Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

Iraqi wheat germ oil was extracted by Soxhlet extractor. The percentage of moisture, protein, fat, ash and carbohydrates was estimated in the Iraqi wheat germ. Extract the oil from the germ using a soxhlet extractor. The phenolic content in it was estimated. The antioxidant efficacy of the oil was assessed by estimation of its DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical reabsorption, and an estimate of its reduction capacity and its ability to bind to the ferrous ion. Estimate the oil content of vitamin E with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) technology. The percentage of moisture, protein, fat, ash and carbohydrates in the wheat germ was 10.13, 26.82, 9.98, 5.12 and 47.95%, respectively. The total content of phenolic compounds and vitamin E in wheat germ oil was 50 g. ml and 310 mg. 100g, respectively, increases the ability of the oil to scavenging of radical DPPH, its reductive capacity and its ability to bind ferrous ion to increase the concentrations used.

Due to the important of Safflower oil in edible, industrial and medicine, this study was carried out under the rain-fed conditions at Experimental Farm of the College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sulaimani at Bakrajo, during the winter season of 2017-2018, to study the effect of three varieties, namely (Zaafarani, Aidn and Al-Shamia), phosphorus applications (0, 50, and 100 Kg ha-1), and their interactions on oil yield, fatty acid compositions and some phenolic acid contents. Using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement, with three replications, the main plots were allocated for the varieties and conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, while the phosphorus levels implemented in sub-plots. Comparisons between means were carried out by the least significant difference (L.S.D) at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance. The results of this investigation confirm that the oil yield of the varieties ranged between 490-540 Kg ha-1, variety Al-Shamia produced the highest oil yield, and exceeded by approximately 50 Kg ha-1when compared to the lowest oil yield gained by Aidn. Al-Shamia recorded the highest significant concentrations of stearic, linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids, while regarding to the phenolic contents the caffeic, ellagic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids detected in more concentrations in Zaafarani compared to other two varieties, among the phenolics only the gallic acid detected with higher concentration in Al-Shamia followed by Aidn variety. The application of higher level 100 Kg ha-1of P2O5 showed increasing in oil yield significantly compared to the lower levels 50, and 0 kgha-1 P2O5, moreover it exceeded significantly the stearic, linolenic, linoleic and oleic acids compositions, but the higher levels of P2O5 only increase the content of caffeic and gallic acids, while decreased the content of ellagic and p- hydroxybenzoic acid. The interactions response of the varieties to P2O5 applications was not significant for the most traits of the study except for stearic acid composition, and ellagic, gallic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids content.

The objective of this study was to investigate quality and safety of deep-fried oils collected from two types of locally restaurants; fast food and family style at four times. The results included physiochemical properties of sunflower oil used for deep-frying and their biological consequences. The results showed that the highest viscosity, refractive index (RI), and peroxide value (PV) were 63 cP, 1.4892, and 11.3 mEq/kg respectively, while the lowest smoking point 220 oC was observed in the fried-oil family restaurant. Furthermore, the highest acid value (AV) 0.96g/100g was found in fried-oil for fast food restaurant. The level of linoleic fatty acids was 56.14 mg/100 mg oil in the un-heated sunflower oil decrease to 53.33 and 52.55 mg/100 mg in the fast food oil and to family restaurant oil respectively. Blood serum of rats fed with diet containing oxidized oil, from family and fast food restaurants compared with un-heated oil‐fed group. The biochemical parameters analyzed indicated higher levels (P≤0.05) of plasma Total cholesterol(TC) 96.16 mg/dl were observed in fast food fried-oil fed group of rats compared to corresponding family restaurant oil groups 89.72 mg/100ml. Significantly low levels (P≤0.05) of Triglyceride(TG) 59.72 mg/100ml, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c) 17.92 mg/100ml and raised Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-c) 61.47 mg/100ml were noted in family restaurant fried-oil groups. Serum Malondialdehyde(MDA) level was 4.33 nmol/ml in the family restaurant group compared to the 3.77nmol/ml in the fast food oil group, Although increment of liver enzymes; alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST) when compared with rats fed unheated oils.

Study the Morphological characterize of some honeybee races in Sulaimani- Kurdistan region. The races including Apis mellifera carnica, Apis mellifera ligustica, Apis mellefera meda, Apis mellifera lamarckii, Apis mellifera florea, Apis mellifera carnica hybrid(1), Apis mellifera carnica hybride (2) and Apis mellifera carnica hybride (3). The highest rate of body weight of mature larva was 117.500 mg in Apis mellifera carnica hybride (3) in summer season, the highest rate of body weight of newly emerged workers was 117.400 mg in Spring season in Apis mellifera carnica, the highest average of body weights of Workers thirty days old was 95.700 mg in Autumn season in Apis mellifera carnica. The highest average of number of hook was 24.700 in Apis mellifera carnica hybride (3), the rate of proboscis length was 6.850 mm in Apis mellifera carnica hybride (2), the highest average of forewing length was 10.700 in Apis mellifera florea, the highest average of head length and width were 5.575. 4.550 mm respectively in Apis mellifera lamarckii.

Study the Morphological characterize of some honeybee races in Sulaimani- Kurdistan region. The races including Apis mellifera carnica, Apis mellifera ligustica, Apis mellefera meda, Apis mellifera lamarckii, Apis mellifera florea, Apis mellifera carnica hybrid(1), Apis mellifera carnica hybride (2) and Apis mellifera carnica hybride (3). The highest rate of body weight of mature larva was 117.500 mg in Apis mellifera carnica hybride (3) in summer season, the highest rate of body weight of newly emerged workers was 117.400 mg in Spring season in Apis mellifera carnica, the highest average of body weights of Workers thirty days old was 95.700 mg in Autumn season in Apis mellifera carnica. The highest average of number of hook was 24.700 in Apis mellifera carnica hybride (3), the rate of proboscis length was 6.850 mm in Apis mellifera carnica hybride (2), the highest average of forewing length was 10.700 in Apis mellifera florea, the highest average of head length and width were 5.575. 4.550 mm respectively in Apis mellifera lamarckii.

The experiment was conducted during the winter season 2017-2018 on broccoli variety Paraiso under desert conditions in southern Iraq, as it nine factorial treatments in which three planting dates interacted (1/9/2017, 15/9/2017 and 1/10/2017) and the effect of spraying with different concentrations of sulfur (Zolfast) (0, 3 and 3.5 ml L-1 ), by three sprays for each concentration, with a difference of two weeks between one spray and another, and for three replications. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used for a split plot design, the mean results were analyzed statistically using Genstat, V. 10.3 (2011) and the Least Significant Difference Test (L.S.D.) was used to compare the averages at a probability level of 0.05, the results showed that the plants grown on the first date (1/9) were significantly superior in the vegetative growth indicators represented by plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry weights of the total vegetative, and in the yield indicators that included weight (666.15 g) and diameter of the main heahs, number and weight of lateral heads, plant total yield (0.789 kg) and total productivity (17.36 ton ha-1), and in the qualitative and chemical characteristics of the yield that included the content of the main heads of total chlorophyll (mg 100 g-1 fresh weight), the percentage of total soluble solids and vitamin C (mg 100 g-1 fresh weight), total soluble carbohydrates (mg g-1 dry weight), percentage of total nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulfur, the plants grown on the first (1/9) and second (15/9) dates exceeded in percentage of dry matter, plants that were sprayed with sulfur at a concentration of 3.5 ml L-1 achieved a significant increase in vegetative growth and yield indicators for the same mentioned characteristics , as the head weight was 586.23 g, plant total yield was 0.695 kg and total productivity was 15.29 ton ha-1, while spraying with sulfur at a concentration of 3 or 3.5 ml L-1 resulted in a significant increase in the fresh weight of the total vegetative with a non-significant difference between them, and the bilateral interaction between the two experimental factors achieved a significant effect on most of the characteristics under study.

The field experiment for the current study was conducted at Experiment Station (A) of the Department of Field Crops - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - the University of Baghdad for the period from November 2018 to June 2019 in order to know the response to stimulating the production of volatile oil and secondary metabolism compounds of the Fennel plant using different concentrations Of the growth regulators [Benzyladenine (BA), Salicylic acid (SA) and Phenylalanine (Phe)]. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was applied according to the order of factorial experiments with three replications. Growth regulators were used with the following concentrations: (0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg L-1 of BA, symbolized by BA0, 2.5BA, and 5BA, respectively, and 0, 150 and 300 mg L-1 of SA and Phe, symbolized by 0SA, 150SA, and 300SA). and 0 Phe, 150 Phe and 300 Phe respectively), the results of the current study showed the excelled and the different study factors with their bi and triple interactions in giving the highest averages of volatile oil content and production of secondary metabolites,The highest values were recorded in this study when spraying with growth regulator BA as well as their interactions with the rest of the factors. The spray treatment with a concentration of 2.5 mg L-1 achieved the highest average oil content of 25.73 ml. kg-1 with an increase of 45.2% compared to the control treatment, as well as It gave the highest values for the concentration of (t-Anethole, Fenchone, Limonene, and α-pinene) compounds, which were 1.231, 0.554, 0.866 and 0.857 μg ml-1 for the compounds, respectively, with an increase of 41.82, 26.48, 120.92 and 98.38%, respectively. It can be concluded from this study that the growth regulators used have a clear effect in stimulating the production of volatile oil and secondary metabolic compounds in the sweet bean plant.

The experiment was conducted during tow growing season (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) in sandy clay soil in a field belonging to tomato development project Al-Zubair/ Directorate for Agriculture of Basra province . The study aim effect of Magnetic water and foliar spraying with Silicon and Zolfast on growth and yield of cauliflower plant.Its included 18 treatments, which consisted of the interaction between two levels of magnetization of irrigation water (Magnetic and without), spraying with three concentrations of silicon K2SiO3 (0, 1 and 1.5) ml.L-1 and Zolfast (0, 2.5 and 3.5) ml.L-1 by three sprays after 20 days of transplanting. It was conducted as Split Split Plot Design by Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates, the least significant difference test (L.S.D) was used to compare the averages at a probability level of 0.05. The results may be summarized as follows:
The Magnetic water was gave a significant increase in the both season in the maturity time curd, but in the first season was significant at the curd diameter, weight of curd (500.2)g in addition the total yield (14.67) tons ha-1, but in the second season Magnetic water was significant in the plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and the curd diameter. Results showed that the spraying with Silicon gave a significant increase in all vegetative and yield traits under the experiment, the time of ripening curd, diameter of the curd, weight of curd (502.2, 567.1) g in addition the total yield (14.73 , 16.64) tons.ha-1 in the both season respectively. Zolfast gave a significant increase in all vegetative and yield traits under the experiment the maturity time of curd, curd diameter, weight of curd (575.1, 602.2) g in addition total yield (16.87, 17.66) tons ha-1, in both season respectively.

The experiment was conducted in the lath house in Babylon province during the 2019 agricultural season to know the effect of two types of foliar fertilizers (Biomin 221 and Fulcist) on the growth and yield of summer squash cultivar Ardendo 174. The experiment included seven treatments, spraying with Biomin 221 foliar fertilizer at a concentration of (1, 1.25, 1.5) ml.L-1 and foliacet at a concentration of (1, 1.5, 2) ml.L-1, in addition to the control treatment. The plants were sprayed three times, the first when flowering, the second after two weeks of the first, and the third after two weeks of the second. The experiment was conducted according to the of randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) and with three replications.The results showed the treatment of foliar fertilizer Fulcist 1.5 ml. L-1 in growth and yield traits(plant length, stem diameter, dry weight of vegetative groweth, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and number of fruits. Plant-1 and yield per plant) reached (93.67 cm, 23.25 mm, 201.00 g, 7.92 cm, 49.42 mm, 215.2 g, 11,603 fruits, plant-1, 2.493 kg.plant-1) respectively compared to the control treatment that recorded the lowest average for the mentioned traits.

The experiment was conducted in the lath house in Babylon province during the 2019 agricultural season to know the effect of two types of foliar fertilizers (Biomin 221 and Fulcist) on the growth and yield of summer squash cultivar Ardendo 174. The experiment included seven treatments, spraying with Biomin 221 foliar fertilizer at a concentration of (1, 1.25, 1.5) ml.L-1 and foliacet at a concentration of (1, 1.5, 2) ml.L-1, in addition to the control treatment. The plants were sprayed three times, the first when flowering, the second after two weeks of the first, and the third after two weeks of the second. The experiment was conducted according to the of randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) and with three replications.The results showed the treatment of foliar fertilizer Fulcist 1.5 ml. L-1 in growth and yield traits(plant length, stem diameter, dry weight of vegetative groweth, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and number of fruits. Plant-1 and yield per plant) reached (93.67 cm, 23.25 mm, 201.00 g, 7.92 cm, 49.42 mm, 215.2 g, 11,603 fruits, plant-1, 2.493 kg.plant-1) respectively compared to the control treatment that recorded the lowest average for the mentioned traits.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different agents in controlling downy mildew disease on Cucumis sativus L caused by Pseudoperonaspora cubensis using environmentally friendly treatments.The experiment was conducted in the field in Balad District / Salah al-Din province during the spring season 2020 under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included chemical agents with physical effect (casio3, k2sio3), plant extracts (garlic and neem) and biological control agents (T. harzianum and P. fluorescence) in a way. Solitary and successive in controlling the epidemiological infection of Downy mildew. The effect of treatments on the incidence and severity of disease and growth and production parameters of cucumber crop under greenhouse conditions compared to the fungicide Consento was evaluated. The results showed that the single and successive treatments with silicates prevented the disease completely, with an infection rate of 0.00%. This was followed by the highest reduction in the incidence and severity of infection in the garlic extract and fungicide treatments, which did not differ between them, followed by the treatment of garlic extract with a significant difference and the treatment of biological bacteria at a rate of 10.81% for each, then the treatment of successive spraying with biological control agents, which did not differ from the rate of infection rate in the treatment of the biological fungus T. harzianum compared with the highest rate of infection in the untreated infected control treatment (72.95%), which differed significantly from All treatments.The highest reduction in the severity of infection was recorded in the treatment of the fungicide Consento, which reduced the severity of infection to 1%, followed by the treatment of neem with a significant difference and severity of infection 12.47% and then significantly different from all other treatments under study. In general, all treatments significantly reduced the severity of the infection from what it is in the control treatment (71.12%). In the pesticide treatment (1637.6 g) (843.3) g.

A field study was conducted to know the effect of salicylic acid spraying and different cultivars of tomato plants infested with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius in one of the greenhouses at the research station of the College of Agriculture, University of Basra for the agricultural season 2019-2020. And that by spraying three cultivars of tomato plants Wijdan, Randy and Newton with four concentrations of salicylic acid 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mmol, and two sprays,The first spray was applied to the field experiment plants after 60 days of sowing the seeds on 24/11/2019, while the second spray was carried out 21 days after the first spray.The studied cultivars differed in the characteristics of biochemical resistance and the percentages of containing the metabolic compounds, and through the study of the correlation it was possible to evaluate the occurrence of the induction in the resistance of the plant cultivar by the effect of spraying with salicylic acid by studying the relationship between increasing or decreasing the concentrations of salicylic acid and its relationship to reducing the population density of the insect.A negative correlation was found between the content of the leaves of carbohydrates, proteins, and phenols and the intensity of the insect roles in the vegetative growth stage.The tomato cultivars have a clear effect on the resistance of the whitefly during the vegetative growth period, where it was found that the two cultivars Wejdan (resistance to laying eggs) and Newton (resistance to nymphs), which contains the highest content of chlorophyll and phenol,They are the two cultivars that are resistance to laying eggs and the development of nymphs, which is represented by the low density of eggs laid on the leaves of those plants, the population density of nymphs, while the variety Randy, in which the content of carbohydrates and proteins increases, was found from the cultivars resistance to insects, which decreased the population density of the adult.It is possible to conclude from this study the important role of salicylic acid in inducing resistance against whitefly infection during the vegetative growth period.As spraying the tomato crop with a concentration of salicylic acid 0.75 mmol achieved the best increase in the chemical compounds in the treated plant in general, which have a role in inducing systemic resistance in the plant to prevent egg laying and reduce the population density of nymphs.The tomato cultivars have a clear effect on the resistance of the whitefly during the vegetative growth period, where it was found that the two cultivars Wejdan (resistance to laying eggs) and Newton (resistance to nymphs), which contains the highest content of chlorophyll and phenol,They are the two cultivars that are resistance to laying eggs and the development of nymphs, which is represented by the low density of eggs laid on the leaves of those plants, the population density of nymphs, while the variety Randy, in which the content of carbohydrates and proteins increases, was found from the cultivars resistance to insects, which decreased the population density of the adult.It is possible to conclude from this study the important role of salicylic acid in inducing resistance against whitefly infection during the vegetative growth period. As spraying the tomato crop with a concentration of salicylic acid 0.75 mmol achieved the best increase in the chemical compounds in the treated plant in general, which have a role in inducing systemic resistance in the plant to prevent egg laying and reduce the population density of nymphs.