content reached 28.8% for the control sample after six months of storage, and adding ethyl formate reduced the total acidity in the treatment samples relative to the control samples for each variety, where the highest value of the total acidity of the Sayer control sample was 0.115%. The lowest value was for the Sayer treatment sample, 0.012%. The results showed no effect on the concentrations of mineral elements as a result of treating date varieties with ethyl formate. The concentrations of vitamins for the samples treated with ethyl formate were higher than the concentrations of vitamins for the control samples and all the studied varieties during the storage period.

This study was conducted carried out 2021 in the fields of Gradarasha, collage of Agricultural Engineering Science, Salahaddin University, Kurdistan Region / Iraq., to investigate the response of pistachio s to foliar yeast at three concentrations (Y0= 0, Y1=10 and Y2= 20 mg.L-1)) and three concentrations of chelate Zinc with (Zn0= 0, Zn1= 4 and Zn2= 8 mg.L-1) three times for each one every 15 days, beginning at 1 April on growth characteristics of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings cv. Musilly. A factorial experiment with three replicates was carried out in a Randomized Complete Design (CRD) using three seedlings for each experimental unit. The obtained results indicated that the growth characteristics and some of leaf content of mineral elements was increased by increasing the concentration of (Yeast and Zinc) as compared with control, foliar spray of yeast at (20 mg.L-1) caused significant increase most of the studied parameters. At the same time, foliar application of zinc fertilization at (8 mg.L-1) gave the highest value of seedling high, leaf area, leaves area/seedlings, root fresh weight and leaves content of Zn. The interaction between the two fertilizer dry yeast and foliar application of zinc by increasing the concentration level caused a significant increase for all growth characteristics and leaf content of mineral elements, at level (Y2 + Zn2 = 20 mg.L-1 + 8 mg.L-1) as compare with control.

The experiment was conducted in lathhouse of the Department of Plant Production Techniques / Musayyib Technical College, during the growing seasons 2021 and 2022 on pomegranate seedlings cultivar WONDERFUL at the age of one year. To study the effect of nano NPK application and proline spraying on growth and phenolic compounds of WONDERFUL cultivar pomegranate seedlings under salt stress. The experiment included three factors, the first factor was irrigation the seedlings with four levels of saline water (9, 6, 3, 1.3 dSm-1), the second factor included three concentrations of NPK Nano fertilizer (0,75, 150 mg L-1), The third factor was spraying with the amino acid proline at a concentration of (0,300 mg L-1) and the interactions between them. The vegetative and chemical measurements were performed (leaf area, chlorophyll, protein percentage, dry matter percentage in leaves, carbohydrates percentage),The results showed that the salinity level of 1.3 dS.m-1 in most of the traits represented (leaf area, chlorophyll, carbohydrates) compared to the salinity level of 9 dSm m-1, which gave the lowest averages. chlorophyll, carbohydrates, protein), and for the effect of spraying proline, the concentration of 300 mg L-1 in some traits (chlorophyll, carbohydrates) excelled .The research was carried out according to a completely randomized DESIGN (CRD) with three replicates, each replicate contains 24 treatments with three seedlings for the experimental unit.

Allelopathy is a physiological process that plants excrete several types of substances which have allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of other plants. This experiment was conducted to examine allelopathic effects of black tea residue (Camellia sinensis) aqueous leaf extract on seed germination and seedling growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus), wheat (Triticum aestivum), mung bean (Vigna radiata) and corn (Zea mays). The study was performed in sanitized petri dishes for seven days at 22C0. The experimental design was arranged for completely randomized design (CRD). In terms of concentrations, (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) were chosen for this experiment. The results showed that big concentrations (7.5% and 10%) aqueous leaf extracts of black tea had significant inhibitory effect on seed germination while the least concentration (%2.5) caused the lowest significant influence in seed germination. Other study parameters such as shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were significantly affected at concentrations (7.5 and 10%). The results illustrated that B. napus turned out to be the most sensitive studied plant to the application of black tea residue aqueous shoot extracts. The findings of this experiment suggest that black tea after cooking can still be recommended to use as a bioherbicide henceforward.

The experiment was conducted in Khalis District, Diyala Governorate, Iraq in the season 2021–2022 to study the effects of spraying with zinc, calcium, and sorbitol alcohol on the characteristics of potato growth, a cultivar of Arezona. The spraying of zinc, calcium, and sorbitol individually or together on potato plants led to a significant increase in all studied traits such as total number of tubers per plant, plant yield, tuber weight, total yield, and marketable yield. The treatments of sorbitol (10 g. L-1) + Zn (0 mg. L-1) + Ca (1 g. L-1) gave the highest total number of tubers per plant of 12.93, the sorbitol (10 g. L-1) + Zn (200 mg. L-1) + Ca (0.5 g. L-1) gave the highest value in tuber weight of 298.6 g, the sorbitol (10 g. L-1) + Zn (0 mg. L-1) + Ca (1 g. L-1) gave the highest value in total yield of 71.10 tons, and the sorbitol (10 g. L-1) + Zn (100 mg. L-1) + Ca (1 g. L-1) gave the highest value in marketable yield of 68.20 tons.

An experiment was set up in season 2020-2021 in two locations in Nineveh upon two varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) who are (Ipaa99 and Abo-Ghraib3). The research was carried in Moderate Rainfall Area locations in (Nemruod and Telkaif). The experiment implemented through December the (10th-20th) 2020 in all locations. Field inspection was applied and estimating the outcome before and after harvest. The study consist of two factors first of them was Field Inspection models in Four levels ( Circle, spiral, cross, and random) Suggested by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Second factor the Bread Wheat species which was two levels (Ipaa99 and Abo-Ghraib3) produced in Al-Iraqia Company for seed production in Nineveh. The study was replicated in all experiment locations.The randomized complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) was used in this study. Data analysis was obtained according to program (SAS), using Duncan method was implemented to compare between the means of the treatments for varieties in each location. Results showed as flowing:

Afield experiment carried out at the College of Agriculture / University of Diyala during the season 2021 according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three repeated, to study the effect of two factors. the first factors was to the soil fertilization by three types of the fertilizers, bird droppings and chemical Fertilizer 20-20-20 and Di Ammonium Phosphate . the second factor was spraying with growth regulator (Floratone), control treatment plants , Plants treated at a concentration of 0.6 g.L-1 every 7 days every 14 days . The results showed the treatment of fertilizing with chemical fertilizer 20-20-20 was significantly superiority in the percentage of the flowering (66.96%) , fruits number (4.150 fruits.plant-1 ) and early yield ( 662.6g.plant-1) and a significantly superiority for untreated plants with Floratone (P0) in the chlorophyll index (45.68).

The study aimed to know the productive efficiency of the hybrids produced by cross-breeding three different colors of local quail. The results showed that the highest value of hybrid vigor/heterosis was 4.5% of the body weight at 42 days of age for the quail resulting from the crossbreeding of brown males with white females. The highest value of hybrid vigor for the dressing percentage of quail, highest body and carcasses weight at marketing age, and the highest daily weight gain were recorded of crossing of desert-colored males with white females, which averaged 10.99%, 197.43 g/bird, 136.75 g/bird and 4.52 g/bird/day, respectively. Regarding egg production, the results of the statistical analysis also showed that the quail produced by crossbreeding desert males with white females gave the largest number of eggs (127.6 egg), the highest DEP (91.1%), and the highest egg weight (11.3 g/egg) with the best FCR (3.2 g feed/ g egg). In addition, the quail resulting from cross-crossing of desert males with white females reached sexual maturity at 34 days/bird with 0% of mortality in addition to a high hatchability rate of 87.08%. We conclude from the above that the best interbreeding was between desert males and white females for the economic characteristics of the local quail.

The study was conducted in the nursery belonging to the private nursery in the Al-Hafiz area in the holy governorate of Karbala for the period from 1/5/2021 to 1/11/2021. To study the effect of spraying with T-tryptophan at a concentration of (0,50,100 mg/L-1) and seaweed extract (Agazone) at a concentration of( 0.5, ,10 ml/L-1) and their interactions on vegetative traits and leaf content of the active compounds of papaya seedlings at the age of 6 months were chosen. 81 seedlings of homogeneous growth as much as possible, A factorial experiment was conducted according to the Randomized Complete Block Design R.C.B.D with three replicates, the results were analyzed statistically and the averages were tested by testing the least significant difference LSD at the 0,05 level. The results can be summarized as follows:

In order to determine how adding humic acid and spraying with Moringa leaf extract will affect the growth of the vinca plant and its content of certain secondary metabolites for the fall of 2021–2022, the experiment was conducted in a nursery in Baghdad/Al-Saydiya.A factorial experiment (3×3) was conducted according to (RCBD) with three replicates,With nine treatments, , and five pots for each experimental unit, the averages were compared using the Least Significant Difference L.S.D test at the 5% probability level. The first factor involves adding humic acid to the soil at concentrations of (0, 1.5, 2.5) ml/liter, and the second factor involves spraying the plants with Moringa leaf extract at concentrations of (0, 10, 20) ml/liter.